SUCCESS IN CIVIC EDUCATION

VOLUME TWO
1ST EDITION – MARCH 2022
Instant Revision from E.C.Z Question Papers
GRADE 10 – 12 2017 – 2021

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DON’T SHARE/POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA SUCCESSCentre Candidate
IN CIVIC EDUCATION, VOL 1 – 2017 – 2021
Number Number
Candidate Name_________________________

EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/2

Paper 2

Wednesday 6 July 2017

Additional information:
Answer booklet
Time: 2 hours

SECTION A (20 marks)

Answer all questions in this section using one word or short phrase.
1 What concept is used in reference to a political question regarding a vote of all
qualified citizens? [1]

2 Which electoral system has the following features; "A candidate who scores the
highest votes wins the election?" [1]

3 Mrs Chitema and her church mates were busy preparing meals for a marriage
ceremony of her daughter Jane. In the process Mrs Kiti, her immediate
neighbour went and joined them in the preparations.
Which aspect of citizenship did Mrs Kiti exhibit? [1]

4 Mention any two characteristics of Human Rights? [2]

5 ... is the disguising, hiding or concealing the proceeds of crime such as stolen
property or money so that it appears like it is from a clean and genuine source.

6 Suggest any one factor that has a negative bearing on cultural diversity. [1]

7 Distinguish "over the counter substances" from "controlled substances". [2]

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8 A person or an independent agent who links clients seeking insurance from an

insurance company is known as ... [1]

9 Mr Kalibekantu was beaten at a market after a marketer shouted, "thief" in his

direction. The police arrested him and kept him in police cells for two days
before releasing him. Which one of his rights was violated? [1]

10 Mr Chilangamulilo a business man of Matebeto Village died intestate. He left

K50,000 in his ZANACO Account. How much money will be allocated to the
children? [1]

11 What is the effect of civil wars on the environment? [1]

12 Explain the concept sexual harassment. [2]

13 Why is Budgeting important for National Development? [2]

14 How is poverty associated with the negative aspect of Human Development?

15 Namweene obtained a loan from a local lending institution with conditions

attached and at a high interest rate. What kind of loan is this? [1]

[Total: 20 marks]
SECTION B [40 MARKS]
There are seven (7) questions in this section. Answer any four questions of your
choice in the Answer Booklet provided.

1 Briefly explain each of the following concepts in relation to the Constitution.

(a) Preamble [2]
(b) Supreme law of the land [2]
(c) Sovereignty [2]
(d) Separation of powers [2]
(e) Bill of rights [2]
[Total: 10 marks]

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2 The Decentralisation Act was amended in 1991. This new Act introduced the
three types of local councils and these were City, Municipal and District
councils.
(a) Why is decentralisation important? Give any two reasons. [2]

(b) (i) In which type of councils do we find Mayors and Town Clerks? [2]
(ii) Who heads the Administrative structure of a local Council [2]

(c) Before independence in 1964, the Native Authorities consisted of chiefs

and other traditional leaders. Mention two duties that were performed
by the Native Authorities. [2]

(d) Identify any two members of the local Council. [2]

[Total: 10 marks]

3 In every society, there are rules of behaviour in most cases unwritten.

These roles which are also called social norms are meant to guide society.
They provide a standard by which society is regarded. Briefly explain the
following societal care values:
(a) Co-operation [2]
(b) Hard work [2]
(c) Responsibility [2]
(d) Scientific advancement [2]
(e) Social Justice [2]
[Total: 10 marks]
4 Saving can be beneficial to different people in different ways.
(a) Explain the concept "saving". [2]
(b) Give two reasons for saving money with a bank or other Financial
Institutions. [2]
(c) The additional money earned on the money you save is called ... [1]
(d) Why should people invest? Suggest any three reasons. [3]
(e) State two ways in which people waste money. [2]
[Total: 10 marks]
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5 Mrs Fuluti was on phone speaking to her friend when the husband entered the
room where she was. Upon seeing the husband, Mrs Fuluti stopped the
conversation. The husband became suspicious and grabbed the phone from her
so that he could check for the details of the call. Thereafter Mr Fuluti started
hitting his wife in the face, kicking her, pulling her hair and repeatedly knocking
her head against the wall.

(a) What is Gender-Based Violence? [1]

(b) Gender-Based Violence takes various forms, which form of violence, did
Mrs Fuluti experience? [1]
(c) Mention any two common forms of violence in our communities today.

(d) State two causes of Gender-Based Violence. [2]

(e) Mention two effects of Gender-Based Violence on a victim. [2]

(f) Identify any two institutions that address Gender Based Violence in the
community. [2]
[10 marks]
6 Study the table below and answer the questions that follow,
Country X
Gross Domestic Product K900,000,000
Gross National Product K480,000,000
Total Population K6,000,000

(a) Explain the following concepts:

(i) Gross National Product [2]
(ii) Gross Domestic Product [2]
(iii) Per Capital Income [2]
(b) Using the table above for country X, calculate the per Capital Income. [2]
(c) Give any two obstacles to the development of any country. [2]
[Total: 10 marks]

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7 Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) What environmental issue is shown in the picture above? [1]

(b) What is the cause of the challenge above? [1]

(c) Which two (2) provinces of Zambia are mainly affected by the issue
mentioned above? [2]

(d) (i) What are effluents [1]

(ii) What impact do effluents have on the environment? [2]

(e) Imagine you are living in an area faced with a challenge shown above.
What three (3) suggestions would you give the local authority to address
this issue? [3]
[Total: 10 marks]

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SECTION C
Essay Questions [40 Marks]
This section consists of five (5) essay questions. Answer two (2) questions using the
Answer Book Provided. Question one (1) is compulsory. Choose the other question
from the remaining four (4).

1 What are Human Rights? Explain the significance of Human Rights.

How are Human Rights violated? [2:6:12]

2 Analyse the causes of corruption. What are the effects of corruption on

investment in any given society? [16:4]

3 What are Civil Society Organisations? Explain the roles of Civil Society in
Zambia's governance system. [2:18]

4 Describe Structural Violence. Identify methods of promoting peace. [6:14]

5 (a) What is "International Trade"?

(b) Briefly explain the following concepts in relation to International Trade.
(i) Terms of Trade
(ii) Balance of Trade
(iii) Balance of Payment [4:4:4:8]

Confidential

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ANSWERS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION PAPER 2 – 2017 G.C.E

SECTION A (20 marks)
1 Plebiscite or Referendum
2 Single member Plurality system (SMP) or First Past the Past (FPTP)
3 Moral aspect of citizenship.
4 (i) Human Rights are inherent
(ii) Human Rights are Inalienable
(iii) Human Rights are Universal
(iv) Human Rights are Indivisibles, Interdependent and Interrelated
5 Money laundering
6 (i) Stereotyping
(ii) Prejudice
(iii) Ethnocentrism
7 Over the counter substance are substances which can easily be bought over
the counter while controlled substances are substances which can only be
obtained if one has a prescription or special authorization.
8 Insurance broker
9 Right to a speedy and fair trial
10 K25,000
11 (i) Environmental degradation in the places of war.
(ii) Where conflicts take place, the infrastructure is damaged e.g. bridges,
buildings, airports, sea ports telecommunications and railway lines.
12 Sexual harassment is when someone keeps on saying things or doing things of
a sexual kind like touching you or making sexual remarks.

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13 (i) It determines the performance of the economy.

(ii) It helps the government to stick to the goals set in a budget
14 - Has insufficient access to food and nutrition
- Education
- Health care
- Adequate shelter
- Clothing
- Inadequate income t
- Lacks literacy, safe water and sanitation.
15 A tied loan!

SECTION B [40 MARKS]

1 (a) Preamble: It is an introductory part of the Constitution.
(b) Supreme law of the land: It is a fundamental law to which all other laws
of a country are subordinate.
(c) Sovereignty: implies that the government of the state has absolute and
final legal authority Over all matters and is not subject to any power
outside of itself.
(d) Separation of powers: A principle that states that the three organs of
the government, legislature, Executive and Judiciary must work
independently without interfering with each other's operations. But at
the same time, they should check each other to ensure that they
operate within the law.
(e) Bill of rights: Is a list of fundamental rights and freedoms covered in Part
II of the constitution of Zambia.

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2 (a) (i) Reduce delays as most decisions could be made on the spot
instead of referring to headquarters.
(ii) Make plans and programmes more relevant to local needs and
Conditions.
(iii) Improve co-ordination between different government agencies in
an area.
(iv) Reduces the burden on senior staff at national level so as to
improve their performance.
(b) (i) City and Municipal councils.
(ii) Town Clerk or a District Secretary.
(c) (i) Collection of taxes like poll tax and hot tax.
(ii) Issuing taxes to people such as dog license, store license and
bicycle license.
(iii) Chiefs performed judicial functions such as presiding on civil cases
at local courts.
(d) Mayor or council chairperson
Deputy Mayor or Deputy council chairperson
Ward Councilors
Area Member of Parliament
Three chiefs’ representation
One representative from the security forces
One representative from the labour movement
The two clerk or the District Secretary (ex-officio members)

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3 (a) Co-operation: This is working together for the common good of

everyone in the community
(b) Hard work: This is the belief in the value and nobility of work as worthy
human undertaking in preference to idleness
(c) Responsibility: This is dolng what one Is expected to do without being
told, Supervised or forced.
(d) Scientific advancement: This is a belief in science and technology as
tools to making progress, mastering the environment, securing material
comfort and solving societal problems.
(e) Social Justice: This means in being right and fair to everyone in the
community.
4 (a) Saving means putting money aside from what you earn today, for future
use or needs.
(b) - To Keep your money safe
- accumulate funds to achieve your financial goals
- Help to meet a sudden need for cash
- preserve the value of your money against inflation
- Enables you-to use your bank statements to prove your financial
standing.
(c) Interest
(d) - To generate additional resources to protect your future well-being.
- To achieve financial goals such as buying a car, buying a house or
starting business.
- To accumulate resources to care for the children, ageing parents or
other relatives.

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- To secure the value of the money against inflation.

- To contribute to the growth of the national economy.
(e) Buying luxury things e.g. expensive cars.
Buying things on impulse especially those that are not necessary
e.g. extra clothing.
5 (a) Gender-Based Violence is a physical or emotional force involving male
and female in which the female is usually the victim.
(b) Physical violence
(c) - Physical (spouse battering)
- Verbal abuse e.g. insults
- incest, rape and defilement
- Threats
- Property grabbing
- Cruelty by guardian
- Lack of child or spouse support (maintenance)
(d) - Petty jealousy
- Drunkenness
- Perceived rudeness and lack of respect for spouse
- Suspected extra-marital affairs
- Insecurity social, financial and economic dependency by the abused
- Refusal to have sex with the husband
(e) - Fear and insecurity of the abused spouse
− Physical and mental injury
− Death or murder of the victim of abuse
− Depression or trauma
− Loss of sell-esteem and confidence
− Family disruption e.g. separation or divorce.
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(f) - Zambia Police Service (Victim Support Unit)

− Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
− Young Men's Christian Association (YWCA)
− Legal Acid Clinic for women.
6 (a) (i) Gross National Product is a measure of production in monetary
terms during a period of time. It is the amount of goods and
services produced within a country and accounted for in a
particular year, including income from abroad.
(ii) Gross Domestic Product is the total output of an economy and
consists of all the accounted for goods and services that have
been produced in the course of a year. All products and services
produced within the country are added up and calculated in
monetary form.
(ii) Per Capital Income is the Gross National Product of a country
divided by the total population.
𝑘 480 000 000
(b) Per Capital Income = = k 80,000,000
6 000 000

(c) High population growth

External debts
High death rate
Sickness
Lack of investment and saving.
7 (a) Water pollution
(b) Effluents from the mines
(c) (i) Copperbelt province
(ii) Lusaka Province

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(d) (i) Effluents are discharges from mines dt [11

(ii) Contamination of streams for domestic and agricultural
Causes discomfort for people in terms of eye, nose, throat and
other respiratory irritations in the surrounding
(e) - Regular and efficient collection of waste and its disposal in
designated sites
− Restrictions or abolishing of production of harmful substances.
− Encouraging industries to use cleaner production techniques and
practices.
− Strict enforcement of by-laws by local authorities regarding public
health and environmental protection.
− Identifying and classifying of waste according to their potential
impact on the environment.
SECTION C Essay Questions [40 Marks]
1 Human rights are entitlements for every human being. Entitlements are claims
or freedoms.
Significance of Human Rights
− Human rights focus on the dignity of the human being.
− Respect for everyone's life, their physical and mental integrity, freedom,
property and privacy.
− Respect for differences in sex, ethnicity, language, colour, age, religion,
cultural aspect, opinion and the identity of others and of one's own.
− Taking up ones responsibility in society

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− Respecting the fact that people have legally established claims and
entitlements. Their rights are protected by law and guaranteed by
international standards.
− Recognising accountability and responsibility in the relationship between
the individual, institution or state that has a duty to fulfil the rights called
the duty bearer" and the person called the "rights holder
− Significance of Human rights
− Rights- holders need to be empowered in order for them to claim their
rights and take part in public decision making.
− People of both sexes and all ages have the right to participate in every area
of their lives.
Human Rights Violation
Although people have rights, they are not always respected. Serious human
rights abuses include:
(i) Child abuse
Child abuse is any action that harms a child and violets a child's right to
safety and rights to life. Child abuse includes not:
− providing suitable care
− Shelter
− nutrition
− education
− violating the child's right to basic needs
(ii) Human trafficking
This is the trade, transportation and exploitation of people for money.
Victims of human trafficking are abused. Their rights are violated in the

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following ways.
− forced to work as unpaid labourers, sex slaves, drug sellers, beggars
− or prostitutes or to force a child for early marriage.
− sold and killed for organ removal for sick people to get e.g. Kidneys
− or hearts.
− Moved far away from their homes, even to other countries, they do
− not know how to return and are kept in captivity.
− Given drugs so that they become addicted and do not want to leave.
(iii) Corruption
It is a human rights abuse when money and resources intended to
provide or nutrition and housing ISs used for private gain and never
reaches the poor.
(iv) Corporal punishment
it is an abuse of human rights because it violates the right to safety of
the person and It is also involve inflicting pain on the victim.
(v) Gender-based violence
People who commit gender-based violence (GBV) do not respect their
victims right to equality, freedom and safety.
(vi) Forced marriages
(vii) Arbitrary arrest

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2 Corruption is caused by various factors. These include social, economic and

other causes.
(i) Social causes
− Personal greedy and dishonesty
− Weak moral values
− Uninspiring leadership
− Lack of information
(ii) Economic causes
− Insufficient resources
− Poor economic policies
− Poverty
− Low salaries
− Political e.g. vote buying
(iii) Other causes
− Unnecessary procedures n
− Lack of political will
− Abuse power
− Lack of independence by the Judiciary
− Lack of governmental transparency and accountability.
− Lack of press freedom
The effects of corruption on investment
− Discourages investment
− Economic stagnation/distortion
− Widespread bitterness
− Increase in crime.
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3 Civil Society Organisations refers to those non-military, non-governmental

organisations and individuals who make it their business to promote and
defend the basic ideals of good governance outside the government.
Roles of Civil Society in Zambia's governance system.
− Defending ideals of democracy
− Influencing public opinion
− Promoting transparency and accountability
− Advocating for effective laws
− Carry out civic education activities
− Act as a link between the community and the government.
− Providing checks and balances" by encouraging good government
policies.
− Defend and promote human rights and the role of law.
− Discuss bills and influence amendments or decisions of the legislature.
− Act as agents of democratic change.

4 Structural Violence is where there is perceived imbalance with the

environment or in the distribution of economic, political and social resources,
peace is disturbed and violence emerges leading to conflict.
(a) Structural Violence.
(i) Poverty: In many Third World countries, poverty and inequality in
accessing goods and services increase tensions that lead to
conflicts in most societies.

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(ii) Injustice/Discrimination
− Wherever there is injustice peace can never prevail. This is because
of injustice which manifests itself in many ways.
− Injustice is a source of anger, frustration and resentment to the
existing government.
− Civil wars are civil conflicts that are caused by Injustice practices of
the existing governments.
(iii) Imbalance of Natural resources
Population has Increased and has put too much pressure of natural
resources.
Population has also threatened the economic survival of many
local people.
Population increase has created opportunities for conflicts as local
people fight for scares resource available.
The conflict is connected with the relation of plants and living creatures
to each other and to their environment (ecology).
The risk upsetting the ecological balance of the area.
Conflict changes the whole balance of ecology in an area.
(b) Methods of promoting peace
(i) Intermarriages: Among people of different ethnic groupings,
intermarriages are a good method of promoting peace.
(ii) Friendship: Making friends with people secures peace and there
are different degrees of friendship which could be created among
people of different locations or origins.

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(iii) Reciprocity: This is a process where two or more people exchange

gifts or favors in a mutual manner
(iv) Mutual Aid: This type of creating peace involves exchanging help,
assistance or aid in time of problems. When one person or group
of people are experiencing problems, the other people come in to
give help.
(v) Forgiveness: When somebody has Committed an offence and
people become kind enough to forgive Such à person, peace can
be generated.
(vi) Tolerance: This refers to a way of living and accepting different or
opposing viewpoints. This process often creates peace because
people expressing different viewpoints are assured of being
accepted and not condemned or punished.
(vii) Respect: This involves respecting other people's cultures,
opinions, ideas, beliefs, religions, languages and human nature in
General.
(vii) Justice: This refers to being fair and not being segregative in the
manner we relate to one another. In this way, complaints which
could lead to conflicts may be reduced.
[Total: 20 marks]
5 (a) Trade is selling and buying of goods and services. There are two types of
trade: Internal and External trade.
External trade is also known as foreign trade or international trade. This
refers to the buying and selling of goods and services between two or
more countries.

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International trade is conducted in foreign currency. For example, when

Zambia buys goods and services abroad, she pays for them in foreign
currency; and when Zambia exports goods (abroad), she earns foreign
currency.
The main foreign currencies used in international trade are US Dollar,
the British Pound, the Euro and the Japanese Yen.

(b) (i) Terms of Trade: This is the rate at which a country's export are
exchanged for imports from another country.
Favourable terms of trade means the prices for a country's export
are relatively higher than the prices for its imports.
Unfavorable terms of trade mean the prices for a country's
exports are relatively lower than the prices of imports.
(ii) Balance of Trade: This is the difference between the value of
visible imports and exports over a particular period.
If the value of visible imports is equal to visible exports, the trade
is balanced.
Favourable balance of trade is when the value of a country’s
export exceeds the value of its visible imports.
This is also known as trade surplus.
Unfavorable balance of trade occurs when the value of goods
imported exceeds the value of goods exported.
This is referred to as trade deficit
Balance of trade only records the value of visible goods such as
raw materials, capital goods such as factory machinery and
consumer goods like foodstuffs.

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(iii) Balance of Payment

− This is the difference in a country's spending or payments and
earnings from imports and exports respectively.
− It includes payments and earnings from both visible and
invisible imports and exports
− Invisible imports and exports are services such as insurance,
transport, tourism and expatriate’s labour.
− Unfavorable balance of payments occurs when a country
receives less foreign currency from its exports, but pays more
foreign currency on its imports. This Is called a balance of
payments deficit.
− Favourable balance of payments takes place when a Country
receives more foreign currency from exports, but spends less
foreign currency on imports. This is called balance of payment
surplus

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Centre Candidate
Number Number
Candidate Name_________________________

EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/2

Paper 2

Friday 10 NOVEMBER 2017

Additional information:
Answer booklet
Time: 2 hours

SECTION A (20 marks)

Answer all questions in this section using one word or short phrase.
1 The Constitution that Zambia inherited on the 20th October, 1964 was
referred to as ... [1]

2 State the kind of government where all national leaders were appointed by the
Queen of England and imposed on the people of Zambia. [1]

3 Which type of citizenship is acquired by an alien after applying and meeting

the prescribed conditions? [1]

4 Why were the documents like the Magna Carta of 1215, the Carter of
Mande of 1222 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689 not universal in nature?

5 Mr Bottle Mwale a teacher at a local school demands sex from the learners
who want to pass their final examinations. Which common form of corruption
is Mr Mwale Practising? [1]

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6 In a particular society, young people practice rap music, hop dance and graffiti.
What type of culture encourages this practice? [1]

7 Mention any two substances that are found in tobacco and are harmful to the
body. [2]

8 Mr Langa opened an account at First National Bank (FNB) that offers higher
interest rates on large sums of money deposited for a given period of time.
What type of an account did he open? [1]

9 Mr Cellphone Nsomba was accused of murder which carries a mandatory

sentence of capital punishment. He is too poor to afford a lawyer.
What concept is given to a free legal service that every lawyer who is a
member of the Law Association of Zambia offers as part of legal profession's
service to the community? [1]

10 In 2006 Grade 9 Examinations, the cut off points for the boys was higher than
that of the girls in order to encourage and retain female participation in the
school system. Which policy does the Ministry of General Education use to
maintain the proportion of girls at Grade 10 level of education? [1]

11 How do civil wars affect the economy of any given country? [2]

12 Suggest two ways of addressing child abuse [2]

13 Spending can be reduced by increasing indirect taxes. This increase has a

bearing on the prices of commodity and leads to the reduction of the
purchasing power. Give any two examples of such kind of taxes. [2]

14 State any two characteristics of poverty as perceived under social status. [2]
[Total: 20 marks]

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SECTION B [40 marks]

There are seven (7) questions in this section. Answer any four questions of your
choice in the Answer Booklet provided.

1 Study and complete the table showing the Constitutional Review Commissions.

Constitutional Review Year What is recommended

Commission
A 1972
Mvunga Constitutional Established of multi partism
Review Commission B
1995 Only persons whose both
C parents were Zambian by
birth would qualify to be
candidates for Presidency.

(a) Identify the Constitutional Review Commission marked A and C. [2]

(b) What was the recommendation of the Constitutional Review

Commission marked A? [1]

(c) Which Constitutional Review Commission limited the enjoyment of the

rights and freedoms of individuals? [1]

(d) In which year did Mvunga Constitutional Review Commission

recommend the re-introduction of multi-partism in Zambia? [1]

(e) Children's rights are those rights enjoyed by persons below the age of
18. Identify the Constitutional Review Commission that included the
Rights of the Children for the first time? [1]

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(f) What name is given to a law that empowers the President to appoint a
Commission of Inquiry? [1]

(g) In Zambia, what are the two main methods used to adopt a
Constitution. [2]

(h) State the method mentioned in (g) which is a body of representatives

elected by their respective interest groups to formulate or amend a
Constitution. [1]
[Total: 10 marks]

2 Explain the following functions of the local Councils.

(a) Maintaining streets and roads [2]
(b) Town Planning [2]
(c) Providing clean and safe water [2]
(d) Making By-laws [2]
(e) Providing recreation facilities [2]
[Total: 10 marks]

3 Carefully study the statements below and match them with the correct
concepts in the diagram that follow.

(a) Freely choose to leave one's country and relocate elsewhere.

(b) The rule that allows a person to take up citizenship of a country where
one is born.
(c) Send someone back to their country of origin.
(d) That which one is obliged to do by law and conscience.
(e) A person living in a country which is not his or hers.
(f) Being a member of a country, enjoying rights and performing duties.
(g) Born and living in a country of one's parents.
(h) In accordance with the law and liable for prosecution if not obeyed.
(i) The rule that allows a person to acquire citizenship of one's parents.
(j) Every citizen personally taking part in decision making.
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(k) The recognition and privilege given to a person by a state.

(I) Concerning principles of right and wrong.
(m) Declaring formally that one will no longer have anything to do with
something.
(n) Being left out of or not being included in community affairs.
(o) Being a member of a country one applied for.
(p) Taking part and getting involved in community development projects.
(q) Rights that are enjoyed by individuals in the state of nature.

Concept Statement
(i) Alien [1]
(ii) Jus Soli [1]
(iii) Direct democracy [1]
(iv) Expatriation [1]
(v) Social exclusion [1]
(vi) Participation [1]
(vii) lust Sanguinis [1]
(viii) Citizen [1]
(ix) Natural rights [1]
(x) Repatriation [1]

[Total: 10 marks]

4 Explain how the following factors affect capital formation.

(a) Consumption habits [2]
(b) Social Status [2]
(c) Lack of knowledge on saving for investment [2]
(d) Poverty [2]
(e) Low income [2]
[Total: 10 marks]

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5 The attitude of people towards work is very important because the survival
and development of a society depends on the work of its members.
Positive work culture determines economic and social development.
Explain the characteristics of positive work culture. [10 marks]

6 Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Mention the National Park marked X. [1]

(b) What has been the main cause of the decline in the number of big game
like the Elephant and Rhinos? [1]
(c) State two vulnerable animal species in Zambia. [2]
(d) Mention any one reason why biodiversity is important. [1]
(e) Identify the World United Nations Summit 'chat was held in area marked
Y in 2014. [1]
(f) What were the two benefits of this summit to Zambia? [2]
(g) Mrs Kambaza ordered a vehicle from Japan and used border post
marked Z to bring it into Zambia. What kind of tax did she pay at the
boarder? [1]
(h) Which department of the government is responsible for collecting tax in
all border posts in Zambia? [1]
[Total: 10 marks]
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7 In Chilalifu prison, one inmate was stripped naked and beaten severely by
the prison warders over a stolen soap. He sustained two fractures on his
legs and was unable to walk properly.

(a) Which Specialised International Human Right Instrument speaks against

the kind of act described above? [1]

(b) When was this Specialised International Human Right Instrument

adopted by the United National General Assembly? [1]

(c) Identify an institution in Zambia in that was established by an Act of

Parliament of 1996 to ensure that people's rights are protected. [1]

(d) State the four provisions that this Convention compels state parties to
do. [4]

(e) Which article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

speaks against an act of stripping and beating someone severely? [1]

(f) State any two rights that prisoners enjoy. [2]

[Total: 10 marks]

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SECTION C ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

This section consists of five (5) essay questions. Answer two (2) questions using the
Answer Book Provided. Question one (1) is compulsory. Choose the other question
from the remaining four (4).

1 (a) Explain the concept drugs

(b) Critically analyze the reasons that make young people resort to drug
abuse. [2:18]

2 Why is the extended family system important to the Zambian society?

Identify the different types of culture. [8:12]

3 Explain the optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of of the child.
Describe various forms of child abuse. [4:16]

4 What is fiscal discipline? Examine the importance of fiscal discipline to the

development of any country. [10:10]

5 Assess the different types of sentences that are imposed on a convict.

What are the rights of a convict at post trial stage?

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ANSWERS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION 2017 INTERNAL

SECTION A (20 marks)
1 Northern Rhodesia self-government constitution of 1963
2 Bad governance/Dictatorship
3 Naturalised citizenship
4 It was because they often excluded women, children, slaves and persons of
Certain social, religious, economic or political groups.
5 Payment in kind
6 Popular culture
7 Nicotine
Tar
Carbon Monoxide
8 Large fixed term deposit account / fixed deposit account.
9 Pro bono
10 Affirmative Action/Positive discrimination
11 - Trade is also affected in that people find it difficult to transport their produce
to the markets
− Countries that experience civil war have a collapse of its social and political
institutions, policy-making process and communication channels of the
state. In Such cases, the government becomes ineffective and unable to
provide public goods and services.
− Civil wars stop investors from establishing industries in the countries
experiencing conflict.
− Infrastructure is badly damaged hence affecting the production of goods
and services.
12 - Enacting stifer punishment for chld defilers
− Sensitizing the community about the effects of child abuse
− Reporting cases of child abuse to the victim support unit.
− Speaking out about the problem of child abuse. n
13 Customs duty
Value Added Tax (VAT)

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14 Inequality
Low self-esteem
Landlessness or no access to land.

SECTION B [40 marks]

1 (a) Chona Constitutional Review Commission

Mwanakatwe Constitutional Review Commission
(b) The establishment of one-party participatory democracy
(c) Chona Constitutional Review Commission
(d) 1999
(e) Mvunga Constitutional Review Commission.
(f) Inquiries Act
(g) Parliament
Constituent Assembly
(h) Constituent Assembly

2 (a) Maintaining streets and roads

The local council cleans the streets and grading the roads,
They are also putting up street lights
They are putting up drainage systems. *"
(b) Town Planning
Allocating plots
Construction of markets in designated Area
Providing building plans/approving building plans
(c) Providing clean and safe water
Constructing/sinking boreholes
Purifying drinking water
(d) Making By-laws
Formulating laws such as by-laws to protect the welfare of the
people. E.g no growing of maize in the back yard.

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(e) Providing recreation facilities

they are creating playing parks.
Providing swimming pools.
3
Concept Statement
(i) Alien E
(ii) Jus Soli C
(iii) Direct democracy J
(iv) Expatriation A
(v) Social exclusion N
(vi) Participation P
(vii) lust Sanguinis I
(viii) Citizen F
(ix) Natural rights Q
(x) Repatriation C

4 (a) Consumption habits: People eat expensive food, take expensive foreign
drinks like brandy and buy expensive cars instead of saving for
investment. 2]
(b) Social Status: Some people, especially those in the high-Income group
tend to spend a lot of money on expensive goods like cars and clothes in
order to maintain the status in society. This hinders them to save money
Tor investment
(c) Lack of knowledge on saving for investment
Most of the people do not have the knowledge of saving for investment
as a result, they cannot save.
(d) Poverty: People who lack basic needs, cannot venture in any business
as they do not have the money.
(e) Low income: People who get very low-income nave little money or
nothing to save. If many people get low incomes, it becomes difficult for
them to save for investment.

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5 Characteristics of positive work culture.

− A person Works hard to achieve productivity targets within a given time.
This in return leads to a lot of goods and service to be available.
− A person does not wait for supervision. Once work has been assigned, he
or she makes sure that the task is completed in time.
− A person earns a living through hard work and putting maximum effort to
complete assigned tasks
− One who feels committed to work. One has the passion for work and tries
by all means to avoid being absent from work
− One uses individual initiative to do what is required rather than wait to be
told every time.
− One does not have negative attitude towards certain goals such as manual
Work

6 (a) Kafue National Park

(b) Poaching for trophies
Source of food (meat)
(c) Black Lechwe / elephant
Kafue Lechwe
Lion
Cheetah
(d) It provides medicine
− Some animals are used for drought power and transportation
− Some plants and animals’ products are used to make clothes, tools
and other useful objects.
− It maintains ecological balance
− It is of aesthetic and recreational value.
− It is used for construction or as raw materials in the processing and
manufacturing industries.
(e) United Nations World Tourism Organisation-Summit (UNWTO)

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(f) Promotes global culture

It provides foreign exchange
It created employment for Zambian
Put Zambia on the world map
It boosted the business hence improving the economy
It creates market for Zambian people.
(g) Customs duty
(h) Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA)

7 (a) The Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or

Degrading treatment or punishment
(b) 10th December 1984.
(c) Human Rights commission
(d) Prohibit torture
Punish torturers
Educate citizens on the evil of torture
Rehabilitate victims of torture through counselling
Control the system of interrogation and detention
Report to the Human Rights Commission
(e) Article 5
(f) Right life
Freedom of expression
Right to association
Right to a quick and fair trial if need be
Right to food

SECTION C ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

1 (a) Drug is any substance that alters the chemistry of the body and affects
the natural balance of the mind and emotions.
(b) Curiosity-Some people are tempted to try out drugs out of curiosity.
They would want to taste and experience what it feels like to take
substances.

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Peer pressure-Some young people end up taking drugs because they

want to do what their friends are doing. They want to fit in or conform
to their peer group.
Ignorance-Some people begin to take drugs because they are not aware
of the dangers of such substances. By the time the dangers are fully
realized, they may be too late to stop taking the substance or to reverse
the damage done.
Stress-Some people abuse drugs because of stress. Stress can be caused
by loss of a loved one, divorce, falling an examination and loss of
employment. As a result, they resort to drugs.
Availability of drugs-There are a number of drugs that are readily
available on the market. This easy access makes some people abuse
them.
Alienation- Every person has a sense of belonging to a family, group,
community or country. When one feels Isolated, they try to find a group
to belong to by associating with people they feel are also isolated. They
feel welcome in the new environment where drug abuse may be
acceptable. Most street kids and teenagers find themselves in such
situation.
Unemployment- Many young people are unable to find jobs despite
having relevant qualifications for such people, life may be unbearable
and some resort to drug abuse.
Lack of recreational facilities - Many people have nowhere to spend
their leisure time. Consequently, they may resort to drug abuse as a
form of pass-time.
Enhancement of self-confidence and performance - Some people
believe that taking certain drugs may help them to improve their self
confidence and performance in sports, sexual intercourse, examinations
and other activities.

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2 orphans are taken care of by other family members

Work is easily handled
It brings families together
It ensures that everybody belongs to a family even if they are not a biological
one
Types of culture
Mass culture - this Is culture that is produced from machines and consumed
on a large-scale e.g television.
Popular culture - Is a type of culture that is a product of changing needs and
innovations in people's lifestyles.
Folk culture - It is a type of culture that is usually revolved from elements of
the forgotten past due to nostalgic tastes.
Ideal culture - This refers to some kind of aspirations of where a given people
would wish to be.
Real culture - This type of culture refers to the actual behaviour of people in a
society. E.g the Zambian people are expected to sleeping at a funeral house
until burial has taken place.
Sub culture - This isa way of life or behaviour which a small group of people
belonging to the same culture may portray
Counter culture -This represents behavioral patterns, activities or styles often
life portrayed by a group of individuals that are opposed to the generally
accepted standards of behaviour in a Society.
Cultural Heterogeneity- this refers to a society that contains a variety of
groups of different races, beliefs, religions and nationalities
Cultural homogeneity - This refers to a society that contains people of a
similar race, beliefs, religion and nationality.

3 There is the option to the convention on the rights of the child on the
sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (CRC-OP-SC) The
protocol prohibits the sale of children, child prostitution and child
pornography.
The other optional protocol of the convention is on the involvement of
children in Armed conflicts (CRC-OP-AC). This protocol ensures that persons
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who are not yet 18 years of age are not compulsory recruited into the armed
forces.
Child abuse is any form of ill treatment of a child
Forms of child abuse
Child sexual abuse and sexual assault - sexual abuse is any sexual act
Imposed on a child by a close relative and includes touching a child's genital
and sexual assault is when a stranger touches a child’s genital or having sexual
intercourse with a child.
Child defilement-It is having sexual Intercourse with one below the age of 16.
Child battering-It is the beating of the child often as a form of punishment.
Child neglect- It is a situation where children are not taken care of or shown
love by their parents or guardians.
Child labour- It is the giving of work that is physically, mentally, socially or
morally dangerous and harmful to children.
Child trafficking - This is the illegal transportation and selling of children within
or outside a country for prostitution, pornography, forced labour, crime or
business involving selling of body organs.
Child prostitution - It is sexual exploitation of children. Child prostitution can
either be forced or voluntary. Forced child prostitution is a situation where
girls are compelled to sell sexual services for examples, in brothels, hotels or
streets, voluntary child prostitution is a situation where girls sell sexual
services for a living, in order to pay for their school fees or to meet their daily
needs and wants.

4 Fiscal discipline is the strict control of public resources.

Fiscal discipline is part of governments overall economic policy, which aims
to achieve the government’s economic objectives through the use of the
fiscal Instruments of taxation, public expenditure and budget surplus or
deficit.
The government can employ a number of taxation measures to control
aggregate demand or spending such as indirect taxes on individuals
(Income tax) and increased if spending needs to be reduced, to control
inflation.
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Company tax (Corporation tax) can be increase if spending needs to be

reduced to control inflation.
Alternatively, spending can be reduced by increasing indirect taxes as Value
Added Tax (VAT) on ail products, or an increase in excise duty on particular
products such as fuel. This will increase the price of the commodities and
lead to the reduction of the purchasing power.
A decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes reduces
aggregate demand and through the multiplier process, serves to reduce
inflationary pressures. By contrast, an increase in government spending or
decrease in taxes stimulates aggregate demand, the multiplier effect
creates additional jobs to counteract unemployment.
It leads to the reduction of government expenditure in unproductive areas
Such as consumption subsidies.
It enables the stopping of borrowing from banks.
There is the provision of more credit to the private sector so as to produce
goods for export to build up foreign exchange reserves.
Avoids unfounded supplementary expenditures. Any expenditures proposed
Increased revenues or by lowering expenditures elsewhere.
Avoid adjustment of government Spending to accommodate inflation.
Lead to economic growth
Interest rates in banks to encourage savings
It restrains wage increases to cut government expenditure on wage bills.
It restrains price Increase to keep inflation low and encourage competition.
Tt maintains a realistic exchange rate.
It encourages transparency and accountability.

5 A concurrent sentence-This is served at the same time as another sentence

imposed earlier or at the same proceeding.
A consecutive (or cumulative) sentence-this occurs when a defendant has
been convicted of several counts, each one constituting a distinct offence or
crime, or when a defendant has been convicted of several crimes at the same
time. The sentences for each crime are then tacked on to each other, so that
each sentence begins Immediately upon the expiration of the previous one.
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A life sentence- This represents the disposition of a serious Criminal, case, in

which the convicted person spends the remainder of his or her life in prison.
A Mandatory Sentence- This Is a type of sentence created by state statute and
represents the rendering of a punishment for which a judge has no room for
discretion. Generally, it means that the sentence may not be suspended and
that no probation may be imp0sed, leaving the judge with no alternative
buttle mandated sentence.
A maximum sentence- this represents the outer limit of a punishment, beyond
which a convicted person may not be held in custody.
A minimum sentence-this represents the minimum punishment or the
minimum time a convicted person must spend in prison before becoming
eligible for release.
A suspended sentence - this refers to withholding or postponing of
pronouncing a sentence following a conviction or It may refer to the
postponing of the execution of a sentence after It has been pronounced.
Rights of the Convict at Post Trial Stage
− The right to appeal to higher courts if not satisfied with the decisions of the
lower court. This is to make sure that any error that may have been made
in the lower courts can be corrected by an appellant court. The convict
person should be Informed of this or her right not to be tried for a criminal
offence for which he or she has been pardoned by the Head of state.
− The Right to have an interpreter if he or she does not understand the
language being Used during the proceedings.
− The Right to be given a copy of the record of the proceedings made by the
court within a reasonable time after judgement.
− The Right not to be convicted of a criminal offence unless that offence is
defined and the penalty written in law.

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DON’T SHARE/POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA SUCCESSCentre Candidate
IN CIVIC EDUCATION, VOL 1 – 2017 – 2021
Number Number
Candidate Name_________________________

EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/2

Paper 2

Wednesday 6 July 2018

Additional information:
Answer booklet
Time: 2 hours

SECTION A (20 marks)

1 Mention the mode of adopting the constitution through parliament.

− National Constitutional Conference (NCC).

2 Identify any two functions of the Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ).

− Delimitation of constituencies and wards
− Registration of voters
− Receiving nomination papers from candidates
− Conducting the voting process and announcing election results.

3 The aspect of citizenship, where a citizen is recognised by law and has rights
which are enshrined in the constitution is referred to as …
− Legal aspect

4 State any two earliest human rights documents that emphasize on the
importance and quality of human life.
− Magna Carta of 1215
− Charter of Mande of 1222
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− English Bill of Rights of 1689

− French Declaration on the Rights of Man and citizen of 1789
− The US constitution and Bill of Rights of 1791

5 Explain the role of the Anti-Money Laundering Unit.

− It provides for the disclosure of information on suspicion of money
laundering activities by supervisory authorities and regulated
institutions.
− It authorises the seizure of property of persons convicted of money
laundering
− It provides for international cooperation in investigations, prosecution
and other related legal processes concerning prohibition and
prevention of money laundering activiies.

6 Name two types of learning that take place in any society.

− Informal learning
− Formal learning
− Technical learning
7 Why was the Zambian Medicines Regulatory Authority established?
− To ensure medicines and related substances conform to the required
standards of quality, safety and usefulness.
− To monitor all the stages in the chain of manufacture, import, export,
distribution, storage, supply, sale and use.
− To ensure that medicinal products are manufactured in facilities that
comply with current good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards
as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

8 Mataba Bwino was seen snatching a wallet from a trader. Constable Maluba
arrested him based on personal observation of the theft. The
type of offence that Mr Mataba Bwino committed is referred to as...
− Cognizable offence

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9 Describe the tasks that men and women could perform according to
the societal beliefs, myths and attitudes.
− Gender roles stereo-typing

10 Jelina did not have enough transport money to meet the bus fare and hence a
conflict arose between her and the bus conductor.
Which method would be suitable to resolve this conflict?
− Negotiation

11 Distinguish child sexual abuse from sexual assault.

− Child sexual abuse is any sexual act imposed on a child or young
person by a dose relative and includes fondling a child’s genitals,
making the child fondle the adult's genitals and having sexual
intercourse with a child.
− Sexual assault is any sexual act imposed on a child or young person
by a stranger and includes fondling a child's genitals, making the
child fondle the adult's genitals and having sexual intercourse with a
child.

12 The Insaka Local Court invalidated the marriage of a couple because the wife
complained that she wanted their marriage to be terminated as her husband
was impotent and unable to consummate their marriage. What type of
marriage was this?
− Customary Marriage

13 How has the low participation of women in economic development

contributed to poverty? Give one reason.
− It is because most women have no access to loans and other means of
production.

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14 Why is it dangerous to dispose of plastic materials carelessly in the

local environment?
− It is because plastics remain in the environment for 100 years and the
organisms that feed on them and break them are very rare.
− It does not easily decompose or rot,

SECTION B [40 MARKS]

There are seven (7) questions in this section. Answer any four questions of
your choice in the Answer Booklet provided.

Explain the following concepts in relation to governance

1 (a) Checks and Balances.
− Checks and balances is a principle that states that the three organs
of the government, that is the executive, legislature and judiciary
checks the operations of the other organs to ensure that they operate
within the constitution of a country.

(b) Native Authorities

− Native authorities consist of chiefs and other traditional leaders whose
duty was to collect taxes, issuing out licenses and performing some
judicial functions.

(c) Party list system

− Party list system is a type of electoral system where the whole country
forms one single constituency, hence no constituency delimitation
under this system, after the election, parliamentary seats are shared
among the political parties according to the proportion (percentage) of
the total votes they have scored.

(d) Rule of Law

− The Rule of Law means that the government or those in power rule a
country in accordance with the constitution and the other laws of a
country.
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(e) The Electoral Code of Conduct

− The electoral code of conduct are a set of principles that all
stakeholders must abide by when taking part in elections.

2 (a) Explain cultural homogeneity.

− Cultural homogeneity is a common culture of people of a similar race,
beliefs, religion and nationality.

(b) Among the 73 ethnic groups found in Zambia, which ethnic group
celebrates and commemorates the driving of cattie from one area to
another.
− Ila people
(C) Identify any two common cultural! practices among the 73 ethnic
groups.
− Respect for elders
− Extended family system
− Rites of passage
− Traditional ceremonies
− Traditional attires
− The arts
− Hospitality

(d) What are Rites of Passage?

− Rites of passage are rituals that one undergoes to mark important
changes in a person's position in society.

(e) Mention the best method that could be used to promote peace
among people or different ethnic groupings.
− Intermarriages
(f) State any two factors that have a bearing on cultural diversity.
− Stereotyping
− Prejudice
− Ethnocentrism
− Cultural relativism
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3 Study the chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Type of substance Source Effects on health

Cannabis Cannabis plant (i) ______________________
(ii) ______________________
A Poppy plant - Chronic constipation
- Damages the heart and kidney
B Leaves or coca plant

(a) Identify substances marked A and B.

A Heroin
B Cocaine

(b) Mention one way in which substance B is abused by the users.

− Smoking
− Sniffing
− Injecting into the blood
− Taken orally

(c) Give any two street names of cannabis.

− Draw
− Bang
− Weed
− Hash
− Spliff
− Dobo / dope
− Ganja
− Shit

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(d) State two effects of cannabis.

− Cause cravings for certain foods
− Make most users relaxed and talkative
− Make users paranoid and anxious depending on their mood and
situation.
− Cause health challenges such as cancer and respiratory disorders.
− Affect the reproductive systems of both males and females.
− Affect memory, ability to concentrate and coordination of mind and
body.
− Leaves users feeling tired and lacking energy.

(e) Describe three behavioral traits of a person who abuses the Substance
marked B.
− Is usually lively, active or talkative.
− Absenteeism
− Not paying attention, fill of excuses.
− School work is not done
− May have sleep disorder or insomnia.
− Stealing
− Lies
− Becomes secretive

4 (a) State two basic functions of commercial banks.

− Collect surplus funds from the general public
− Transfer funds from one person to another by means of a cheque or
credit transfer services
− Lend surplus funds at an interest to customers who borrow
− Advise on a variety of business matters
− Provide money transfer services

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(b) Give one advantage of a savings account.

− Savings account enables one to keep money in the bank and be able
to receive interest for a period of time.
− Ability to withdraw money at any time.

(c) Doreen swipes her bank card to purchase groceries from a shop.
what name is given to the bank card?
− Debit card
− Barclays bank credit card.

(d) Mention any one advantage of borrowing from the bank.

− It gives one instant gratification by allowing one to purchase
something that would be too expensive to pay for upfront.

(e) Suggest any two factors to be considered before borrowing from the
bank.
− Interest ra ate
− Ability to pay back
− Collateral

(f) How can one get into a debt burden after borrowing from the bank?
− Lack of planning
− Misuse of borrowed money
− Spending money on luxury thing

(g) Explain the impact of commercial banks on the Zambia's economy.

− By giving loans to enterprises, the commercial banks help the
expansion of industries in the country and the creation of more
employment in industries.

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5 Mofya is in a legal battle with her husband. She and her husband were granted
divorce in the local court. she appealed to the magistrate's court for further
review of her divorce case. The magistrate based his judgement on the case of
Stella versus Mwape that took place in 2014 and reported in the Zambia Law
Reports.

(a) Mofya was initially granted divorce by the local court. What type of
marriage did she have with her husband?
− Customary marriage / Traditional marriage.

(b) Which source of law did the magistrate apply in handling Mofya's case?
− Case law / law reports

(c) Suggest three reasons that could have led to the divorce of Mofya and
her husband.
− Adultery of the wife
− Failure to settle a debt
− Lack of maintenance by man

(d) Apart from divorce, mention two examples of cases handled by the
Local courts.
− Adultery
− Deformation of character
− Failure to settle debts
− Lack of maintenance of children and spouse by both man and woman.

(e) Mofya was privileged to have free legal services by the lawyer who
represented her in the magistrate court. What concept is used to
describe the free legal service that was offered to Mofya?
− Probono
(f) Why was Mofya scared of divorcing her husband? State two reasons
− Embarrassment / stigma
− Custody of the children
− Economic hardships

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6 Describe the elements of the Zambian Bill of Rights that are non-degradable.
Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights is a list of fundamental rights and freedoms covered in the
constitution of Zambia which is the supreme law of the land.
Non derogable rights are those rights that cannot be reduced or lessen the
strength or authority of a right.

Article 12- Protection of right to life

This right is described as the supreme human right as it forms the basis of
other rights. It protects all forms of human life, including that of an unborn
child.
It places obligation on both the state and the individual to ensure protection
of human life.

Article 14 protection from slavery and forced labour

Slavery and forced labour prevent the liberty and freedom of the individual
as a person has little say over oneself. The state is under obligation by
international convention on civil and political Rights (ICCPR) to prohibit by
law any form of slavery and practices.

Article 15- Protection from inhuman treatment

This article prohibits the use of all forms of torture and inhuman or
degrading punishment such as corporal punishment.

Article 18- Provision to secure protection of law

The article gives protection of law for any person charged with a criminal
offence. This means that every person has the right to have access to the
protection of the law.

7 Explain five ways in which poverty can be alleviated.

− Improving the provision of education as education is a very powerful tool
for poverty reduction.
− Increase food production and empowering small-scale farmers.
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− Reducing the incidence, infection and the socio-economic impact of HIV

and AIDS.
− Promoting a self-sustaining export led agricultural section which ensures
increased household income and food security.
− Increasing access. to skills development and vocational training.
− Promoting rural electrification to attract investments and reducing
unemployment in the rural areas.
− Increasing access to means of production such as land and farming
implements
− Increasing access to safe water and sanitation.
− Improving the health status of people, especially the poor.

SECTION C
Essay Questions [40 Marks]
This section consists of five (5) essay questions. Answer two (2) questions
using the Answer Book Provided. Question one (1) is compulsory. Choose the
other question from the remaining four (4).

1 Describe forms of a constitution. why is the constitution significant to a nation?

− Constitution is a body of fundamental principles, laws and conventions
according to which the government of a state operates. The rules that
govern the various organs of a government.

Forms of a constitution
− Flexible constitution is one which can easily be changed, amended or
altered. It requires little or no special political process for it to be
altered in that there are few obstacles to its amendments.
− Rigid constitution or inelastic constitution is one that contains
provisions which are difficult to amend or change. It can only be
changed or amended by a special body such as a referendum,
constituent assembly or national constitutional conference and using
special procedures.

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Importance of a constitution
− Promotes and protects the rule of law.
− Sets out the composition and functions of the wings of government.
− Safeguards the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens.
− Is owned and guarded by citizens.
− Ensures democratic governance.
− Gives equal opportunities for individual development.
− Prescribes the form of government.
− Describes who should be a citizen of Zambia, his or her duties and
responsibilities
− Protects the individual member of any community against
interferences in his or her personal freedoms.
− States which position in the government are to be filled through
elections and which ones are to be filled through appointments.

2 Explains aspects of citizenship. Analyse the civic duties and responsibilities

of a Zambian citizen. [6:14]

A citizen is a member of a state who enjoys all rights and privileges granted
by It and also performs his or her duties towards the state. [2]

Aspects of citizenship

Legal aspects
A citizen is recognised by law and his or her rights are enshrined in the laws
of the land. He or she is provided with opportunities for the lawful
enjoyment of his or her freedom, ownership of property and political rights.
A citizen who falls to comply with the legal aspects or citizenship is liable for
protection.

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Moral aspect
A moral aspect or citizenship acknowledges the value of self-discipline
and self-control. A morally good citizen has a sense of responsibility to fulfil
all his or her obligations to the state and the various social groups that he or
she belongs to. He or she is not only responsible to his or her family but also
to the community and the state.

Civic duties and responsibilities of a citizen

A responsible Zambian citizen is expected to:

o promote democracy and the rule of law
o be patriotic and loyal to Zambia and promote its well being
o foster national unity and live in harmony with others
o vote in national and local government elections
o provide defense and military service when called upon
o pay all taxes and dues legally due to the state
o assist in the enforcement of laws at all times
o obeys the laws
o respect the rights of others
o observe and maintain the security of the nation

3 What is conflict? Discuss the causes of conflicts in Africa. [2:18]

− Conflict means a quarrel, struggle or fight between two individuals’

communities, societies or countries.
Causes of conflict in Africa
Historical background: The interpretation of history may initiate a conflict
between people as is the case in Rwanda and Burundi.
Ethnicity: Deep feelings against a group of people that do not belong to
your own ethnic group can ignite deep frustration that can initiate conflicts
between two ethnic groups.
Imbalance of natural resources: The increased population has put too much
pressure on natural resources. This situation has created opportunities
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for conflicts as local people fight for the scarce resources available.
Immigration: In a region where there is high population against resources,
massive foreign immigration breeds resentment by the host people.
Economic and export resources: States that have common borders
sometimes fight over a place of land that is suspected to have or has
confirmed rich deposits of minerals.
Mismanagement of economic resources: Where there is poor governance,
corruption and widespread poverty, there are high chances of conflicts to
erupt.
Injustice: wherever there is injustice, peace can never prevail.
Conflicts about information: In many instances, the parties in conflict do not
have sufficient, or even the same information about a situation.
Conflicts over resources: Having few resources like land, money and many
other lead to conflict.
Conflicts over relationships: People in family relationships, business
partnerships or community organisations commonly have disagreements
over variety of specific issues.
Conflicts over interest or needs: Important and powerful human needs
for such things as identify, respect, participation, ability to influence other
and success are often at the heart of conflicts that appear to be a contest
over material things.
Conflicts about structures: Conflicts within structures often involve issues of
Justice and competing goals. Most conflicts take time to address, but it often
take years to effect change in organizational and social structures.

4 A country can achieve economic development when there is economic growth.

Explain the concept, 'economic development'.
Evaluate the factors that contribute to economic development. [6:14]

Development is a process of improvement to meet people's needs at all

levels either personal, local, national or international. Examples of
development include putting up infrastructures such as building new schools,
constructing bridges and opening new mines.
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Economy is any action that has to do with the production of goods and
Services.
Economic development is an increase in the production of goods and
services.
Economic development is closely related to economic growth,
Economic growth means an increase in the country's productive capacity
such as the rise in real national income over a period of years.

Factors that contribute to economic development

o Expansion of agriculture by producing surplus products for export. This
could be made possible through consistent agricultural policies, sufficient
agricultural inputs and affordable agricultural inputs and implements.
o Expansion of manufacturing industry to process various products within
the country.
o Improvement of technologies such as efficient tools and machines.
o Research on new technologies which the people can later acquire by
o means of training. Such skills and technology are assumed to be desirable
and productive in that there lead to increased production of goods and
services.
o Heavy capital investment which latter lead to improved output per head
and an improvement in social welfare.
o Promote investment in the mining industry and ensure the development
of a self-sustaining mineral based industry.
o To provide relevant, equitable, efficient and quality education for all.
o To promote gender balance to ease the burden of poverty especially of
women at the household, community and national levels.
o To expand, rehabilitate and invest in the road sector so as to improve
accessibility and mobility.
o Promotion of rural electrification so as to attract investments and
reducing unemployment in rural areas.

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5 Describe the conditions for Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP).

Critically assess its challenges. [12:8]

Structural adjustment programme is a programme that aims at reducing

government spending and increasing government income by increasing
imports.

Conditions of the structural adjustment programme

o Privatize state owned enterprises, that is transfer parastatal
companies and other government assets to the private sector,
including foreign enterprises.
o Lift restrictions on foreign investment so that profits can easily be
externalized (taken out of the country).
o Reduce its tariff barriers (custom duties) to encourage Imports.
o Float its exchange rates so that they are freely determined by the
market.
o Impose restrictive fiscal (financial) and monetary policies
o Remove controls on prices and withdraw subsidies even on essential
commodities.
o Relax labour laws protecting workers and employers.

Challenges of structural adjustment programme (SAP) on the people

AS a result of the reduction in government spending: this leads to the
following
− Less money may be spent on education and therefore literacy
− Stays low and there is a shortage of skilled labour,
− Less money may be spent on the infrastructure and therefore road and
bridges decay, rural areas do not get electricity and transportation and
communication suffer.
− Less money may be spent on rural development and therefore
migration from rural to urban areas increases.
− Less money Is spent on government workers and therefore
unemployment increases
− Cash crops are encouraged with higher prices and local people and it
difficult to pay these higher prices.
− Food crops may be neglected as people grow more cash crops for
export.

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Centre Candidate
Number Number
Candidate Name_________________________

EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate of Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/2

Paper 2

Wednesday 6 NOVEMBER 2018

Additional information:
Answer booklet
Time: 2 hours

SECTION A (20 marks)

Answer all questions in this section using one word or short phrase.

1 The wing of the government that initiates the process of making a national
constitution in zambia is known as.
− Executive

2 What name is given to a non-governmental organisation that promotes and

defends the ideals of good governance
− Civil society

3 Mr Mangwala isa businessman in Dubwiza village. Whenever he gets his profits

from his businesses, he buys food and clothing tor the less privileged in his
community. Which quality of good citizenship is Mr Mangwala Practising?
− Empathy / compassion / love

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4 State two reasons for adopting the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
by the United Nations General Assembly.
− Children, as a group, experience discrimination and need special
protection
− The cost of tailing to protect children is high
− Children are individuals with equal status as adults
− The highest level of development of any society can only be attained
with the
− healthy participation of children.
− Children are more affected by governments' action than any other
− Children more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse
− Children generally do not have the franchise and therefore take no
part in the political process
− Children are a safeguard of the human race without whom the race
will become extinct

5 Identify any two methods the Commission's Community Relations Department

of the Anti-Corruption Commission uses to educate the community on issues
of Corruption.
− Radio and television programmes
− Public lectures
− drama
− play
− workshop
− Production and distribution of pamphlets
− Newsletters
− Posters
− T-shirts
− Fliers and booklets
6 Mention the societal core value that focuses on the feeling of oneness by a
group of people or the same origin and culture.
− Nationalism

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7 How does money laundering affect the economy of a nation?

− Loss of income
− Affects the economy of the nation by causing inflation / increase in
prices of goods and services
− Government spends a lot of money to fight money laundering.
− Increase in poverty

8 ….. is a type of capital that does not change its form during production.
− Fixed capital

9 Court proceedings sometimes cover cases that are classified as 'chamber

matters. Give any two examples of cases that are heard in chambers.
− Uncontested divorce actions
− Application for order ot company dissolution also known as liquidation
− Application for an order of vacation in property repossession
− Application for maintenance in case of divorced spouse and children

10 Mrs Mabvuto was not included on her husband's Will. At which period can Mrs
Mabvuto be allowed to challenge the Will in the courts of law?
− In the first six month of the death of the testator.

11 which conflict resolution method is best used for interpersonal conflicts?

− Counselling

12 Mention the abuses that are described as follows:

(a) Canning, slapping, pinching the skin and puling ears of a child.
− Physical abuse
(b) Lack of love, neglect, insult, shouting, name calling and beating a child.
− Mental abuse psychological abuse.

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13 Country X had 12 million people. It managed to have a Gross National Product

that amounted to K240,000,000 in the year 1996. Find the per capital income
for country X.
− Per capital income for country X is K20.00 per person

14 Explain one effect of deforestation on the environment.

− leads to soil erosion and desertification
− lack of fuel wood and charcoal for both domestic and industrial use
− land degradation
− climate change.
− disturbs the eco - system

15 During the Millennium Development Goals era, many global process records
were set. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted new global
development targets referred to as …..
− Sustainable Development Goals/ SDGS

SECTIONB (40 marks]

There are seven (7) questions in this section. Answer any four questions of
your choice in the Answer Booklet provided.

1 (a) State any three duties of a responsible citizen in his or her community.
− obeying the law
− paying taxes
− respecting the rights of others
− being concerned about public issues
− participating in civic activities such as voting
− performing public service
− observing public service
− observing and maintaining the Security of the nation

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(b) Identify any two examples on each of the following legal rights of a
citizen;
(i) Civil Right
− The right to personal safety and freedom
− Right to family lite
− The right to freedom of speech and expression
− The right to assembly art association.
− The right to education
− The freedom of conscience and religion.
− The right to good reputation
− The right to property
− The right to earn a living
− the right judicial safeguard

(ii) Political Rights

− The right to vote
− The right to belong to political party
− The right to petition in order to register grievance individually
− Freedom of speech and expression
− Right to assembly

(iii) Economic Rights,

− The right to work
− The right to adequate wages
− the right to reasonable hours of work

(c) Why are documents such as the Stockholm Declaration of the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Rio
Declaration on the Environment and Development known as soft laws?
− Because they have not been enacted into legally binding documents.

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2 Study and complete the table showing the electoral systems.

Electoral System Advantages

A It takes care of the interests of the
minority in communities of
the country.
Single member Majoritarian B
system
C There is less opportunity for
gerrymandering
Single Member Plurality D
System

(a) What is an electoral system?

− An Electoral system is methods through which the government choose
their leaders or representatives

(b) identify the electoral systems in A and C.

− A Mixed Member Proportionality System (MMPS)
− C Proportional Representation System (PRS)

(c) Mention the two electoral systems that Zambia has been using from
1991 to date.
− Single member Plurality System (SMPS)
− Single Member Majoritarian System (SMMS)

(d) Complete the table by stating the advantages of B and D.

B It usually delivers a winner with a clear majority
Citizens find it easy to obey and respect policies made by a
leader and government they voted for and that they supported

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D Voters vote for candidates who work amongst them

It is an easy system to administer
Electoral candidates are personally responsible to the voters in
their constituencies.

(e) Name two documents that stipulate how elections should proceed in
Zambia.
− The Electoral Act, No. 12 of 2006
− The Electoral Code of conduct

3 (a) Explain the concept corruption.

− Corruption refers to dishonest, morally unacceptable and legal actions
taken to get an unfair advantage or monetary gain.
− This is the soliciting, accepting, obtaining, giving, promising or uttering
gratification by way of a bribe or other personal temptation or
inducement or misuse or abuse of public office for advantage or
benefit for oneself or another person.
− An act or practice marked by dishonest and abuse of one's position or
power
− Giving money, a service or anything valuable in return for a favour
− Abuse of one's official position for personal gain or benefit
− Misuse of public office for personal or self-gain

(b) According to the Anti-corruption Commission, what are the two main
causes of corruption
− Greedy and Dishonesty

(c) Which type of corruption is mainly Practised in awarding of government

contracts, public appointments or administrators for privatization of the
government owned companies?
− Grand corruption

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(d) Under the Anti-Corruption Commission, which department conducts

managerial accountability workshops in both public and private
institutions
− The Commissions Prevention Department

(e) Identify the roles of the following in the fight against corruption:
(i) Public officers;
− Adherence to set guidelines and regulations
− Reporting corruption
− Adherence to institutional and public service code of ethics
− Sensitization

(ii) Community,
− Reports suspected cases of corruption
− Sensitization
− Advocacy for stronger law

(f) State two objectives of the Transparency International Zambia in its

fight against corruption.
− Creating interest among stakeholders and encouraging them to
appreciate the concept of collective responsibility
− Undertaking research on various aspects of corruption, good
governance and integrity
− Advocating and lobbying for zero tolerance towards corruption
in society

4 Briefly explain the role of the media in good governance.

− To Inform and educate
− To act as a watchdog
− To promote public debate
− To set the agenda
− It promotes the interaction between the electorates and the leaders

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Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Symbol Term
I Interest
P A
r rate
N B

5 (a) Explain the concept "interest rate

− An interest is the payment you earn for saving
− It is also the price of borrowing money
− It is also the amount charged, expressed as percentage

(b) Name the concepts labeled A and B in the table above.

A – Principle
B – Time

(c) What is compound interest?

− This is the interest calculated on the accumulated interest of previous
periods of a deposit or loan

(d) Abdul Dalama borrowed Kl000 at 12%o interest rate and paid back after
5years. Calculate the compound interest for Abdul Dalama for 5 years.
A = P(1 + r) n
= 1000 (1 + 0.12) 5
= 1000 (1.12) 5
= K1762.34

(e) State two reasons why an entrepreneur may need to borrow money.
- To start (invest) in a business
- To expand a business
- Diversification of business

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6 Malingala and Mulumbo were married under customary law. Mulumbo died
intestate.
He left four houses in Livingstone and a bus. Malingala was involved in an
accident and admitted to Levy Mwanawasa hospital in Lusaka and later died
after giving an oral Will.

(a) state two factors that can make Malingala's oral will not to be nullified
by the court of law.
- If was made in the presence of two witnesses who are not
beneficiaries to the estate.
- If made by other an injured person who is expected not to survive the
injuries

(b) Under the Testate law, mention any two beneficiaries who can
challenge a will in case of unfair distribution of a deceased's property.
- Spouse
- Parents
- Children
- Registered dependents

(c) Under what condition can the court declare the will unreasonable if the
disinherited depend on applied to the courts?
- If the court agrees with the dependent that the testator, the person
who made the Will in case of a male and the testatrix in case of
female, did not make reasonable provision for the maintenance and
the hardship that will be caused.

(d) What two factors do courts consider most when deciding on the custody
of a child?
- Ages of a child
- Needs of the child
- Behaviour of the parents
- Best interest of the child
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(e) How much will be the share for Mulumbo's parents and dependents if
Muldmbo estate was worth K120,000.00.
- Dependants K12,000
- Parents K24,000

7 Study the map on the types of aid and answer the questions that follow.

(a) When continent A donates money to continent B to use tor various

developmental projects, this kind of aid is called …
- Bilateral Aid

(b) Explain the concept of 'soft loan.

- A Soft loan is a loan given at a low rate of interest or is repaid
without any interest at all.

(c) How is multi-lateral aid given to needy countries?

- Multi-lateral aid is given to needy countries through various United
Nations specialised agencies

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(d) Suggest two economic reasons for foreign aid.

- It provides foreign capital needed by the recipient country to
supplement locally available investment resources.
- It provides more foreign exchange if the loan or the grant is
invested in a project which produces export products.
- It provides new technology and skill which the local people can
later acquire by means or training.
- The recipient government earns more revenue by taxing
enterprises established with the help of foreign aid and by
participating financially in the operations of these enterprises.
- Food aid alleviates famine
- Foreign aid promotes international co-operation between the
donor and the recipient countries.
(e) In which way is free trade encouraged among economic trade
organisation?
- By encouraging free trade by removing tariffs and opening their
markets
- Protecting their members from outside competition

(f) Explain how the inflow side of the balance of payment affects a national
economy.
- The recipient country runs the risk of becoming dependant on loans
and aid

SECTION C ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

This section consists of five (5) essay questions. Answer two (2) questions
using the Answer Booklet Provided. Question one (1) is compulsory. Choose
the other question from the remaining four (4).

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1 (a) Describe a constitution.

- A constitution is a body of fundamental principles, laws and
conventions according to which the government of a state operates or
the rules that govern the various organs of a government
- Rules regulating the relationship between a state and its members that
is the rights and obligations of citizens
- The fundamental laws of a state, directing the principles upon which a
government is founded and regulating the exercise of the sovereign
powers.
- It is a code of rules which govern the allocation of functions, powers
and duties among the various governmental agencies and their
officials.

(b) Assess the advantages and disadvantages or written and unwritten

constitution.
- written constitution is one which most of the provisions are written in
a single document
Advantages
- It is clear and definite
- People can read and understand the structure and functions of each
organ of a government
- It is drawn up with great care and deliberation
- It cannot be easily manipulated to suit popular emotions
- It affords protection to individuals and guarantees people's rights.

Disadvantages
- It creates lacunae this is a Latin word which means a gap in the law
- It tends to compress into one document all the ideas and political
principles of a nation
- The power of interpretation is vested in the judiciary where the
Judiciary is not independent the power may be manipulated by judges

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Unwritten Constitution
This is a constitution whose provisions are not formally written in a single
document but in collection of documents.

Advantage
- It is flexible and adaptable to the changing conditions or a dynamic
society
- Its elasticity makes it possible to stretch or bend order to meet
emergencies without breaking the framework
- It provides legal means for satisfying popular passions and demands.
This prevents revolutions

Disadvantages
- Its existence in multiple documents makes it difficult to be mastered
- It can be unstable and a state of flux since it provides no guarantee of
permanent and may easily be amended or bent to Suit the interests of
a government

2 Why is culture an important aspect or national development? Explain the

impact of global culture on Zambia.
- Culture is the complete way of life of a group of people in society. It
includes all aspects of people’s way of life.
- Culture helps to strengthen the independence, sovereignty and identity of
a nation.
- The satisfaction of a person's spiritual, moral and cultural aspirations is
important to development as the satisfaction of basic needs Such as food,
clothing and shelter
- Development that tails to acknowledge cultural factors will be
unattainable and one sided
- Failure to recognise the importance of culture in national development
also ends to gender imbalances in participation and access to social and
economic benefits

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- The goal of development is defeated if it overlooks an individual’s dignity

as human being and that person’s responsibility to society.

Impact of global culture on Zambia

- Destruction of local cultures
- It has increased the spread of international languages like increased
English and French.
- It also led to the reduction or total elimination of negative cultural
elements like Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), forced marriages, widow
inheritance and other aspects of gender violence.
- It has led to the spread of religions like Islam and Christianity which stress
the belief in the existence of God, the creation of human beings and the
universe
- It has led to the increase of moral decay among most of the youth in
Zambia e.g. women wearing short dresses and shorts
- It has also led to increased social crimes like prostitution because of
spread of dirty materials like pornography which influence people to
engage in these activities also men sagging, putting on earrings etc.
- Spread of technology
- Mixing of culture
- Increase in tourism

3 (a) What is the meaning of the concept 'gender?

- Gender is defined as socially constructed and varying roles that men
and women play in their daily. It is a cultural concept used to classify
and categorize the differences between women and men and their
respective roles that they play in society

(b) Analyse issues that affect women's Social economic needs.

- Violence against women
- Persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women
- Inequalities and inadequacies in and unequal access to healthcare,
education and related services
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- Inequalities in economic structures and policies in ll forms of

productive activities and in access to resources
- Inequality between men and women in the sharing of power and
decision making at all levels
- Lack of respect for and inadequate promotion and protection of the
human rights for women
- Inequalities in the management of natural resources and in the safe-
guarding or the environment
- Persistent discrimination against and violation of the rights of the girl
child
- Stereotyping of women by society

4 Analyse the negative effects of conflicts. Explain how a culture of peace can be
created. [14:6]
- Conflicts lead to killing of many innocent people
- Conflict force, people to ran away from their homes to take refuge in
areas where there is no war.
- Where conflicts take place, the infrastructure is badly damaged
- The economy of any country in conflict is negatively affected
- During the period of conflict, public expenditure is predominating for
military effort
- Insecurity stops investors from establishing industries in the countries
experiencing conflict
- By nature civil conflicts or conventional wars destroy the environment
- Conflicts increase risky sexual behaviour of people on the run and the
combatants.
- Conflicts weaken governance institutions
- During armed conflict there is a disruption of health services and food
supplies
- Educational services become disrupted in times of war
- There is emergence of child soldiers

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- In-flow of refugees creates burdens and grievances-in neighboring

countries and the possibilities of spill over conflicts
- Escalated and contribute to the acquisition and proliferation of small
arms and light weapons
- In civil conflicts there is a tendency by various identity groups to form
exclusive organisation to pursue their interest and grievances

How a culture of peace can be created

- Work for justice
- Promotion of good governance
- Providing civic education

5 Describe the Treaty Based Human Rights Instruments. Explain the provisions of
the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
[8:12]
- International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
1966
- The preamble gives an outline for the explanation of the right in the
covenant.
- It talks about what is contained in the universal declaration of human
rights and says the rights in the covenant, are based on the inherent
dignity of the human person
- The preamble also emphasises the indivisibility and interdependence of
all human rights by stating that the idea of free human beings enjoying
freedom from rear and want can only be achieved if conditions are
created in which everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural
rights as well as his civil and political rights
- The International covenant on Civil and Political Rights – (ICCPR) 1966
- The preamble is the same as the one in the ICESR. The treaty expands on
the civil and political rights set out in the universal Declaration or Human
Rights Summary of the provisions in the ICESCR
- Right to work

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- Right to just and favourable conditions of work, including fair wages,

equal pay for equal work and holidays with pay.
- Right to form and join trade unions, including the right to strike
- Right to social security
- Protection of the family, including special assistance for mothers and
children
- Right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing
and housing and continuous improvements of Living conditions
- Right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Rights to education, primary education being compulsory and free for all
and Secondary and higher education generally
- Permits the progressive implementation of Article 26, the right to
education
- Right to participate in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of scientific
progress to all

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DON’T SHARE/POST IT ON SOCIAL MEDIA SUCCESSCentre Candidate
IN CIVIC EDUCATION, VOL 1 – 2017 – 2021
Number Number
Candidate Name_________________________

EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/2

Paper 2

Wednesday 2020

Additional information:
Answer booklet
Time: 2 hours

SECTION A (20 marks)

1 Mention the right of a citizen that may be violated by defamatory statement if
proven by the courts of law.
- The right to reputation/right to one’s good name

2 A unit of the Zambia Police Service which was instituted and given the
responsibility of dealing with police corruption in the system is referred
to as …
- The Police Professional Standards Unit

3 State the two recommendations that were made by the 1991 Mvunga
Constitutional Review Commission.
- Re-introduction of multiparty democracy
- Inclusion of the children's rights

4 Kashana is 17 years old. She was raped by an unknown old man on her way
from school. Identify two consequences that Kashana is likely to suffer as a
result of this abuse.
- Risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

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- Unwanted pregnancies
- Trauma

5 What measures did the United Nations Security Council undertake when
Muammar Gaddafi ordered the killing of his peaceful protestors against his
military rule?
- Authorised the use of force

6 Explain one way in which sports in action play in helping curb substances
abuse.
- Sports in action aims to improve people’s quality of life through sport
and recreational activities

7 Suggest two ways in which traditional ceremonies help to promote economic

development
- Promote Cultural tourism
- Provides employment
- Promotes trade
- Provision of social services
- Promotes infrastructure development e.g roads

8 Identify two consumption habits that negatively affect capital accumulation.

- Buying expensive foods, drinks, clothes, cars and other foreign products.
- Impulse buying (without budgeting)
- Unbudgeted trips
- Renting expensive houses
9 Mention two consequences that young girls may suffer when forced into early
marriages
Complications during delivery
Risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other related
diseases
Conflicts may arise in the family if one is not ready for marriage
Disruption of education

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10 How did Zambia commit herself to the conservation of genetic and ecosystem
diversity in a sustainable manner in the early 1990s?
Zambia Signed and ratified the convention on biological diversity
- Signed the convention in 1992
- Ratified in 1993

11 Explain the objectives of the United Nations Population Fund towards reducing
infant mortality.
Family to improve the health of the children through supporting programmes
such as nutrition immunisation.

12 why was the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) adopted at
the 37th session of the Assembly of Heads of States and government in July
2001 in Lusaka, Zambia?
- To accelerate trade between African countries
- To provide vision and policy for accelerating economic corporation and
integration among African countries
- Fully integration of Africa into the global economy
- Poverty reduction
- Promoting sustainable growth and development

13 State two reasons countries should recognise and promote all forms of human
rights. [2]
- Rights give citizens liberty and equality
- Rights give people the opportunity to participate in social, economic
and cultural life of their community.
- Rights guarantee people to live in a free and safe environment
- Provide legal or-other protection if mistreated.

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SECTION B [40 marks]

1 Study the table below on early documents of Human Rights and answer the
questions that follow.
DOCUMENT YEAR
A 1215
CHARTER OF MANDE 1222
THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689
THE FRENCH DECLARATION ON THE B
RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
C 1791

(a) Identify the Human Rights documents labelled A and C.

A – Magna Carta of 1215
C – united States Constitution and Bill of Rights of 1791

(b) Why were the stated documents in the diagram not universal in nature?
- They excluded children, slaves, persons of certain social, religious,
economic and political groups.

(c) Explain article 39 of the document labelled A.

- Under this article (Magna Carta) "no free man shall be seized or
imprisoned or stripped of his rights or possessions or outlawed or
exiled or deprived of his standing in any other way/nor will we
proceed with force against or send others to do so, except by lawful
judgement of his equals or by the law of the land."

(d) State the year in B when the French Declaration on the rights of man
and citizen were made.
- 1789
(e) Which document was the earliest to outline Human Rights in Africa?
- Charter of Mande of 1222

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(f) The opening statement of the Charter of Mande is on ...

- Equality of human lives

(g) Mention two violations of Human Rights that were addressed by the
Charter of Mande.
- Hunger
- Slavery
- Wars / Conflict

2 Study the map of Zambia below and answer the questions that follow

(a) Identify cultural heritage sites in areas marked X, Y, Z.

- X – Livingstone Museum, Maramba Cultural Village, Mukuni village
- Y – Lusaka National Museum and National Archives (Any one)
- Z – Moto moto museum

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(b) State two materials that are found in heritage sites marked X, Y, Z.
- Arts
- Crafts
- Tools
- Instruments and objects related to rituals and ceremonies

(c) Give one example of the traditional ceremonies celebrated by the

people in the areas marked A and B.
- A - N'cwala ceremony
- B – Kuomboka ceremony
- C – Kulamba ceremony

(d) Mention two challenges that Zambia's cultural heritage face.

- inadequate funding
- Artists have challenges in accessing basic tools and equipment
necessary for them to create works of art
- Musical instruments are to0 expensive to purchase by local musicians
- Infrastructure for artistic creation is inadequate
- Recording studios for music are inadequate and inferior to
international

(e) Explain the focus of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ODHR)
Article 27 with regard to cultural heritage.
- The focus of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Article
27 is based on the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the
community.

3 (a) Explain the following concepts:

(i) cash,
- cash is a form of money in terms of coins and notes which is used as
a medium of exchange and is widely accepted as payment for goods
and services

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(ii) cheque,
- Cheque is a piece of paper with an instruction (order) from drawer
to the bank to pay a sum of money to the payee/ It is simply an
order to the bank to pay money on demand.

(iii) automated Teller machine pin code.

- An automated teller machine pin code is the secret security code or
number that allows the account holder to deposit or withdraw
money from the Automated Teller Machine (ATM). It can also be
used for other purposes such as swiping when purchasing goods
ana Services

(b) What are the two uses of Mobile Money?

- Pay bills
- Transfer money electronically (sending and receiving)
- Purchasing air time
- Accessing a loan
- Saving money
- investment

(c) Identify the two challenges of Mobile Money in Zambia.

− Lack of security
− It is sometimes characterized by insufficient funds depending on the
location
− Network problems
− Easily infiltrated by phone hackers

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4 Mrs Nichani is a business woman who goes to Botswana to buy blankets,

television sets (TV), curtains and other assorted goods for re-sell. Her
neighbour, Mrs Chidumbo got one blanket and two curtains worthy six
hundred and fifty kwacha (K650.00) in total. This money was supposed to be
paid to Mrs Nichani after two months from the time she got the items. Mrs
Nichani then sued Mrs Chidumbo to the court of law for failing to settle the
debt.
The case was recorded as Nichani versus Chidumbo. In settling the case, the
court used another similar case that was previously handled by another court

(a) What type of case was committed by Mrs Chidumbo?

− Civil case

(b) Why was the case recorded as Nichani versus Chidumbo and not the
people versus chidumbo?
− The case was recorded as Nichani vs Chidumbo because it affects
individuals while the one which can be recorded as the People vs
Chidumbo’s affects the whole community

(c) State three types of law that were used to dispose of the case.
− Case law / law report / judicial precedence
− Law of contract
− Common law

(d) How is the principle of standard of proof applied in cases like the one
that was committed in the passage?
− The balance of probability apples. They look at what is more probable.

(e) Identify who was the plaintiff and the defendant in the case above. [2]
− Plaintiff - Mrs Nichani
− Defendant - Mrs Chidumbo

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(f) In presiding over the case, what source of law did the judge use? [1]
− Case law / law report / judicial precedence

5 (a) What is meant by the concept "socialization"?

− Socialization isa process by which females and males are assigned
certain roles and responsibilities based on the values of the particular
society.

(b) How are the following institutions agents of socialization?

(i) Family
− It provides the first teaching for boys and girls making them to believe
family, that girls are inferior to boys in all aspects of life.
− The social and cultural attitudes tend to favour the boy child.
− A male child receives more resources as well as parental attention,
health care and education. A girl child performs more house chores
than boy child.

(ii) Media,
− Media depicts the position of women as being subordinate to men.
− The messages in most songs are based on the patriarchal nature of
− Society, thus describing the place of a woman as a wife in the home.
− Some or the songs played on radio and television describes the
immoral behaviour or women while others emphasize their total
submission to men.
− Women are usually used as "dancing queens" by most Musicians.

(iii) school,
− Female and male learners are subjected to different socialization in the
schools
− Formal education tends to confine girls to domestic and household
levels seen through the kind of subjects they take.

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− The subjects allocated to girls relate to their future roles as mothers,

homemakers and child cares
− Some text books [learners’ books] depicts women and men in
traditional roles and occupations which are sexually segregated.

(iv) religious institution.

− All religions teach that women should be submissive to men.
− Men are recognised as leaders.
− Men preside over all religious ceremonies while females are assigned
subordinate roles such as cleaning the church.

6 (a) What is National Development Planning

− National Development Planning is the deliberate effort by the state
aimed at the achievement of certain goals.

(b) State two aims of the National Development Plan.

− Raising the standard of living of the people through increased income
returns.
− offering better services to the people, such as health, education,
housing, good roads, dean and safe drinking water.
− Elimination of disparities between urban and rural areas.

(c) Describe three characteristics of a good development plan.

− A good development plan should include:
− Current economic conditions.
− Current social situation.
− An evaluation of progress achieved under the preceding plan.
− A statement of general objectives of economic and social policy.
− The estimates of growth or targets for each major economic or social
component during the period covered by the plan.
− Measures designed to raise the rate of economic growth.

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7 Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Identify the trade situations in A, B and C.

− A - balance of trade
− B – favourable / positive balance of trade
− C – Unfavorable/ negative balance of trade

(b) Explain the trade situations identified in A, B and C.

A – Balance of trade
− This is the difference between the value of visible imports and exports
over a particular period.

B – Favourable/positive balance of trade

− This is when the value of your country's visible exports exceeds the
value of its visible imports. This is also known as trade surplus.

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C – Unfavorable/negative balance of trade

− This is when the value of goods imported exceeds the value of goods
exported. This is referred to as trade deficit.

(c) How can a country change the trade situation shown in the diagrams?
− A country's government can change its balance of trade with policies
that either encourage exports or discourage imports. one such policy is
the devaluation of currency
− Creation of more manufacturing/processing industries

(d) Explain the trade term being illustrated in D.

− This means the rate which a country's exports are exchanged for
imports from another country. The terms of trade depend on the
prices of commodities on the international market.
− Unfavorable balance of trade i.e. the prices of your country’s exports
are relatively lower than the prices of imports.

SECTION C ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

1 Describe the types of elections. Explain the characteristics of elections in

a good governance. Why are elections important? [6:8 :6]
There are three types of elections.
Primary elections
− They are held whenever democratic political parties want to choose
candidates to stand in presidential, parliamentary and local
government elections.
General/tripartite elections
− These are Presidential, Parliamentary and Local government elections.
They are held every after five years to elect the President, Members of
Parliament, mayor / chairperson and Ward Councilors as stipulated in
the Zambian constitution.

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By- elections
− These elections are held when a councilor or Member of Parliament,
dies, resigns from the party or is expelled from the party or imprisoned
for more than six months.
− Characteristics of elections in good governance
Elections must be:
− Periodic-meaning that elections must be held when time is due.
− Competitive- elections must take place in a conducive political
environment where all candidates can compete fairly.
− Inclusive -all eligible voters should be allowed to vote without any
discrimination.
− Decisive-Democratic elections determine the leadership of the
government. Therefore, the winning candidates or party should not be
prevented from taking office.
− Importance of elections
− Oblige candidates to explain to the citizens why they should be
elected.
− Make political parties accountable to the people.
− Provide a mechanism of peaceful transfer of power.
− Offer regular opportunities for people to change government
− Provide the peace and stability necessary for development.

2 What is grand corruption? Assess the impact of corruption on the economy.

Discuss the role of the public in the fight against corruption. [2:8:10]

Grand corruption
− This type of corruption involves substantial amounts of money. It is
usually practised by high-ranking officials or at institutional levels.

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Impact of corruption on the economy

− Poor service delivery-corruption directs resources that are meant for
everyone into the pockets of a few greedy people resulting in poor
provision of services.
− Increasing the cost of doing business-corruption increases the cost of
doing business because of extra corrupt payment that have to be made
in addition to wheat is required by law to obtain various services such
as trading licences and permits.
− Loss of investor confidence-corruption scares away genuine investors.
Genuine investors might be scared to start or continue doing business
in a corrupt environment.
− Lack of development- corruption causes under development because
money that is meant to improve people’s lives is stolen by a few
individuals.
− Increasing poverty levels - corruption diverts resources away from
health, education and other services.

Role of the public /community

− Report suspected cases of corruption -the community needs to report
all forms of corruption no matter how small or big.
− Reporting corruption and refraining from getting bribes.
− Establishing community Anti-corruption clubs aimed at coming up with
strategies for corruption prevention in their localities.
− Being honest all the time
− Respecting government and other people's property
− Monitoring community projects and ensuring that those involved in
such projects acts responsibly.
− Refraining from promising and giving bribes
− Sensitizing the community on the dangers of corruption.
− The community members should attend and-corruption workshops,
read newspapers and participate in phone in programmes to
comment.

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− Parents need to be role models to their children by not committing

acts of corruption.
− The community should advocate for stricter laws to make sure that the
victims of corruption are punished, prevented and dealt with
accordingly.

3 Explain sexual harassment. Assess ways of protection against sexual

harassment. [2:18]

Definition of sexual harassment

− This is when someone keeps on saying things or doing things of a
sexual kind, like touching or making sexual remarks and he or she does
this even though he or she knows you do not want it.
− It also includes a promise of a job, promotion, training and any favour
in return for Sexual favour.
− Sexual harassment also includes threats that things will not go well for
you if you refuse sexual demands.
ways of protection against sexual harassment
− Making the home as secure as possible
− Not allowing in the home people of doubtful or suspicious character.
− Avoiding situations that may expose one to harassment e.g being in
the company of people of suspicious character for a long time.
− Get help from the police immediately if you know or suspect that you,
are in danger
− Avoid hiking vehicles of people one does not know well especially at
awkward time like night or in tinted vehicles.
− Varying one's behaviour patterns, routes and time of movement.
− Learn and practice self – defense skills

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4 What is divorce? Identify the causes of divorce in a statutory marriage.

Analyse the effects of divorce on a family. [2:10:8]

A Divorce
− This is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other
competent body.
− It is a permanent dissociation of a marriage meaning marriage has
been broken down.

Causes of divorce
− Adultery which should be proved with the third person known and
named.
− Separation with consent of the couple for two years.
− Living for a continuous period of five years/If one partner deserts
another for a period of two years, then there is sufficient ground for
divorce
− One or both of the married persons conduct themselves in
unreasonable behaviour, cruelty or violence that makes It impossible
for the other partner to live safely.
Effects of divorce
− Decreased levels of happiness
− Change in economic status
− Emotional problems
− Psychological problems
− Change of behaviour
− Mushrooming of street kids
− May cause embarrassment to the family and community
− economic hardships to some members of the family
− In case of re-marrying step daughters may be raped by step fathers.

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5 Describe the establishment of the African Charter on Human and People's

Rights. Explain the duties and state obligations of the state parties. [10:4:6]

African charter on human and people's rights

− A preliminary draft on the establishment of the African Charter on
Human and people's rights was prepared at an organisation of African
Unity (OAU) session held in Monrovia, Liberia in July 1979.
− African Charter on human and people's rights which was adopted
under the auspices of the OAU was subsequently established in 1981.
It came into force in October, 1986.
− African charter on human and people's rights has an establishment
system for the protection and promotion of human rights. This system
is designed to function within the institutional framework of the
African Union.
− The provisions of the charter are reflection of the United Nations
Human rights instruments and are based on African tradition.
− Unlike the European and American conventions on Human rights, the
provisions in the African Charter safeguards the rights of individual as
well as people's or groups such as minorities.

Duties and obligations of the state parties

− Apart from rights, the African Charter also outlines duties of
individuals or groups towards family, society, state or other legally
recognised community and the international community.
− The charter ensures that:
The rights and freedoms of individuals and groups shall be exercised
with regard to the rights of other people.
African cultural value are preserved and strengthened in relation with
other members of society in the spirit of tolerance, dialogue and
consultation in order to promote moral society.

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State obligations
State parties are obliged to:
− Recognise the rights enshrined in the charter.
− Adopt legislative and other measures for their effectiveness.
− Submit state reports on legislature and other measures
− Undertake human rights training and awareness programmes
− Ensure Independence of the judiciary
− Establish national institutions to promote and protect human rights.

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EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/1

2020

Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

Section A [20 marks]

Answer all the questions in this section in the Answer Booklet provided by putting
a cross x on the letter you have chosen as your answer.

1 The National Constitutional Conference was established under the National

Constitutional Conference Act, 19 of 2007. What was the function of the
National Constitutional Conference? To …
A adapt new realities and to improve the constitution.
B comment on and adopt a constitution based on the inputs of citizens.
C examine, debate and adopt proposals to alter the constitution.
D outline the aims and purposes of the constitution.

2 Twatasha was born in Angola and assumed the citizenship of that country. This
rule of citizenship is based on …
A blood relations.
B fosterhood.
C naturalised.
D place of birth.

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3 Which electoral system makes the voters often have little or no contact with
the people who represent them?
A Mixed Proportionality System.
B Proportional Representation System.
C Single Member Majoritarian System.
D Single Member Plurality System.

4 Why are the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations conference on
the environment and 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
known as soft laws? This is because they have not been …
A enacted into legally binding documents,
B providing a framework for the enjoyment of all rights.
C recognising the duty of fulfilling people's rights.
D taking deliberate action to bring about human rights.

5 The type of corruption that takes place at higher or more senior levels of
corporations, industries, government and business is called …
A Grand corruption.
B Industrial corruption.
C Petty corruption,
D Political corruption.

6 Which of the following factors of culture affect the appreciation of cultural

diversity that may lead to some cultures being misunderstood?
A Ethnocentrism
B Relativism
C Prejudice
D Stereotype

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7 The government institution that works with civil societies and other
government departments to rehabilitate victims of substance abuse is the …
A Anti-corruption commission.
B Drug Enforcement Commission.
C Society for Family Health.
D Zambia Police Service,

8 When did the United Nations make a declaration on the elimination of all
forms of discrimination against women?
A 1966
B 1967
C 1979
D 1984

Study the table about Civil Society Organisations and answer the questions that follow.

CIVIL SOCEITY OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION

Transparency A international
international organization
Zambia
B Offer legal advice Civil
to vulnerable organization
groups especially
children
Labor Safe guard the C
movement interests of the
workers

9 What is objective A?
A Advocate and lobby for zero tolerance towards corruption.
B Enforce the law against corruption and other related vices.
C Ensure that public funds allocated by Parliament are used well.
D Monitor and investigate money laundering activities in Zambia,

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10 Which pair is true about the Civil Society Organisation marked B and
classification of the organisation marked C?
A Operation Young Vote and Pressure Groups.
B Young Women Christian Association and Industrial Organisation.
C Zambia Civic Education Association and Industrial Organisation.
D Zambia Civic Education Association and Professional Association.

11 Which of the following statements explains the concept 'Civil Society'?

A An arena of interaction which operates among family, private sector and
state.
B Non-governmental institutions formed to influence government policy
and decisions on a particular subject.
C Non-governmental organisations and individuals who make it their
business to promote and defend good governance.
D Voluntary Association of people who share common values and wish to
form the government.

12 Mr Mungole's neighbor always beats his wife. You are a police reserve in Mr
Mungole's neighborhood and one day his wife brings a report to you. How
would you handle this case? Advise Mr Mungole's wife to ...
A discuss and resolve the problem.
B divorce the husband.
C report to the victim support.
D sue the husband.

13 Why is burden of proof essential in the legal system?

A For the classification of crime by a judge.
B To allow the prosecution to prove the offender beyond doubts.
C To protect the criminals for prosecution.
D To protect the prosecution system.

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14 A type of economic system in which decision making is distributed among

various economic agents or localised within production units is referred to as …
A centralised planning.
B decentralised planning.
C economic development.
D fiscal discipline.

15 Religionism is an attitude of people believing that their religion is the best and
the only true religion. This is one of the causes of religious conflicts. This
statement teaches that …
A different understandings causes conflict.
B misunderstandings cause conflict.
C religious beliefs cause conflict.
D Respect of other people's religions cause conflict.

16 Which of the following is the best way of addressing child abuse?

A Enacting stiffer punishment.
B Frightening the abusers.
C Reporting to the police.
D Secure your home.

17 The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is one of the most
recent Human Rights Instruments to be recognised by the United Nations
General Assembly. The following are the main areas covered by this
instrument except …
A Co-operation.
B Criminalisation.
C Investigation.
D Prevention.

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18 Nzumbu, a young boy became a soldier and was taken away from his family.
After the civil war, he was brought back to his family. This is referred to as
A family alternative care.
B family reunification.
C juvenile justice.
D recovery and reintegration.

19 Some small scale farmers in Lubwe Village have continued to be dependent on

government despite receiving subsidised farming inputs. Which statement
best evaluates the possible negative impact on government for not weaning
farmers from subsidies?
A It is the responsibility of government to subsidise farmers.
B The government can recover the money by reducing the price of the
inputs.
C The government may benefit after the famers export maize.
D The government may fail to sustain the inputs and end up in debts.

20 Country X used different ways to calculate its Gross Domestic Product. Which
of the following is not one way in which Gross Domestic Product may be
calculated? By adding up the ...
A expenditure on goods and services at the time of sale.
B producer's incomes from the sale of goods and services.
C value of all goods and services exported.
D value of all goods and services produced.

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SECTION B [40 Marks]

There are five (5) questions in this Answer all the question in the answer booklet
provided.

1 Study the pictures depicting the forms of corruption below and answer the
questions that follow:

(a) Identify the forms of corruption depicted in pictures A and B.

(b) Explain briefly the form of corruption depicted in picture B.
(c) How does corruption take place in the following:
(i) Abuse of power,
(ii) Conflict of interest,
(iii) Fraud.
(d) State one negative effect of corruption on both society and the
economy.
(e) What role does the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) play in its fight
against corruption?
[Total: 8 marks]
2 Explain the behavioural traits of the youths abusing drugs. [8]

3 Answer the following questions under the Bill of Rights:

(a) What is the Bill of Rights?
(b) Why is the Bill of Rights in Zambia not easily amended?
(c) What does the constitutional provisions in the Bill of Rights reflect?
(d) Mention two articles that are non-derogable,
(e) State two ways of enforcing the Bill of Rights. [Total:8 marks]

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4 Study the table below showing the views on Re-entry Policy.

Percentage of Percentage of
Types of member for Re- members against
respondents entry policy the Re-entry Total
policy
Church 32 68 100
member
Politicians 80 20 100
Parents 40 60 100

(a) What is Ole aim of the Re-entry Policy?

(b) (i) Which category of respondents had the highest percentage in
favour of the Re-entry Poli0f?
(ii) Which category of respondents had the highest percentage
against the Re-entry policy?

(c) Give two reasons the respondents mentioned in (b) (i) were against the
Re-entry Policy.
(d) How beneficial is the Re-entry Policy to the girl child?
(e) State two economic factors affecting global disparities in education.

5 Answer the following questions relating to the United Nations Sustainable

Development Summit of 2015.
(a) Explain sustainable development.
(b) What is the aim of the sustainable development goals?
(c) State two sustainable development goals.
(d) Which of the sustainable development goals aims at providing
affordable and clean energy?
(e) Mention two Zambia's strategic long-term focus for sustainable
development.

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SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 marks)

This section consists of five (5) essay questions. Answer any two questions in the
Answer Booklet provided.

1 Explain the concept 'culture'. Analyse Zambia's societal core values.

2 Assess the functions of the local councils. Examine the role of traditional
leaders in governance.

3 Identify the socio-cultural practices that hinder equal participation of men and
women. HOW can the community address the negative socio-cultural
practices?

4 Discuss the shortcomings of the media in the Third World countries.

5 Explain the factors that hinder the media from disseminating information to
the public.

6 Examine the environmental concerns in Zambia. How do various institutions

promote environmental management?

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ANSWERS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION – 2020 INTERNAL

SECTION A [20 MARKS]

1. C 6. A 11.C 16.A
2. D 7. B 12.C 17.C
3. B 8. B 13.B 18.D
4. A 9. A 14.B 19.D
5. A 10.C 15.C 20.C

SECTION B [40 MARKS]

1 (a) A – Grand corruption (commission)

B – Petty corruption (cash payment and receipt)
(b) Giving or accepting of money in return for a favour by a public officer.
(c) (i) willful failure to follow procedures and laws by pubic officials in
order to obtain personal benefit.
(ii) Failure to disclose interest in matters and proceedings by a public
officials e.g a public officer failing to inform his or her supervisors
that a person they have is their relative.
(iii) The use of lies, deception, scam and misrepresenting of facts
inoder to gain advantage, e.g. forgery and production of
counterfeit or false information from fake products.
(d) Lowers the quality-of-service delivery standards and procedures.
Prevents people from enjoying their human rights.
Creates anger
Increases inequalities.
Lead to poor corporate image
Reduces investor confidence
Undermines the rule of law
Leads to under development
(e) The role of the Public Account Committee (PAC) is to question those
that the office of the Auditor General (OAG) has indicated to have failed
to handle government funds properly.

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2 Sudden change in personality

Unusual mood swings
Decline in school performance
Spending more time away from home
Theft and excessive spending or borrowing of money
Heavy use of perfumes to disguise the smell
Associating with a particular group, Usually one that abuses substances
Lack of interest in school work and absenteeism from work
Loss of appetite
wearing Sunglass at inappropriate to disguise one’s appearance.

3 (a) Bill of Rights is a list of fundamental rights and freedoms covered in the
part III of the Constitution
(b) It is because it can only be altered or amended by special procedures.
(c) It largely reflects the provisions contain the international Bill of Rights
like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International
Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and its two optional protocols.
(d) Article 12: Protection of Right to life
Article 14: Protection from slavery and torched labour
Article 15: Protection from inhuman treatment
Article 18: Provision to secure protection of law
(e) All communication involving constitutional disputes should be taken to the
high court.
The judiciary should check on whether the legislature and the executive
are exercising their powers in accordance with the constitution.
The human right commission has the mandate to monitor violation of
human rights through investigations and public hearings.
The investigator general carries out investigations on people’s complaints,
corruption and other cases of abuses and violations of human rights.
The media monitors human rights violations.

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4 (a) The aim of re-entry policy is to provide opportunities to girls who drop
out of school as a result of pregnancy, to be able to go back to school
after delivery.
(b) (i) Politicians – 80
(ii) Church members – 68
(c) There will be an increase in HIV/AIDS and other STIs
Sex before marriage is sin
Will encourage immorality.
(d) The benefit of education in improving the overall quality of life multiply
with increase in participation of girls and women.
Will empower women to look after their children.
It will bridge the gender gap in education
It will give women the chance to contribute to national development
(e) Poverty
Direct and indirect costs (school, fees, uniforms)
Opportunity costs (girls are needed for household)

5 (a) Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the

present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
(b) To end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and to tackle climate
change by 2030.

(c) End hunger

End poverty
Good health and well-being
Quality education
Clean water and sanitation
Affordable and clean energy
Reduced inequality
Decent work and economic growth
Responsible consumption
Climate action
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(d) Goal 7 - Affordable and clean energy

(e) To address low levels of employment in the economy
To invest in rural development
To reduce widening economic inequalities.

SECTION C ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

1 Zambia s societal core values.
• Obedience to authority; recognising and obeying those in power.
• Tolerance to other people’s view; allowing the opinions of others to prevail.
• Mutual respect; treating each other with consideration.
• Respect to privacy; everyone requires sometime to be on their own.
• Peaceful resolution of conflict such as litigation, dialogue, counselling among
• Honest; the quality of telling the truth
• Freedom of expression as long as the expression does not injure the other
person.
• Belief in the equal worthiness of all human beings.
• Integrity; the quality of being honest and upright.
• Social justice; treating any person fairly regardless of race, sex and tribe
• Co-operation; working together for the common goal.
• Love; the feeling of great affection for the other person
• Loyalty; faithfulness and truthfulness to people or groups or organisations
• Peace; not only absence of war but freedom from any form of disturbance or
disorder
• Trust; reliance on the truth
• Attainment of set goals: belief in personal success in whatever one does.
• Hard work; the belief in the value and nobility of work as a working human
understanding
• Nationalism extreme pride of one‟s country or loyalty to the country: a
person can do
anything for the country such as carrying the flag everywhere.
• Patriotism; love and loyalty to ones‟ country and willingness to take part in
its

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protection and development

• Efficiency and practicality: belief in achieving an end with a least cost waste
in the shortest time possible.
• Material comfort: equal distribution of wealth throughout the country to
satisfy the needs of the people.
• Scientific advancement: the belief in science and technology as tools for
making progress to secure material comfort and solving society‟s problems.
• Individualism: an art of concentration of one‟s welfare at the expense of
others.

2 Functions of the local councils

• Control and regulate advertisements in public places.
• Provide dean and safe water.
• Provide plots for development.
• Establish and maintain environmental health services, cemeteries,
crematoria and mortuaries
• Sanitation and drainage. They establish and maintain sanitary
convenience, ablution and service facilities.
• Establish and maintain swimming pools, art gallery, libraries, museum as
well as social and recreational facilities and public entertainments.
• Maintaining streets and roads.
• Controlling livestock movement.
• Constructing and maintaining markets
• Sewage disposal
• Providing public health facilities and control of epidemics such as
cholera
• Collecting levies
• Making by-laws
• Administer the registration of births, marriages and deaths and property

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Role of traditional leaders in governance

• Discuss and consider any bill dealing with or touching on custom and
tradition, before it is introduced in the National Assembly
• Initiate, discuss and decide on matters referred to it.
• Submit resolutions on any bill or any other maters by the president and
cause such resolutions to be laid before National Assembly
• Discuss and decide on any other matters referred to the House of Chiefs
by the president

3 Negative socio-cultural practices

Early marriage: marriage of people who have not yet reached to legal age for
such a union, it leads to people dropping out of school hence increasing
illiteracy in the society.
There is also high possibility of divorce and family instability as the couple has
little knowledge on family affairs
Discrimination against women: Women treated badly compared to men. This
is because traditions and customs that exists normally favor the well-being of
men and women. Men are treated as being9 superior and women are to be
inferior
Cruelty/violence against women. Some traditions and customs give men
power to oppress women. Women are forced to endure this mistreatment
because they are dependent on their husbands
Women in some societies are regarded as sex objects. They do not allow the
girls to get higher education with the belief that it is a waste of time and
money because girls will be married off to serve their husbands.

Measures against negative socio – cultural practices.

• Empowering of women: women should be given a chance to make
decisions and exercise their right.
• Promotion of equal participation and representation of women and men
in decision making.

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• Cultivation and promotion of culture of gender equity and respect for

women’s rights through changes in attitude, language and legal
procedure.
• Disseminating information on the rights of women.
• Helping women realise their full potential as human beings and the
contribution they should make to advance themselves.
• Enhancing the existing laws on women’s rights
• Special consideration should be given to women in education and
politics as they have been lagging behind for a long time.

4 Short coming of the media

Accessibility Limited: Public access to the media is restricted by various factors
and the discriminatory policies of some of the media organizations which
deliberately deny publicity to people holding views contrary to their own.
People with disabilities: The media does not fully cater for the blind and deaf
as there is no news in braille.
Cost of advertising: It is very costly to advertise in the media the majority of
people are poor and cannot afford to market their products.
Language limitation: the media usually disseminate information in English
thereby denying those who not know the language.
Affordability: information is power, some people would want to know what is
happening around them but do not have money to buy newspaper, radio or
television for them to have access to information.
Indifference: there are many people who are indifferent to the media and they
not bothered to access it. Such people mainly get information through
rumours and do not bother finding out the truth from even the media that is
thought to be objective.

Factors that hinder the media from disseminating information

Corruption: The media practitioners in some cases are corrupted by individuals
and government officials to drive a particular agenda in their favour even
when the information is false.

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Political pressure: The media both private and public are pressurised highly by
political forces. This pressure if not contained leads to dissemination of
propagandas to the public.
Intimidation: In most cases, media houses that are perceived to be anti-
government are threatened by the government with closure.
This forces the media to report falsehoods hence misleading the general public
Non-adherence to standards and ethics: The media at times become unethical
in their reporting.
They may report unverified information that alarms the public leading to
confusion
Censorship: The government restricts the operations of the media through
editorial policies especially for the public media.
Before news items are broadcasted or published, certain government officials
read through and remove items that it perceives confidential.

5 Major environmental concern in Zambia

Deforestation: This is the indiscriminate destruction of forests. Vegetation is
cleared for anpurpose of wood fuel, timber, farming and settlement among
others.
Wildlife depletion: Various species of birds and animals are becoming few in
number due to unlawful killing (poaching).
Pollution: Pollution of air, soil and water is an environmental issue in Zambia.
This is as a result of rapid in the generation of wastes due to Industries and
rapid population increase.
Waste: Is another type of pollution. It includes food, dirt, paper, bottles,
plastic bags and containers. Poor waste disposal and management leads to
deterioration of the environment as a result there are a lot of diseases such as
cholera and typhoid.
Land Degradation: Human activities have led to land degradation in the quest
to bring economic development. Activities such as agriculture, settlement,
mining and quarrying have made changes to the natural landscape.
Inadequate Sanitation: Poor sanitary conditions especially in towns like
Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe and Livingstone have been regarded as being responsible
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for the outbreak of communicable diseases such as cholera, dysentery and

typhoid. The use of pit latrines and shallow wells for domestic water supply as
well as the use of untreated water contribute to the spread of such
diseases.

How various institutions promote environmental management

Zambia Environmental management Agency (ZEMA): Environmental
protection, Pollution control and Natural Resources management.
Ministry of General Education: Implementation of Environmental Education in
Learning Institutions.
Ministry of Local Government and Housing (councils): Development of human
settlement.
Ministry of Environment, Tourism and Natural Resources: Formulation of
policy on matters of environment and natural resources and Formulation of
policies and legislation of tourism and wildlife management.
Ministry of Lands: Formulation of policies on land issues.
Forestry Commission: Management of the country’s forests.
Department of Water Affairs: Management of Water resources.
National Heritage Conservation Commission: Identification and management
of objects of aesthetic value.
Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA): Management of wildlife estates. Ensuring
equitable sharing of benefits of wildlife management and conservation.
Fisheries Department: Implementation of legislation on the development of
the fishing sector. Regulate fishing methods and reinforcing fish ban between
December and March (breeding period)

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EXAMINATION COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

Examination for School Certificate Ordinary Level

Civic Education 2030/1

Thursday 18 NOVEMBER 2021

Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Marks: 100

Section A [20 marks]

Answer all the questions in this section in the Answer Booklet provided by putting a
cross X on the letter you have chosen as your answer

1 The A constitution eh that can be altered by a two third majority is said to be …

A flexible
B rigid
C unwritten
D written

2 Which characteristics of elections in good governance allows stakeholders to

criticize the government in constructive ways and offer alternative suggestions
for improved governance?
A Competitive
B Decisive
C Inclusive
D Periodic

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3 Njepa, a naturalised citizen, lost his citizenship after being expelled from the
country of residence by that state. This kind of expulsion is Called …
A forced expulsion.
B forced repatriation.
C voluntary expulsion.
D voluntary repatriation.

4 The following is true about Civil and Political Rights except one. They …
A allow individuals to seek legal redress.
B are enforceable in the courts of law.
C compel the government not to interfere with the law.
D do not cost much, hence they are enforceable.

5 The vision of the National Ant-corruption Policy (NACP) is to …

A have a nation and its people that are zero tolerant to corruption
B offer provisions for seizure or recovery of stolen assets or earnings.
C provide protection to whistle blowers and complainants on corruption
D provide room for bargain or agreement to the accused people

6 The type of learning in which a child learns by imitating the behaviour of its
family members and mends or on television from the characters portrayed in
the films is called …
A formal.
B informal
C non-formal
D technical.

7 How can someone keep away from illicit drugs like cocaine? By …
A associating with non – users
B doing what others are doing
C having the drugs readily available
D trying new drugs on the market

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8 Mrs Kalonga, a social worker from the Human Rights Commission, visited
Mandada Community and explained to the people that human rights are
absolute and undeniable. Which feature of human rights explains the above
statement?
A Inalienable
B Indivisible
C Inherent
D Universal

9 Which of the following activity does not fall under Civil Society activities?
A Attending seminars
B Readding posters
C Signing a petition
D Taking legal demonstrations

Study the statement below and answer questions 10 and 11.

Joseph borrowed K1 200.00 from NATSAVE Bank to buy a popcorn machine for
his new business.
He signed an agreement with the bank at an interest rate of 10% for a one
year loan.

10 What was the interest on the loan borrowed by Joseph?

A K100.00
B K120.00
C K200.00
D K220.00

11 How much was Joseph supposed to repay he bank after one year?
A K1,320.00
B K1,800.00
C K2,200.00
D K2,640.00

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12 The Citizen's Advice Bureau is a branch of the Law Association of Zambia that
offers litigation on a probono basis. which of the following statements best
explains probono?
A Final resolution that makes one not to go back to court.
B Free legal advice centres where people get from legal advice.
C Free legal services that every lawyer offers to the community.
D The measure of the proof brought against the accused.

13 Mr Machishi, a Civic Education teacher, asked his learners about the best way
of combating Gender 5ased violence. which one was not the best way?
A Assisting couples to discuss and resolve their problems.
B Divorcing a spouse who is troublesome.
C Reporting cases or gender-based violence to the police.
D Speaking out about the problem.

14 In a situation where there is violence among political parties concerned during

campaign for an election, there is likely to be hatred and conflicts among
members of the parties. What is the best method of resolving such conflicts?
A Arbitration
B Counselling
C Litigation
D Mitigation

15 How can you resolve cases of child labour in your community as a social
worker?
A advising children not to be employed.
B beating all the people abusing children.
C charging all the children accepting child labour.
D educating child abusers on the effects of child labour.

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16 Which provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC) requires the government to assist a child to get back the identity that
has been unlawfully way?
A Basic health and welfare
B Civil right and freedoms
C Family environment and care
D Leisure and cultural activities

17 Masauso, a dependant to the late Mr Longa was given unreasonably small

share of the estate. What step should be taken to address this problem?
He should
A give away the portion to the state
B give the remaining share to the relatives.
C share the portion to the spouse and children.
D take his case to the court of law

18 What is the condition of life which is limited by malnutrition, illiteracy, disease,

high infant mortality and low life expectancy called?
A Absolute poverty
B Human condition
C Poverty datum
D Relative poverty

19 The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) has been

discouraging mourners from wrapping plastics on flowers put on graves
because plastics are …
A bio degradable.
B good for the environment
C non-bio degradable.
D organic Substances.

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20 Why is the world today referred to as a 'global village? This is because…

A all nations and people freely interact and depend on each other.
B each nation's welfare depends on the decisions of other nations.
C each nation's wellbeing depends on the goods of other nations
D the developed nations give aid to less developed nations.

SECTION B [40 Marks]

There are five questions in this section. Answer all the question in the Answer
Booklet provide.

1 With reference to the Zambian Constitution, answer the questions below.

(a) Explain the concept Constitution
(b) identify the forms of the constitution.
(c) Why did Zambia inherit the Northern Rhodesia self-government
Constitution of 1963?
(d) Which Constitutional Review Commission limited the enjoyment of the
rights and freedoms of individuals?
(e) Why are checks and balances important in relation to a constitution?
(f) Why is the constitution said to be the foundation of democracy?
[Total:8 marks]

2 Briefly explain the benefits of decentralisation to Zambia's governance system.

3 Mapalo is 12 years old. She has been raped repeatedly by her step father and
her uncles ears old. They told her not to tell anyone and threatened her with
terrible things if she did that.
(a) What made Mapalo vulnerable?

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(b) Mention two possible reactions after Mapalo’s experience of rape.

(c) What should be done to Mapalo's step father and her uncle?
(d) Identity two harmful practices in relation to sexual abuse experienced
in most communities today.
(e) State two institutions that address issues of child abuse in Zambia.
[Total: 8 marks]
4 In which way can the following promote peace
(a) Intermarriages
(b) Mutual aid
(c) Reciprocity
(d) Tolerance
[Total: 8 marks]
5 Study the diagram showing the specialised International Human Rights
Instruments and answer the question that follow.

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(a) what are specialised International Human Rights Instruments?

(b) When was the United Nations Convention Against Corruption labeled C
recognised by the United Nations General Assembly
(c) identify the specialised International Human Rights Instruments marked
B and C.
(d) Mention one main area covered in the United Nations Convention
Against Corruption.
(e) Why did United Nations Organisation (UNO) come up with the
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant
Workers and members of their Families (CMW)?
(f) What is the relationship between human rights and human
development?
[Total:8 marks]

SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

This section consists of five essay questions. Answer any two questions in the
Answer Booklet provided.
1 Examine the categories of citizen's rights and freedoms. How can a citizen
show good morality and patriotism? [6:14]
2 Describe the Legal System in Zambia. Critically analyse the sources of law in
Zambia? [4:16]
3 Explain the agents of global culture. Identify the global issues affecting the
people in the world today. [10:10]
4 What is gender equity? Analyse three institutions that promote gender
equity and equality in Zambia. [10:10]
5 Explain the concept family. Describe the elements of family law. [2:18]

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ANSWERS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION 2021 INTERNAL

SECTION A [20 MARKS]
1. A 6. B 11. A 16. B
2. A 7. A 12. C 17. D
3. B 8. A 13. B 18. A
4. D 9. C 14. C 19. C
5. A 10. B 15. D 20. A

SECTION B [40 Marks]

1 (a) Constitution is a system of laws, customs and principles usually written
down according to which a country or an organisation is governed.
Constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a
country or organisation is governed.
It is the supreme law of the land.
It is a set of laws that govern a country.

(b) Flexible constitution

Rigid Constitution
(c) To safeguard the interests of white settlers.
To lay a foundation on which Zambia can build her constitution.

(d) Chona Constitutional Review Commission

(e) It prevents one person from becoming too powerful

It ensures that those in the government do not use their offices to
violate the rights of citizens
It promotes transparency
It promotes the rule of law
It supports the doctrine of separation of power.
(f) It is because it limits the powers of the government
It is because both the governors and the governed must operate within
the confines of the law

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2 promotes programmes that are relevant to specific local needs. Under

decentralisation of a local community identifies projects to be undertaken at
community level by taking into consideration its actual needs. E.g., the
community may need hospitals or housing units. They may choose what they
need.
Broader citizen participation and improved service delivery. The local
community involved in the formulation and implementation of the plans that
would bring about development.
Better co-ordination between government offices. Most of the government
workers are not over looked in plan preparation for the various departments
they work from.
There is delegation of duties that is meant to promote improved service
delivery
There are no delays in the approval of the plans since decision making is done
at local level. Hence decentralisation ensures a faster decision making at local
level.
Enables senior staff at national level to improve their performance as their
performance as their burden is reduced.

2 (a) She was Young and naive

She lacked parental protection
(b) Shock
Unnatural calmness
Fear
Shame
Anger
Trauma
Loss of control, feelings, powerlessness
Problems with sleep (having nightmares)
(c) They should be reported to the police.
(d) Verbal abuse / improper touching / child prostitution
Physical abuse / assault / sodomy / exhibitionism
Incest / sexual exploitation / child marriage
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(e) Children in Distress (CHID)

Children in Need (CHIN)
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
Victim support Unit of the Zambia Police Service
Zambia Civic Education Association (ZCEA)
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)

4 (a) Intermarriages
When people of different ethnic groupings intermarry, it forges
friendship between the two tribes hence promoting peace
(b) Mutual aid
This involves exchanging help, assistance to the other in time of
problems. When one person or group of people are experiencing
problems, the other people come in to give help. At some other time,
the person who gave help may themselves experience problems, at
which time they may be assisted by the person who was assisted last
time. In this regard, the assistance is being mutually exchanged or
interchanged.

(c) Reciprocity
This is a process where two or more people exchange gifts or favors in a
mutual manner. When one person gets a gift, he or she gives something
back in appreciation.

(d) Tolerance
This refers to a way of living and accepting different or opposing
viewpoints.
This process often creates peace because people expressing different
viewpoints assured of being accepted and not condemned or punished.

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5 (a) These are human rights instruments that look at particular or specific
human rights issues or a particular group of people.
(b) 1975
(c) B – United Nation Convention on the Rights of a Child (UNCRC)
C – United Nations Convection Against Convention
(d) Criminalization and law enforcement measures
Prevention
International cooperation
Asset recovery
Technical assistance and Information exchange
(e) So that persons who qualify as migrant workers under its provisions are
entitled to enjoy their human rights regardless of their legal status.
(f) They both aim at promoting the well-being and freedom based on the
inherent dignity and equality of all people.
They share a preoccupation with necessary outcomes for improving
people's lives but also with better processes.

SECTION C: ESSAY QUESTIONS [40 marks]

1 Categories of citizens' rights and freedoms

Natural rights: These are rights that are enjoyed by individuals in the state of
nature. These rights existed before the establishment of countries. They are
natural and essential to an individual whether the person is aware of them or
not. Examples of natural rights is the right to life.
Moral rights: These are rights acknowledged by the moral sense of the people
they exist due to custom, long usage and strength of public opinion. No legal
action can be taken against violation of moral rights but society will resent and
so make difficult to deliberately violate therm.
Legal rights: These are privileges given by the government of a nation and
guarantee by it. There are three kinds of rights under this category and these
are civil rights, political rights and economic rights.

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Ways in which good morality and patriotism can be shown

− Respect the rights of other Zambians: One needs to find ways to help
others especially the vulnerable in society.
− Pick up litter and sell ft for recycling /throw litter in designated places.
− Ensuring that the environment is clean at all times: One also helps in the
planting of tree so as to keep the environment conducive to everyone.
− Working hard: One works hard in everything they do; they do not wait
for them to be supervised. They are self-motivated and uses their
initiative.
− Takes care of the public resources and guards them jealously.
− Try to stay healthy: Prevent sexually transmitted diseases, eat healthy
and do exercises regularly.
− Avoid abuse of substances that could affect their health.
− Take part in the affairs of the country: For instance, they register as a
voter and ready to cast their votes and be willing to stand for a political
office.
− They report cases of crime to the police.
− Live in harmony with others.
− Carry out with discipline and honesty legal public functions.
− Assist in the enforcement of laws at all times.
− Adhere to morals, principles and values of one’s society.
− Maintaining the security of the nation
− Must restrain oneself from doing bad things

2 (a) Legal system is the standard of behaviour that a given society has set for
itself. It is a way of compelling people to obey the law. The rules that
make up laws, the institutions that administer the laws, the principles,
ideas, theories, practices, procedures and develop over the years in
dealing with the law make up a legal system.

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Sources of law in Zambia.

English Law sources: Common law is one of the English laws that Zambia has
adopted. Common laws that started from customs that were common to all
parts of England. England later applied this law to its colonies such as Zambia.
Legislation: This is the largest source of law in Zambia. These are laws enacted
by parliament. There are three types of laws made by legislation and these are
constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. Acts of parliament, laws
made through bills passed by the National Assembly and assented to by the
President and delegated subsidiary legislation which are laws delegated to the
executive wing of the government to make as provided for in an Act of
Parliament. Government ministers make laws Such as the statutory
instruments and municipal councils' by-laws.
Case Law: This is the second largest source of law in Zambia. It is also known as
law reports or Judicial precedent. This is when in disposing of a case, the court
refers to how a similar case was decided upon by a superior court. Case laws
are important because they save time as there is no need for a whole research,
they show respect to judges who made the previous decision and they ensure
equality, uniformity and stability of law.
International treaties: Contents of these treaties are also sources of law.
However, these treaties do not automatically become law in Zambia unless an
Act of parliament domesticates them, meaning, includes them in the Zambian
statutes.
Customary law:
This is derived from custom, which Is the practice of doing things in society.
These practices differ from the ones in statutory instruments because they are
not written and not codified. Most Zambians are governed by customary law in
their personal affairs.
Local courts administer customary law.
Customary law uses advisors who are called assessors to give advice on
particular matter.
Customary law is also applied in traditional courts which are presided over by
traditional rulers.
Customary law should also be In line with the provisions of statutory law.
Cases dealt with in customary law are mainly matrimonial disputes, adultery,
violating virginity of a girl, causing pregnancy, marriage, abduction of a
married woman, polygamy and civil claims.

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3 Global culture is sharing of cultures across countries.

Agents of global culture
Technology: Computers, information technology and transport increase the
capacity of people to communicate almost instantly across the globe.
Mixing culture: Increased mixing of different cultures through marriages,
immigration and association
Increased individualism: Increased focus on personal identity as opposed to
national or group identity. People are free to choose one or more identities as
opportunities that were not previously available.
Tourism: Frequent world travel has exposed people to other cultures and the
interaction has led to an understanding and appreciation of global cultures.
Trade: The distance between places of production and consumption has
meant that more and more products are moving long distances across the
world to market points and this has led to the world further becoming smaller.
Cultural imperialism: also called cultural colonialism. A politically or
economically dominant community imposes its various aspects of its own
culture onto another.
Global issues: Global issues refer to all those development and problems
which affect the welfare of people in all nations.
Global issues affecting the people
Global warming: Climate change can be due to natural variability or as a result
of human activity. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the
warming over the last 50 years is due to human activities. These contributions
include increased levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the
earth's atmosphere and one of the biggest ways people contribute to
greenhouse gases is by burning fossil fuels.
Corruption: is the other global issue affecting people in the world today. It is
now recognised to be one of the world’s greatest challenges. Due to
corruption, it has led to poverty, poor leadership and compromised standards.
o War and conflict
o Human rights and good governance
o World refugee crisis
o World debt crisis
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o World energy crisis

o International trade
o HIV/AIDS
o Terrorism
o Global credit crunch

4 Gender equity refers to a process by which women and men are treated fairy
accordance to their respective needs in society Equity programmes, therefore,
favour treating men than women, differently in order to achieve their equal
status.
Institutions that promote gender equity and equality
Zambia Police service: The Victim Support Unit (VSU) of the Zambia Police
Service any deals with cases of violence which mostly affect women and
children. The general aims of the VSU are to:
− protect victims of gender violence
− sensitize the people on the dangers of gender violence
− protect victims of property grabbing
− protect children against all forms of child abuse
Zambia National Women's Lobby Group (ZNWLG): was formed by women
from non-governmental organisations and political parties arising from the
widespread discrimination of women.
− It promotes equal participation and representation of women and men
in decision making process.
− It cultivates and promote a culture of gender equity and equality and
respect for women's rights through changes in attitude, language and
legal procedure.
− It carries out capacity building for female aspiring candidates for
elections.
− It undertakes training and managing resource mobilization programmes
meant for capacity building, lobbying mechanism, advocacy and
information dissemination and networking.

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Justice for Widows and orphans Project (JWOP)

− They disseminate information on the rights of widows and orphans.
− They publish cases of violation of human rights committed in society so
that they are addressed properly and appropriately.
− Conducts sensitization programmes for community leaders and the
general public.
Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
− Is a faith based organisation dedicated to the empowerment of women
for a better community
− It ensures that women know their rights, duties and responsibilities in
society.
− It helps women realise their full potential as human beings and the
contribution they should make to advance themselves, their families,
community and the whole country.
Zambia Association for Research and Development (ZARD)
− It undertakes research activities aimed at promoting gender balance in
society.
− It advocates, publishes, networks and undertakes consultancies based
on women empowerment.
Zambia Alliance of Women (ZAW)
− It advocates for women's rights as human rights, gender sensitization
and popularizing the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW):
− It advocates for good governance and promotion of peace.
− It promotes and enhances women's rights, women and inheritance,
women and education and women and development in general.
− It works to eradicate poverty through food security
The Parliamentary Committee on Gender Matters
− It studies government policies on gender matters and makes
recommendations to the government to ensure gender equity and
equality.

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The Zambia National Association for Disabled Women Organisation (ZNADWO)

− Develops programmes for empowering disabled women
− Works in collaboration with established associations In improving the plight
of women with special needs.

5 Family is a group of people related by blood or marriage. It is the smallest unit

a society.
Elements of family law
Marriage is a legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife. statutory
and customary marriages are recognised by law.
Divorce: This is dissolution of marriage under the law. A marriage cannot be
considered for divorce or dissolution until court handling the case is satisfied
that a marriage had actually existed.
Property Settlement (sharing)
Arter a divorce in a customary marriage, the woman usually gets some form of
compensation to allow her to start a life afresh except in cases where she has
committed adultery.
In a civil marriage after a divorce, the property is shared by the Courts Deputy
Registrar. If both were working and earning a living, the share will be on a
fifty – fifty basis. If the person was not working, the third of the total wealth
of the couple will be given to that person.
Maintenance of spouse and children: During marriage under statutory law, a
spouse has a duty to maintain his or her partner. After divorce, a spouse still
has the responsibility of maintaining his or her spouse until he or she remarries
or becomes financially independent. Under the customary law, failure to
maintain a spouse especially on the part of husband is often viewed as
grounds for divorce. After divorce, a spouse is duty bound to maintain his or
her partner for a maximum of three years or until he or she remarries
whichever happens earlier.
Custody of children: the law states that children must always have an adult to
look after them when awarding custody, the ages and needs of the children
are taken into consideration.

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Adoption of children: Under the Adoption of Children Act, Chapter 136 of the
1948 edition of Laws of Zambia, the courts have been given power to grant an
order to adults requesting to adopt a child. For instance, one of the conditions
of adopting a child is that a couple can jointly adopt an infant.
Inheritance of property: In Zambia, the inheritance of property is provided for
in the Testate and Intestate Succession Act. Testate succession deals with the
inheritance of property of a dead person who left a will. Intestate succession
deals with the inheritance of property of a dead person who did not leave a
will.

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