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CLASSICAL MODEL
The term democracy is derived from Greek word demos and
kratos which means rule of the people. It was direct and
participated democracy. Sartori said that the most distinctive
feature of ancient democracy was stateless.
Athens was the first home of democracy where people were
equal share holder of the decision of community. All major
decisions were made by assembly (Ecclesia) and all citizens were
member of ecclesia. This met at least forty times a year. Public
officials were chosen on the basis of lot. A council consist of
500 citizens acted as a executive of the committee and
president of committee held office for only a single day.
Rousseau was influenced by this Athenian model of democracy
which known as a Plebiscitarian model of democracy.
Although critics said that Greek democracy was not true
democracy because women, traders and slaves were not
allowed to participate in the political activities.
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REPRESENTATIVE MODEL-LIBERAL
With development of large nation states direct democracy became
impractical option. Therefore, rule of people became the rule of
representative of the people.
Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg address (1864) said that
democracy is government of the people, by the people and for the
people.
Practically, democracy is not possible by the people but it is for the
people. Liberalism stands for liberty, limited constitutional
government, market economy. However democracy implies one
person one vote, rule by consent and rule by majority.
(1)INSTITUTIONS
Representative democracy is also known as electoral democracy
where people elect their representatives through various electoral
means like- first past the post system or the method of
proportionate representation.
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Representative democracy develop in form of
parliamentary democracy as well as presidential form
of democracy.
(2)VALUES
Representative democracy is associated with liberalism.
Therefore, the values of representative democracy includes
liberal values.
Popular sovereignty or the rule by majority becomes
cardinal principle of democracy. It believes in equal moral
worth of individual. Therefore grant right to one person
one vote (Bentham).
Democracy never discriminate the person on the basis of
caste, color, creed, sex or religion. It upholds the principle
of equality (Bentham).
Liberal democracy provides liberty (Mill) and right
(Locke) for every individual.
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(3)A WAY OF LIFE
JS Mill says that democracy does not mean only the
form of government neither it is the government by
majority but it is helpful for self-realisation and
moral development for the people.
It is also a form of education because the basic aim of
education is to promote moral development of the
people.
Representative democracy requires political parties
and bureaucracy for smooth functioning of
democratic system.
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MARXIST THEORY OF DEMOCRACY
(1)CRITICAL TOWARDS BOURGEOISIE DEMOCRACY
Marxist says that people sovereignty is paradoxical in class based
society. Without abolising of capitalism and private property,
democracy becomes a tool in hand of bourgeoisie. Marxist propound
the people’s democracy.
(2)DICTATORSHIP OF PROLETARIAT
Marx says that only minority has rule over majority and therefore Marx
believe in rule of working class which is a transitional but it is a true
example of majority rule.
(3)COMMUNISM
Marx believe in the perfectionist concept of democracy. Engels says
that there shall be rule over the things not over person.
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For Marx democracy is not only a form of government but it is a
form of society. Community will have ownership over the
means of production. Therefore, there will be no division in
society.
Equality, Fraternity in society is the real democracy. People will
be liberated from their necessities and they shall work according
to their capacity and receive according to their need.
This is a democratic society like Greek democracy without slavery.
Marxist concept of democracy is a perfectionist model.
(4)NEO-MARXIST
Nicos Poulantaz, Habermas believes in radical democracy.
Society economy will be democratized beside political
democracy. They rejected one party rule of Marxist
governments.
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MODELS OF REPRESENTATIVE
DEMOCRACY-LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
Macpherson propounded four models of liberal
democracy:-
(a)Protective model:- It protected the people’s
property and liberty from monarchical form of
government. Locke and Bentham propounded the
protective model.
(b)Developmental model:- Democracy is a
mechanism for moral development of the people. It
is a educational experience which was supported by
Rousseau and Mill.
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(c)Equilibrium model:- it believes that democracy is
merely an electoral mechanism for choosing the
government. The oppose the normative model of
democracy based on ideals and values.
(d)Participative model:-Macpherson prefers the
normative model of democracy propounded by
Rousseau and Mill. But he is against the capitalist
form of economy and participative model is the best
model of democracy.
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ELITIST OR EQUILIBRIUM MODEL
It is a procedural model of a democracy which describes
democracy in form of institutions. Schumpeter (Capitalism,
socialism and democracy) said that liberal democracy is the
competitive struggle between parties for political power.
Schumpeter says that values and morality is not associated with
democracy but it is an institutional arrangement for reaching
political decisions not an end in itself.
Schumpeter draws an analogy between political behaviour and
market behaviour.
Democracy need the presence of multiple political parties
independent bureaucracy and difference of opinion.
It is a game of politicians rather than masses.
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Anthony Downs propounded economic theory of democracy
and he said that democracy is the rule of politicians.
It is also known as democratic elitism and reject the
normative model of democracy which believes in the
popular sovereignty.
Elitist theory of democracy is also supported by C. Wright
Mills who wrote power elite (1956). He said that democracy
of US is run by power elite which includes the politicians of
federal government, defense personal and industrialist.
Democracy is recognized as polyarchy or pluralist
democracy. Robert Dahl never used the term democracy
but polyarchy which implies democracy is not the rule
majority, it is rule of multiple minorities.
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PARTICIPATIVE MODEL 09899156495
For Macpherson participative model is the best model of
democracy. Macpherson says that protective model of
democracy incorporates the capitalist mode of economy which
goes against the democracy.
Equilibrium model maintains status-quo and equate
democracy from market principles which is wrong.
Macpherson (the life and times of liberal democracy-1977)
Carol Pateman (participation and democratic theory-1970).
(1)REJECTION OF VOTE CENTRIC DEMOCRACY
Participative democracy rejected the vote-centric model of
democracy (representative model).
Participative democracy is becoming stronger in form of global
civil society movement against globalisation.
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(2)STRONG DEMOCRACY
Benjamin Barber supports participatory democracy in
from of strong democracy. He tries to revitalise
citizenship and active participation in at least some public
affairs at some time. Thus, participative democracy
maximize self-determination and self-realisation of
human being.
(3)RADICAL DEMOCRACY
Carol Pateman said that democracy is not merely a from
of government but a form of society too. Thus,
patriarchal society is against the democratic principles.
(4)UNITARY DEMOCRACY
Jane Mansbridge wrote beyond adversary democracy
(1980). Participation in democracy requires active
participation rather than holding the elections only.
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Unitary democracy based on common interest and friendship
it believes sharing of values and brotherhood.
Adversary democracy based on conflicting interest because it
is based on self interest rather than common goods. Adversary
democracy is against the participatory democracy.
Participatory democracy includes:-
(i)Members felt equal to one another.
(ii)Decision by consensus rather than by majority.
(iii)Face to face assembly rather than representation.
(5)SOCIALIST PLURALISM
Nicos Poulantaz want to democratise state, parliament,
bureaucracy, political parties. Women group ecological group
should be strengthen at local level. He supports factory based
politics. David Held says that the contradiction between
Marxism and liberalism is fruitless and we should combine the
feature of both in democracy.
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DELIBERATIVE MODEL Ph : 011-35521496
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It is a contemporary model of democracy which also react
against the vote centric model of democracy which believe in
the representation of majority and counting of vote and
eventually democracy becomes the numbers game.
The term deliberative democracy is introduced by Joseph M
Bessette. Joshua Cohen, Dryzek are the theoretical
propounders of deliberative democracy.
James Fishkin highlighted the following features of deliberative
democracy:-
(a)Information
(b)Substantive balance between various diverse groups and
stakeholders.
(c)Equal consideration.
(d)Consensus.
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Habermas point out the following problems associated with the
present model of democracy:-
(1)There is decline of public sphere.
(2)Capitalist give rise to industry culture.
(3)Spectator politics.
(4)Refeudilization of public sphere.
(5)Communicative action.
Joshua Cohen identified the following features of deliberative
democracy:-
(a)Deliberative democracy is an ongoing and independent
association whose members expect it to continue into in definite
future.
(b)Free deliberation among equal is the basis of legitimacy.
Members have common knowledge about association.
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(c)Deliberative democracy is a pluralistic
association where some particular set of
preferences, conviction and ideals is not
mandatory.
(d)Members recognize one another as having
deliberative capacities therefore involving public
exchange of reason and for acting on the result of
such public reasoning.
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
Direct democracy is an ideal for participative
democrats but parliamentary democracy is an ideal
for deliberate democrat. Both participative as well as
deliberate believes in moral individual. Thus, it
becomes normative theory of democracy.
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ISSUES RELATED TO DEMOCRACY
(1)DEMOCRACY AND DIFFERENCE
Now societies are plural and diverse therefore, representation of
each and every cultural group is essential that is believe of
Marion Young. She believe in differentiated citizenship.
Multiculturalist like Will Kymlicka also favour the
representation of various cultural groups.
(2)PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION
Now democracy is practiced in form of representative democracy
and first past the post system and proportionate method of
representation is utilized for ensuring the representation.
Participation through social movement is equally important.
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(3)DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
Lee Thesis believes that democracy is an obstacle in
path of economic development and Lee kuan Yew
was the formal prime minister of Singapore.
Amartya Sen is not agree with Lee Thesis because
democratic government are always sensitive to the
need of the people and people are free to criticize the
economic policies of the government.
Ruchir Sharma said that economic development of
South East Asia may be more but India provide more
welfare facilities for the people.
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(4)SCOPE OF DEMOCRACY
Chantel Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau believe in
radical democracy therefore want to remove various
structure of power and inequality in society.
Democracy should be apply in all spheres of human
life like family, workplace and in community.
They believe in decentralisation of power in the
hand of local government.
Cosmopolitan democracy propounded by David
Held is equally important. He said that the
transnational actors like IMF, World Bank, Security
Council, WTO should be democratized. Non-state
actors are responsible to none.
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CHALLENGES FOR DEMOCRACY IN
21ST CENTURY
China is pursuing one party rule with a lifetime head of the
government. Russia and Turkey are also adopting the
authoritarian tendencies.
New rightist like Samuel Brittan(1977) said that democracy is
under overload and electoral politics is self defeating for
economy.
David Marquand said that democracy to adults is what chocolate
is to children. Therefore new rightist are more interested to protect
the market economy.
Problem of democratic deficit is also witnessed in the various
parts of the world and technology is also becoming a threat for
democracy because of the monopoly of Google and Facebook.
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