Chapter 1

Fundamentals
of
Numbers
1A Ancient Number Systems (pg. 2)
1B Place Value and Writing Cheques (pg. 4)
1C Mental Methods for Adding and Subtracting Numbers (pg. 6)
1D Word Problems Involving Addition and Subtraction (pg. 8)
1E Addition and Subtraction Algorithm (pg. 9)
1F Mental Methods for Multiplying Numbers (pg. 11)
1G Multiplication Algorithm (pg. 13)
1H Division and Remainders (pg. 15)
1I Estimation and Rounding (pg. 17)
1J Order of Operations (pg. 20)

Solutions (pg. 23)

Written by
Benjamin Odgers
Mathematics Teacher
B Teaching / B Science

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1A Ancient Number Systems

Egyptian Numerals (Hieroglyphics)

Number 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000

Hieroglyphic
coil of lotus pointing astonished
Description stick arch
rope flower finger
tadpole
man

Example 1 https://youtu.be/KiiC9yZA8tM
Express the numbers 2, 21 and 132 as Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Question 1
Express the following numbers as Egyptian hieroglyphs
(a) 4 (b) 23 (c) 142 (d) 416

Question 2
Express the following Egyptian hieroglyphs as Hindu-Arabic numbers
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Roman Number System

Number 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

Symbol I V X L C D M
Note: If a smaller number is to the left of a larger number we subtract them.
For example: XI = 11 (or 10 + 1) while IX = 9 (or 10 - 1).

Example 2 https://youtu.be/K0K3oZBeDVg
Express the numbers 3, 24 and 119 as Roman numerals.

Question 3
Express the following numbers using roman numerals
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 4

(e) 9 (f) 34 (g) 149 (h) 769

Question 4
Express the following Roman numerals as Hindu-Arabic numbers
(a) XII (b) XVII (c) XXI (d) XIV

(e) XXIX (f) XLV (g) CDI (h) DCCIC

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Question 5
Perform the operation for each problem below. Express your solution using the same number system given
in the question.
(a) + (b) -

(c) LXIX - XI (d) LXXXIV + XXI

Question 6
What is the least number of symbols you would need to make the number 899 using:
a) Roman numerals?

b) Egyptian hieroglyphs?

Question 7
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using:
a) Roman numerals?

b) Egyptian hieroglyphs?

Question 8
When you look at the date of copyright for movies you will notice that they are written using roman
numerals. Calculate the year, the following movies were copyrighted:
a) Finding Nemo (MMIII)

b) Jurassic Park (MCMXCIII)

Question 9
The movie E.T. the Extra Terrestrial was copyrighted in 1982. Represent this in Roman numerals.

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1B Place Value and Writing Cheques

Terminology https://youtu.be/BFryLCSmiIY
Less than or Greater than Approximately
Equal Not equal to Less than Greater than
equal to or equal to equal to
= ≠ < > ≤ ≥ ≈

Notes:

Question 1
Write true (T) or false (F) for each statement below.
(a) 7>3 (b) 4≥4 (c) 12 ≠ 12
(d) 12 ≤ 4 (e) 13 = 13 (f) 1.998 ≈ 2
(g) 13 < 2 (h) 43 ≠ 12 (i) 17 = 5 + 11
(j) 33 ≥ 22 (k) 7.8 ≈ 12 (l) 15 < 21

Place Value
Hundred Ten Units
Millions Thousands Hundreds Tens
Thousands Thousands (or Ones)
1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1000 100 10 1

Example 2 https://youtu.be/cFhOCZmfRK8
What is the value of the digit 6 in each number below?
(a) 8613 (b) 65 (c) 601 570

Question 2
What is the value of the digit 5 in each number below?
(a) 5910 (b) 1 507 030 (c) 2 050 300

Question 3
What is the value of the digit 2 in each number below?
(a) 302 (b) 8020 (c) 2 314 000

Question 4
What is the largest and smallest number you can make using the digits 2,5 and 9? Note: You must use each
digit only once and all three digits must be used.

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Question 5
Arrange the following numbers from smallest to largest.
(a) 76, 77, 66, 67 (b) 145, 541, 451, 514, 154, 415

Writing Cheques
Quintillion Quadrillion Trillion Billion Million Thousand

Example 3 https://youtu.be/bf8vQzAZQ6I
Write the following numbers using words.
(a) 63 701 (b) 10 329 410

(c) 3 020 001 901 (d) 42 320 000 001 290

Question 6
Write the following numbers using words.
(a) 12 309 (b) 2 890 090

(c) 56 002 310 040 (d) 720 000 010 910 005

Question 7
Write the following numbers using digits.
(a) Two-hundred and sixteen

(b) Fourteen thousand, three hundred and nineteen

(c) Two hundred and five thousand, six hundred and twelve

(d) Five trillion, two hundred billion, fifty million, six thousand, two hundred and ten

(e) Seventeen billion, five thousand and seventeen

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1C Mental Methods for Adding and Subtracting Numbers
When we add and subtract numbers there are many methods we can use to make calculations in our head.
The following chapter explains 3 methods we can use to make quick calculations in our head. These
methods include changing the order of numbers, the partitioning strategy and the compensation strategy.

Example 1 – Changing the order https://youtu.be/k4rBv1rqbHI

Solve the following by first changing the order:
(a) 7+9+3 (b) 17 − 9 + 3

(c) 13 + 28 − 3 (d) 12 − 17 + 15

Question 1
Solve the following by first changing the order:
(a) 5 + 19 + 5 (b) 16 + 8 + 4 (c) 23 − 9 + 7

(d) 18 + 25 − 8 (e) 23 − 9 + 16 (f) 13 − 4 + 25 − 3

Example 2 – Partitioning Strategy https://youtu.be/FXAGQVGKXvg

Use the partitioning method to solve the following:
(a) 21 + 35 (b) 171 + 23

(c) 76 − 43 (d) 158 − 35

Question 2
Use the partitioning method to solve the following:
(a) 13 + 34 (b) 62 + 34 (c) 157 + 321

(d) 281 + 617 (e) 137 + 41 (f) 604 + 93

(g) 2037 + 5931 (h) 530 755 + 310 244 (i) 2 390 810 + 609 189

Question 3
Use the partitioning method to solve the following:
(a) 73 − 21 (b) 38 − 15 (c) 359 − 125

(d) 2068 − 1047 (e) 2980 − 580 (f) 3159 − 3046

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Example 3 – Compensation Strategy https://youtu.be/sXTb4iLwBqo
Use the compensation method to solve the following:
(a) 46 + 9 (b) 37 + 18

(c) 37 − 19 (d) 176 − 47

Question 4
Use the compensation method to solve the following:
(a) 24 + 9 (b) 37 + 18 (c) 58 + 37

(d) 19 + 218 (e) 41 + 209 (f) 418 + 36

Question 5
Use the compensation method to solve the following:
(a) 28 − 9 (b) 53 − 18 (c) 152 − 37

(d) 546 − 29 (e) 369 − 42 (f) 3435 − 198

Question 6
Use a variety of methods to solve the following:
(a) 21 + 34 + 9 (b) 28 + 9 − 12 (c) 58 − 36 + 29

(d) 100 − 21 − 35 (e) 39 − 11 + 19 − 7 (f) 58 − 15 + 8

(g) 29 + 31 − 21 + 10 (h) 17 − 9 + 11 + 2 (i) 13 − 28 + 15 + 112

Question 7
The magic squares below have every row, column and diagonal adding to the same number. Solve each
magic square below.

(a) 8 6 (b) 28 1
7 11 8 2
2 10 3
29 6

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1D Word Problems Involving Addition and Subtraction https://youtu.be/HO2prBN4oh8
The following list of words and statements give you an idea as to whether you should add or subtract
numbers when solving word problems.

Addition Subtraction
++++ −−−−
add altogether deduct decrease by
both combined difference take away
how many increase subtract left over
join plus less than minus
sum together reduce remains
total remove how many more

Question 1
Calculate the following:
(a) Add 6 to 3 (b) The sum of 18 and 11 (c) Take away 12 from 28

(d) 108 plus 91 (e) Deduct 12 from 100 (f) Subtract 28 from 127

(g) 67 increased by 21 (h) Decrease 52 by 19 (i) The difference between

55 and 32

Question 2
We had 2mm of rain on Tuesday, 10mm of rain on Thursday and 8mm of rain on Friday. What is the total
amount of rain we had during the week?

Question 3
The Newcastle Knights scored 28 points and the Brisbane Broncos scored 42 points. What is the difference
between the two scores?

Question 4
If a lolly jar has 89 lollies and the kids eat 58 of them, how many lollies are left over.

Question 5
If I have 23 pairs of shoes and my partner has 19 pairs of shoes, how many pairs of shoes do we have
altogether?

Question 6
Two numbers have a sum of 68 and a difference of 46. What are the two numbers?

Question 7
Joe has 28 marbles and Jane has 7 marbles more than Joe. How many marbles do they have altogether?

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1E Addition and Subtraction Algorithm
An algorithm is a routine process that is followed. Many maths problems can be solved using an algorithm.
The following algorithm is used to add and subtract large numbers.

Example 1 https://youtu.be/boFRiqJj-_c
Calculate the following:

(a) 2 3 (b) 1 4 8 (c) 2 7 3

+ 4 5 + 2 4 + 7 5 8

Question 1
Calculate the following:

(a) 3 7 (b) 1 9 (c) 2 3 9

+ 2 2 + 6 5 + 5 2

(d) 4 7 7 (e) 2 7 6 (f) 2 4 5

+ 6 8 + 6 5 4 + 8 3 6

(g) 1 8 4 9 (h) 8 6 2 7 (i) 5 2

+ 5 5 2 + 1 8 7 3 2 3 4
+ 5 3 6

Example 2 https://youtu.be/AWn5vTmRefo
Calculate the following:

(a) 5 7 (b) 2 5 5 (c) 6 0 2 (d) 2 0 0 3

− 1 4 − 7 7 − 1 6 5 − 1 4 6 7

Question 2
Calculate the following:

(a) 8 4 (b) 5 4 (c) 2 4 7

− 3 2 − 3 9 − 6 1

(d) 3 4 3 (e) 5 0 6 (f) 3 7 9

− 5 7 − 2 8 1 − 2 8 0

(g) 4 1 0 (h) 4 1 0 6 (i) 9 0 0 2

− 2 3 1 − 3 1 9 − 4 3 3 5

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Question 3
David has $1290 in his bank account and Jude has $2718 in her bank account. How much money do they
have altogether?

Question 4
Janice drove 21 004 km this year and Gerald drove 13 221 km. How many more kilometres did Janice drive
than Gerald?

Question 5
In 2018 the population of Australia was 24 772 247 people and the population of New Zealand was
4 749 598 people.
a) What is the combined population of both countries?

b) How many more people does Australia have than New Zealand?

Question 6
Fill in the missing digits below.

(a) 2 5 (b) 2 3 (c)

+ 6 + 5 + 2 6
2 5 2 5 3 3

(d) 8 5 (e) 2 5 (f) 5 0

− 3 − 3 − 2
9 7 2 1 3 8

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1F Mental Methods for Multiplying Numbers
When we multiply numbers there are methods we can use to work out problems in our head. The methods
we will look at are the split strategy, the doubling/halving method, changing the order of multiplication and
numbers ending in zero.

Example 1 – Numbers Ending in Zero https://youtu.be/m7FrvOnCjKc

(a) 5 × 1000 (b) 80 × 700

Question 1
Solve the following.
(a) 3 × 100 (b) 63 × 1000 (c) 60 × 300 (d) 800 × 3000

(e) 2390 × 10 (f) 200 × 120 (g) 150 × 30 (h) 25 × 300

Example 2 – Changing the Order of Multiplication https://youtu.be/5fHSbjhgweA

Solve the following by first changing the order in which they are multiplied.
(a) 5×7×2 (b) 8×3×3

Question 2
Solve the following by first changing the order in which they are multiplied.
(a) 2 × 13 × 5 (b) 23 × 5 × 2 (c) 4 × 7 × 2 (d) 8×5×7×2

Example 3 – Split Strategy https://youtu.be/EpjPf5u-jew

Solve the following using the split strategy.
(a) 3 × 15 (b) 4 × 26 (c) 5 × 39

Question 3
Solve the following using the split strategy.
(a) 2 × 23 (b) 3 × 17 (c) 4 × 27 (d) 7 × 31

(e) 5 × 29 (f) 9 × 45 (g) 8 × 49 (h) 54 × 4

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Example 4 – Doubling/Halving Method https://youtu.be/D6alIDBq-vk
Solve the following using the doubling/halving method.
(a) 22 × 4 (b) 6 × 18

Question 4
Solve the following using the doubling/halving method.
(a) 24 × 3 (b) 3 × 22 (c) 5 × 28 (d) 14 × 6

Question 5
Gary and Judith are purchasing food to sell at their community sports fundraiser event.
a) Gary purchases 32 boxes of soda cans. Each box contains 30 cans of soda. How many soda cans will
he have for the fundraiser? What multiplication method(s) did you use to solve this problem?

b) Judith would like to purchase 160 loaves of bread at $3 per loaf. How much will this cost? What
multiplication method(s) did you use to solve this problem?

c) They purchase a pallet full of t-shirts to sell at the fundraiser. The pallet has 12 boxes on the first
layer and has been stacked 4 layers high. Each box contains 50 t-shirts. How many t-shirts did they
purchase? What multiplication method(s) did you use to solve this problem?

Question 6
The product (product means multiplication) of two numbers is 720 and their sum is 58. What are the two
numbers?

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1G Multiplication Algorithm

Example 1 https://youtu.be/SZAoeFFipcM
Calculate the following:

(a) 1 3 (b) 6 5 2 (c) 5 4 2

× 5 × 1 4 × 3 0 1

Question 1
Calculate the following:
(a) 1 5 (b) 1 9 (c) 4 7 1
× 4 × 7 × 6

(d) 2 3 5 (e) 4 7 2 (f) 4 0 2 1

× 2 1 × 1 5 × 6 3

(g) 1 3 2 (h) 7 0 1 (i) 5 0 3 1

× 3 0 1 × 6 1 0 × 2 1 9

Question 2
Maria purchases 53 metres of timber floorboards at $12 a metre. What is the total cost of the floorboards?

Question 3
Lucia charges $52 per square metre to tile a floor. How much would she charge to tile a 132 square metre
house?

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Example 2 https://youtu.be/ytZhqAi_L0g
Calculate the following:
(a) 32 × 50 (b) 560 × 120 (c) 232

Question 4
Calculate the following:
(a) 45 × 30 (b) 58 × 400 (c) 560 × 220

(d) 3200 × 410 (e) 462 (f) 1112

Question 5
How many seconds are there in a day?

Question 6
Fill in the missing digits below.

(a) 4 1 (b) 3 5 (c) 3 8

× × ×
8 2 1 0 5 5 2

(d) 2 4 (e) 2 6 (f)

× 3 × 5 × 7
7 2 1 2 0 3 4 6

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1H Division and Remainders

Watch https://youtu.be/j-3q2yDaQ2g
Fill in the gaps below:
20 ÷ 3 = 6 remainder 2

Example 1 – https://youtu.be/DhC5Co03jcE
Calculate the quotient of the following using your knowledge of times tables:
(a) 32 ÷ 4 (b) 72 ÷ 12

Question 1
Calculate the quotient of the following using your knowledge of times tables:
(a) 35 ÷ 5 (b) 27 ÷ 9 (c) 49 ÷ 7 (d) 20 ÷ 4

(e) 56 ÷ 7 (f) 64 ÷ 8 (g) 144 ÷ 12 (h) 77 ÷ 11

Example 2 – https://youtu.be/VqmkyIgSE4o
Calculate the quotient of the following using the distributive law strategy:
(a) 84 ÷ 6 (b) 125 ÷ 5

Question 2
Calculate the quotient of the following using the distributive law strategy:
(a) 56 ÷ 4 (b) 75 ÷ 5 (c) 42 ÷ 3 (d) 46 ÷ 2

(e) 91 ÷ 7 (f) 124 ÷ 4 (g) 162 ÷ 9 (h) 114 ÷ 6

Example 3 – https://youtu.be/t5P5Y4EmNWE
Calculate the quotient of the following using the halving strategy:
(a) 84 ÷ 14 (b) 72 ÷ 4

Question 3
Calculate the quotient of the following using the halving strategy:
(a) 84 ÷ 4 (b) 120 ÷ 8 (c) 126 ÷ 18 (d) 144 ÷ 16

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Example 4 – https://youtu.be/SFj3FVpTOYY
Use the division algorithm to calculate the quotient and remainder:

(a) 2 212 (b) 145 ÷ 5

(c) 769 ÷ 5 (d) 3 203

Question 4
Use the division algorithm to calculate the quotient and remainder (if there is one):

(a) 2 302 (b) 3 81 (c) 125 ÷ 4 (d) 6 150

(e) 358 ÷ 6 (f) 7 7728 (g) 43585 ÷ 4 (h) 7 109872

Question 5
Use the division algorithm to calculate the following, making sure you express the remainder as a fraction.

(a) 4 405 (b) 1429 ÷ 6 (c) 3706 ÷ 7 (d) 9 28 906

Question 6
Bill has 83 lollipops. He wants to share them evenly among 6 people (5 friends and himself).
(a) How many lollipops does each person (b) In order to share them out evenly he had
receive? some lollipops left over. How many are
left over?

Question 7
Janelle works as a sales assistant and earns $920 per week. She works 5 days a week and 8 hours per day.
(a) How much does she earn for a day’s work? (b) How much does she earn per hour?

Question 8
A large school needs enough buses to transport 1240 students for a sports carnival. Each bus can only carry
a maximum of 60 students.
(a) How many buses are required? (b) How many spare seats should be available
assuming every student attends the carnival?

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1I Estimation and Rounding

Watch https://youtu.be/-cNGuhRvaus
• If the next digit is a number from 0 to 4, round down
• If the next digit is a number from 5 to 9, round up

Question 1
The estimations below have been either been rounded down or rounded up. State whether they have been
correctly or incorrectly rounded by writing false (F) or true (T) next to each estimation.

(a) 48 ≈ 50 (b) 13 ≈ 20 (c) 243 ≈ 240

(d) 167 ≈ 100 (e) 345 ≈ 350 (f) 1360 ≈ 1300

Example 1 https://youtu.be/7Nd_krany8I
Round the following numbers as indicated by the brackets.
(a) 47 (to the nearest 10) (b) 324 (to the nearest 10)

(c) 492 (to the nearest 100) (d) 1249 (to the nearest 100)

Question 2
Round the following numbers as indicated by the brackets.
(a) 79 (nearest 10) (b) 43 (nearest 10) (c) 158 (nearest 10)

(d) 244 (nearest 10) (e) 524 (nearest 100) (f) 379 (nearest 100)

(g) 850 (nearest 100) (h) 1290 (nearest 1000) (i) 1590 (nearest 1000)

(j) 12 956 (nearest 1000) (k) 97 (nearest 10) (l) 957 (nearest 100)

Example 2 https://youtu.be/AqWWlWMRdDQ
Round the following numbers to the leading digit.
(a) 39 (b) 548 (c) 9570

Question 3
Round the following numbers to the leading digit.
(a) 32 (b) 49 (c) 179 (d) 314

(e) 6570 (f) 37 560 (g) 2500 (h) 98560

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Example 3 https://youtu.be/s94fSLNvbtc
Estimate the answer to the following problems by first rounding the numbers as indicated.
(a) 512 + 38 (to the leading digit) (b) 360 − 156 (to the nearest 100)

(c) 213 × 89 (to the nearest 100) (d) 3289 ÷ 13 (to the nearest 10)

(e) 4521 ÷ 98 (to the nearest 100) (f) 6214 ÷ 19 (to the leading digit)

Question 4
Estimate the answer to the following problems by first rounding the numbers as indicated.
(a) 58 − 32 (to the leading digit) (b) 132 + 48 (to the nearest 10)

(c) 1290 + 549 (to the nearest 100) (d) 9957 + 186 (to the nearest 100)

(e) 536 − 68 (to the nearest 10) (f) 493 − 64 (to the leading digit)

(g) 32 × 75 (to the nearest 10) (h) 214 × 387 (to the nearest 100)

(i) 314 × 92 (to the leading digit) (j) 119 × 85 (to the nearest 10)

(k) 62 ÷ 9 (to the nearest 10) (l) 11 035 × 4507 (to the nearest 1000)

(m) 432 ÷ 12 (to the nearest 10) (n) 4521 ÷ 98 (to the nearest 100)

(o) 3210 ÷ 885 (to the nearest 1000) (p) 312 ÷ 28 (to the leading digit)

(q) 5602 ÷ 250 (to the leading digit) (r) 5961 ÷ 150 (to the nearest 100)

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Question 5
Bill is a professional tiler who always estimates his quotes to save time. He measured the area of a house to
be 109 square metres. He charges $88 per square metre. What price will he likely quote for the job?

Question 6
A local business needs to purchase the following equipment:
• 21 computers @ $890 each
• 12 desks @ $280 each
• 9 printers @ $189 each
Estimate the total cost of the equipment if you were to round each number to the leading digit.

Question 7
The following problems have already been solved. Some answers are correct and some are incorrect. By
quickly estimating the solution to each problem, work out which solutions are true (T) and which ones are
false (F).
(a) 62 + 38 = 201 (b) 321 − 128 = 193

(c) 37 × 52 = 3451 (d) 2109 + 312 = 2421

(e) 1308 × 203 = 265 524 (f) 4321 ÷ 99 = 71

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1J Order of Operations
BIDMAS
Watch https://youtu.be/q4z2PjWXl7E
• Brackets () What type of calculator follows the order of
• Indices – 32 or √25 operations?
• Division ÷
• Multiplication ×
• Addition +
• Subtraction -

Question 1
State which operation will be performed first. Pick from either addition (A), subtraction (S), multiplication
(M) or division (D)?
(a) 3 − 2 + 4 (b) 2 × 3 ÷ 5 (c) 8 × 2 − 1

(d) 10 − 4 × 2 (e) 20 ÷ 10 + 1 (f) 2 × (3 + 1)

(g) (8 ÷ 1) × 3 (h) 12 − 4 ÷ 2 (i) 18 + 2 − 1

(j) 9+4×3−5 (k) 15 − (8 − 3 ÷ 3) + 1 (l) 3 + (2 × (3 − 1) + 2)

Example 1 https://youtu.be/iJ0yOH8D9bk
Use the order of operations to evaluate the following.
(a) 3 + 4 × 2 (b) 5−6÷2

(c) 3×4−8÷2 (d) 9 ÷ 3 × (9 − 5) − 12 ÷ 3

Question 2
Use the order of operations to evaluate the following.
(a) 5 − 2 + 3 (b) 4 × 3 − 5 (c) 12 − 3 × 2

(d) 18 + 6 ÷ 3 (e) 6+4×2−1 (f) 3+2÷2+1

(g) 10 − 3 × 3 − 1 (h) 5×4−3×3 (i) 12 × 4 + 12 ÷ 3

(j) 15 + 25 ÷ 5 × 2 (k) 15 × 4 − 2 × 7 × 3 (l) 12 − 6 × 2 + 12 ÷ 3

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Question 3
Use the order of operations to evaluate the following. Note: when questions have two sets of brackets make
sure you work with the inner brackets first. Square brackets are sometimese used to distinguish between
each set of brackets.
(a) 2 × (3 + 1) (b) (8 ÷ 1) × 3 (c) 18 ÷ (7 − 1)

(d) (120 − 20) ÷ 5 + 3 (e) 6 ÷ (12 ÷ 4) − 1 (f) 3 + 12 × (45 − 40)

(g) 78 − (70 + 5) − (9 − 7) (h) (15 − 3) × (14 ÷ 2) (i) 68 − (20 − 18 ÷ 3)

(j) 28 − (8 − 3 ÷ 3) + 1 (k) 3 + [2 × (3 − 1) + 2] (l) 11 × [2 + (11 + 4) ÷ 5]

Question 4
Use the order of operations to evaluate 17 − [(5 × 3) − 3] + [6 × (35 ÷ 5) − 2] ÷ 5.

Question 5
Insert brackets into each statement below to make it true.
(a) 3 × 8 + 1 = 27 (b) 5 + 3 ÷ 4 = 2 (c) 10 ÷ 5 × 2 = 1

(d) 6 + 2 × 7 − 4 = 12 (e) 21 − 5 × 3 + 1 = 1 (f) 3 + 18 ÷ 10 ÷ 5 = 12

(g) 12 − 5 × 8 ÷ 7 − 1 = 7 (h) 34 − 14 ÷ 28 − 18 = 2 (i) 14 ÷ 51 − 2 ÷ 7 = 2

Example 2 https://youtu.be/oc8IGT-a0yY
Express the following problems using numbers and symbols before solving them.
a) Triple the difference of 12 and 7

b) The product of 5 and 8 is taken away from the quotient of 100 and 2

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Question 6
Express the following problems using numbers and symbols before solving them.
a) Double the sum of 5 and 3.

b) 8 more than the quotient of 35 and 7.

c) Multiply the quotient of 12 and 4 by 7.

d) The product of 4 and 12 are added to the quotient of 80 and 8.

e) Add 12 to the product of 6 and 3, then divide by 3.

f) Triple the sum of 10 and 2, then divide by the product of 6 and 3.

Question 7
Jimmy purchases 12 snakes at 10 cents each, 30 gumdrops at 2 cents each and 4 gobstoppers at 30 cents
each.
a) Express the total cost of the lollies as a mathematical problem using numbers and symbols

b) Why is the order of operations an effective method for solving the problem above?

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Solutions
Chapter 1A Chapter 1F

Q1 – (a) (b) (c) (d) Q1 – (a) 300 (b) 63 000 (c) 18 000 (d) 2 400 000 (e) 23 900 (f) 24 000
Q2 – (a) 24 (b) 212 (c) 132 (d) 1203 (g) 4 500 (h) 7 500
Q3 – (a) III (b) VIII (c) XII (d) IV (e) IX (f) XXXIV (g) CIL Q2 – (a) 130 (b) 230 (c) 56 (d) 560
(h) DCCLXIX Q3 – (a) 46 (b) 51 (c) 108 (d) 217 (e) 145 (f) 405 (g) 392 (h) 216
Q4 – (a) 12 (b) 17 (c) 21 (d) 14 (e) 29 (f) 45 (g) 401 (h) 799 Q4 – (a) 72 (b) 66 (c) 140 (d) 84
Q5 – (a) 960 (split strategy and numbers ending in zero)
Q5 – (a) (b) (c) LVIII (d) CV (b) $480 (doubling/halving strategy and numbers ending in zero)
Q6 – (a) 6 (b) 26 (c) 2400 t-shirts (change the order and numbers ending in zero)
Q7 – (a) It requires less symbols than the Egyptian numerals but is harder to Q6 – 18 and 40
. read
(b) Egyptian numerals are easier to read but require a lot of symbols Chapter 1G
Q8 – (a) 2003 (b) 1993
Q9 – MCMLXXXII Q1 – (a) 60 (b) 133 (c) 2826 (d) 4935 (e) 7080 (f) 253 323 (g) 39 732
(h) 427 610 (i) 1 101 789
Chapter 1B
Q2 – $636
Q3 – $6864
Q1 – (a) T (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T (f) T (g) F (h) T (i) F (j) T (k) F (l) T
Q4 – (a) 1350 (b) 23 200 (c) 123 200 (d) 1 312 000 (e) 2116 (f) 12 321
Q2 – (a) 5000 or five thousand (b) 500 000 or five hundred thousand
Q5 – 86 400
(c) 50 000 or fifty thousand
Q6 –
Q3 – (a) 2 or two (b) 20 or twenty (c) 2 000 000 or two million
(a) 4 1 (b) 3 5 (c) 3 8
Q4 – largest = 952, smallest = 259
Q5 – (a) 66,67,76,77 (b) 145,154,415,451,514,541 × 2 × 3 × 4
Q6 – (a) twelve thousand, three hundred and nine 8 2 1 0 5 1 5 2
(b) two million, eight hundred and ninety thousand and ninety
(c) fifty six billion, two million, three hundred and ten thousand and
(d) 2 2 4 (e) 2 6 4 (f) 4 7 8
forty
(d) seven hundred and twenty trillion, ten million, nine hundred and × 3 × 5 × 7
ten thousand and five 6 7 2 1 3 2 0 3 3 4 6
Q7 – (a) 216 (b) 14 319 (c) 205 612 (d) 5 200 050 006 210
(e) 17 000 005 017
Chapter 1H
Chapter 1C Q1 – (a) 7 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 5 (e) 8 (f) 8 (g) 12 (h) 7
Q2 – (a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 23 (e) 13 (f) 31 (g) 18 (h) 19
Q1 – (a) 29 (b) 28 (c) 21 (d) 35 (e) 30 (f) 31 Q3 – (a) 21 (b) 15 (c) 7 (d) 9
Q2 – (a) 47 (b) 96 (c) 478 (d) 898 (e) 178 (f) 697 (g) 7968 (h) 840 999 Q4 – (a) 151 (b) 27 (c) 31 r1 (d) 25 (e) 59 r4 (f) 1104 (g) 10 896 r1
(i) 2 999 999 (h) 15 696
Q3 – (a) 52 (b) 23 (c) 234 (d) 1021 (e) 2400 (f) 113 1 1 3 7
Q5 – (a) 101 (b) 238 (c) 529 (d) 3211
Q4 – (a) 33 (b) 55 (c) 95 (d) 237 (e) 250 (f) 454 4 6 7 9
Q5 – (a) 19 (b) 35 (c) 115 (d) 517 (e) 327 (f) 3237 Q6 – (a) 13 (b) 5
Q6 – (a) 64 (b) 25 (c) 51 (d) 44 (e) 40 (f) 51 (g) 49 (h) 21 (i) 112 Q7 – (a) $184 (b) 23
Q7 – (a) (b) Q8 – (a) 21 (b) 20
8 1 6 28 1 12 7
3 5 7 11 8 27 2 Chapter 1I
4 9 2 5 10 3 30
4 29 6 9 Q1 – (a) T (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) T (f) F
Q2 – (a) 80 (b) 40 (c) 160 (d) 240 (e) 500 (f) 400 (g) 900 (h) 1000 (i) 2000
(j) 13 000 (k) 100 (l) 1000
Chapter 1D Q3 – (a) 30 (b) 50 (c) 200 (d) 300 (e) 7000 (f) 40 000 (g) 3000 (h) 100 000
Q4 – (a) 30 (b) 180 (c) 1800 (d) 10 200 (e) 470 (f) 440 (g) 2400 (h) 80 000
Q1 – (a) 9 (b) 29 (c) 16 (d) 17 (e) 88 (f) 99 (g) 46 (h) 33 (i) 23 (i) 30 000 (j) 10 800 (k) 6 (l) 55 000 000 (m) 43 (n) 45 (o) 3 (p) 10
Q2 – 20mm (q) 20 (r) 30
Q3 – 14 Q5 – 110 × 90 = $9900 or 100 × 90 = $9000
Q4 – 31 Q6 – $23 000
Q5 – 42 Q7 – (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T (f) F
Q6 – 57 & 11
Q7 – 63 Chapter 1J

Chapter 1E Q1 – (a) S (b) M (c) M (d) M (e) D (f) A (g) D (h) D (i) A (j) M (k) D (l) S
Q2 – (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 20 (e) 13 (f) 5 (g) 0 (h) 11 (i) 52 (j) 25 (k) 18 (l) 4
Q1 – (a) 59 (b) 84 (c) 291 (d) 545 (e) 930 (f) 1081 (g) 2401 (h) 10 500 Q3 – (a) 8 (b) 24 (c) 3 (d) 23 (e) 1 (f) 63 (g) 1 (h) 84 (i) 54 (j) 22 (k) 9
(i) 822 (l) 55
Q2 – (a) 52 (b) 15 (c) 186 (d) 286 (e) 225 (f) 99 (g) 179 (h) 3787 (i) 4667 Q4 – 13
Q3 – $4008 Q5 –
Q4 – 7783 km (a) 3 × (8 + 1) = 27 (b) (5 + 3) ÷ 4 = 2
Q5 – (a) 29 521 845 (b) 20 022 649 (c) 10 ÷ (5 × 2) = 1 (d) 6 + 2 × (7 − 4) = 12
Q6 (e) 21 − 5 × (3 + 1) = 1 (f) 3 + 18 ÷ (10 ÷ 5) = 12
(a) 2 5 (b) 2 3 7 (c) 5 0 7 (g) (12 − 5) × 8 ÷ 7 − 1 = 7 (h) (34 − 14) ÷ (28 − 18) = 2
+ 6 7 + 1 5 + 2 6 (i) 14 ÷ ((51 − 2) ÷ 7) = 2
9 2 2 5 2 5 3 3 Q6 – (a) 2 × (5 + 3) = 16 (b) 8 + 35 ÷ 7 = 13 or 35 ÷ 7 + 8 = 13
(c) 12 ÷ 4 × 7 = 21 or 7 × (12 ÷ 4) = 21 (d) 4 × 12 + 80 ÷ 8 = 58
(e) (12 + 6 × 3) ÷ 3 = 10 (f) 3 × (10 + 2) ÷ (6 × 3) = 2
(d) 8 5 (e) 2 5 5 (f) 5 0 0 Q7 – (a) 12 × 10 + 30 × 2 + 4 × 30 (b) The order of operations will give
− 3 6 − 8 3 − 3 6 2 the correct result and follows the same order as the written problem.
4 9 1 7 2 1 3 8

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