mathematics form one

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NUMBERS

What is numbers?

Numbers are symbols or words which represent quantity of something for example in form 1B there are
forty four students.

i.e. 44 students

The numbers are represented by symbols called numerals.

Each symbol in a numeral is called a digit.

E.g. In 256 there are three digits 2, 5, and 6.

There are ten digits which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Each digit in a numeral has a value called place value.

Example in 316, 6 is called ones and can be written as 6 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1 ,

1 is called tens and is written as 1 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10 and 3 is called
hundreds written as 3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 100.

Therefore 316 can be written as 3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 100 +1 x 10 + 6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif1 this form is called expanded form.
The system where numbers are in groups of ten is called base ten numerations or decimal system
numeration.The place value of every digit in decimal system numeration is ten times the place value of
the next to the right.

Table of place values:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\07.jpg

Exercise 1.1

1. Write each of the following numbers in expanded form:-

(a) 94 =

(b) 7019 =

(c) 50 =

(d) 303 =

(e) 5003 =

(f) 500 =

(g) 999 =
(h) 5 =

(i) 5000 =

2. Find the place value of the following:-

(a) 513 (1)

The place value of 1 is

(b) 357999 (5)

The place value of 5 is

(c) 50149 (5)

The place value of 5 is

(d) 8665 (8)

The place value of 8 is

(e) 227 (7)

The place value of 7 is

(f) 900412 (4)

The place value of 4 is

3) Write the numerals for each of the following:-

(a) 9 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif100 + 0 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif

10 + 1 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif1

(b) 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10000 + 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1000 + 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 100
+ 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10 + 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1

(c) 6 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 100000 + 8

C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10000 + 0 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif
1000 + 1 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif100 + 7
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10 + 0 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1
(d) 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif100 + 0 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif
10 + 1 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1

1:2 NATURAL AND WHOLE NUMBERS

Natural numbers

Natural numbers are the ones that begin with 1,2, 3 to infinity.

They are counting number, they are denoted by N

Number line of natural numbers.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\01.jpg

Whole numbers

Are the ones that begin by 0, 1, 2, 3, to infinity? They are denoted by W, in a number line.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\02.jpg

Even, odd and prime numbers:-

Even: are natural numbers which are divisible by 2 without remainder.

Example: - 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.

Odd:-

Odd numbers are natural numbers which are not divisible by 2, when they are divided by 2 they give
remainder, so the answer is not a natural numbers.

E.g: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11…………………………………………

Prime numbers:-

Prime numbers are natural numbers which are divisible by one and by themselves. They are the ones
with only two factors.

E.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 …………………..

Numbers up to one billion:

Ten

Hundred
Thousand

Ten thousand

Hundred thousand

One million

Ten million

Hundred million

One billion

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000
1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

EXERCISE 1:2

1. For the given numbers below, write down which are:-

(a)Even (b)Prime (c)Odd

9,12,15,17,25,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,
66,67,68,69,70,71.

2. Write down the prime numbers between 70 and 90.

3. Write down a number which is even and prime

4. Among the numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.What is not a prime number?

5. Show even, odd, and prime numbers less than 10 on separate number
6. (a) Given any point as a number on a number line for N or W.

Can you always name another one to the right of it?

7. Given any two points as numbers one after another on a number line for N or W. Can you find the
whole numbers between them?

8. Do the points representing N and W on a number line completely fill the number line?

9. How does N differ from W.

More examples

1. Write the following numerals in words:-

(a) 72 - Seventy two

(b) 10368 - Ten thousand three hundred and sixty eight.

(c) 1152 - One thousand one hundred and fifty two.

(d) 144 - One hundred and forty four.

(e) 573921 - Five hundred and seventy three thousand nine hundred and twenty one
(f) 952675 - Nine hundred and fifty two thousand six hundred and seventy five

(g) 105, 451, 225 - One hundred and five million, four hundred and fifty one Thousand, two hundred
and twenty five

2. Express the statement in numerals:-

Nine billion eight hundred million and two hundred = 9,800,000,200.

3. Write down the largest four digit number = 9,999.

4. Write down the largest four digit number when the digits are not repeating =9876.

5. Write down the smallest three – digit number without using a zero = 111

6. Change the order of the digits in 47986 to make:

(a) The largest possible number = 98764

(b) The smallest possible number = 46789

7. Write down the number with 6 in the hundred place, 9 in the tens place, 0 in the thousands place, 4
in the units place and 3 in the ten thousands place. 30,694

8. Write down next three counting numbers after 6999.

 7000, 7001, 7002

9. Write the numbers in words:-

(a) 6054 - Six thousand and fifty four

(b) 3,250,000 - Three million two hundred and fifty thousand.

(c) 106,000 - One hundred and six thousand

(d) 100,600 - One hundred thousand and six hundred.

(e) 100,006 - One hundred thousand and six.

(f) 205,020 - Two hundred and five thousand and twenty.

(g) 2,415,982,728 - Two billion, four hundred and fifteen million, nine hundred and eighty two
thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight.

10. Write in numerals:-

(a) Six hundred seventy five -675

(b) Four hundred and five - 405

 (c) Three thousand and sixteen - 316

(d) Eight thousand and sixteen - 8016

(e) One hundred thirty seven thousand two hundred and fourteen – 137214

(f) One million five hundred thousand - 1,500,000

(g) Two million twenty three - 2,000,023

(h) Nineteen thousand and forty five - 19,045

(i) One billion fourteen million two hundred and fifteen thousand - 1,014,215,000

Operations with whole numbers:-

There are four operations which are addition, subtraction , multiplication and division.

Addition (plus) (+):-

Horizontal addition

E.g. 254 + 369 =623

14796 + 230 + 14 =15030

Vertical addition:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\05.jpg

The answer obtained after adding is called sum.

Subtraction ( - ) (minus):-

Horizontal subtraction

E.g. 2349610 - 1396789 =952821

129 - 98 =31

The answer obtained after subtracting numbers is called Difference.

Vertical subtraction:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\06.jpg

Multiplication /Times (x)

a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif b = c
a = Multiplicant

b = Multiplier

c = Product

There are two types of Multiplication

Horizontal multiplication

E.g 2486 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 7 = 17402

E.g 126 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 8 = 1008

Vertical – multiplication:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\08.jpg

The number that multiplies is called Multiplier

The number to be multiplied is called multiplicand

The answer obtained after multiplication is called product.

 DIVISION (÷)

a÷b=c

a = dividend

b = divisor

c = quotient

Short division

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\09.jpg

Long or vertical division

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\10A.jpg

Q = 735 remainder 4

The number that divides is called divisor

The number to be divided is called dividend.

The answer obtained after division is called Quotient.

The left over upon division is called Remainder.

e.g. 29 ÷ 6 =

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\11A.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\13A.jpg

Word problems on whole numbers

1. E.g In a school garden there are four rows of cabbage with 12 in each row, six rows of tomatoes with
eight in each row.

How many plants of each kind are there?

Solution:-

1 row = 12 cabbage

4 rows = x
 x = 12 cabbages x 4 rows

x = 48 cabbages

1 row = 8 tomatoes

6 row = x

X = 8 tomatoes x 6 rows

X = 48 tomatoes

There are 48 cabbages plants

48 tomatoes plants

2. Two thousand four hundred shillings are deposited by a teacher each month, How much is this
after two years?

Solution:-

2400shs = I month

1 year = 12 months
 2 yrs = 24 months

2400shs x 24 months

∴ = 576000/=

More examples

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\15A.jpg

2. 28782 - 2784 + 294.

Solution:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1A.jpg

Will the sums of the following be even or odd:-

5. Two numbers which are Odd.

The answer must be even.

6. Two numbers which are even.

 Even numbers

7. An odd and even number

Odd numbers

8. Any two odd numbers.

Even numbers

9. Use horizontal way to find products in questions:-

1. 128 x 5 = 640

2. 195 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 9 = 1755

3. 17289C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2 = 34578

10. Use long multiplication method to evaluate:-

249752 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 8921

Solution:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\17A.jpg
11. Find the product and quotient of the following

(a) 247 x 100

Soln:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\16A.jpg

Revision exercise

1. In a school garden there are 4 rows of carrots with 10 in each row .

How many plants are there?

2. Six students were given 96,000 shillings to share equally. How many shillings did each student get?

3. The cost of one kilogram of sugar is 700 shillings and Juma buys 8 kgs of sugar.

How much did cost him?

4. Richard sold 240 copies of the daily news paper for 300 shillings each, 198 pieces of the Uhuru news
paper for 200 shillings and 6 sports magazine for 500 shillings each. How much did he collect in all?

5. There are 17 streams in a school, each stream has 35 pupils. How many pupils are there in the
school.

6. A page of a book has 36 lines. If each line contains 14 words, how many words are these if the book
has 250 pages?
 7. Jim’s school is 13 km from his home. If he goes to school daily how many kilometers does he
travel in 196 days.

8. Each day a school shop collects sh. 75000 from the customers. If the collection was made for eight
days and sh. 275000 of the collected money was used to make a fence for the school. How much money
was left?

9. A school collects 140 eggs from its poultry farm each day. Each egg costs 80shillings. How much
money per day does the school earn in selling the eggs?

10. A school of 900 students has decided to make uniforms for each student. If a shirt and a pair of
trousers need 2 m and 1.5 m respective, How much of each material of cloth will the school need so as
to give uniforms to all students.

SOLUTIONS

Qn 1.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture12.PNG

Qn 2.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\112.PNG

Qn 3.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\113.PNG

Qn 4.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture41.PNG

Qn 5.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture51.PNG
 Qn 6.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture61.PNG

Qn 7.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture72.PNG

Qn 8.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture81.PNG

Qn 9.

Qn 10.C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture92.PNG

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Capture101.PNG

ORDER OF OPERATIONS

The order of priority is often given by the word BODMAS to mean

B rackets

O rders

D ivision

M ultiplication

A ddition

S ubtraction

so first perform any operation in brackets, Then any use of orders division or multiplication followed by
Addition or subtraction

Example : evaluate the following

(a) 12 + 4 x2 = 12 + (4x2)
 = 12 + 8

12 + 4 x 2 = 20

(b) 20 ÷ 2 + 3 = (20 ÷ 2) + 3

= 10 + 3

20÷2 + 3 = 13

(c) 4 x 3 + 7 x 2 = (4 x3) + (7 x2)

= 12 + 14

= 26

1:4 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES OF NUMBERS

When a number divides exactly into another number, it is called a factor of a second number.

The second number is called a multiple of the first numbers.

e.g 16 ÷ 8 = 2 So 2 is the factor of 16 and 16 is the multiple of 2. Other factors of 16 are 8, 4, 1 and 16.

In general one (1) is a factor of every number and each number is a factor of itself.

- Factors of a number are numbers less than the given number.

- Factors are finite, and divisors of the given number.

- Multiple are number greater than the given number.

-They are infinite and dividend of a particular number.

E.g Factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36

Multiple of 3=3,6,9,12,15,18,21,242,730.............

PRIME FACTORIZATION

Is the process of writing numbers using their prime factors we use the short division in writing /
factorization.

E.g Write the following as the product of their prime factors.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\18.PNG∴24=2×2×2×3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\212.PNG∴48=2×2×2×2×3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\35.PNG∴420=2×2×3×5×7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\44.PNG∴360=2×2×2×3×3×5

THE LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)

LCM is the short form of lowest or least common multiple .

E.g 2 = 2, 4 6 8 , 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24-……………

3 = 3, 6, 9, 12 15, 18, 21, 24 27, ……………….

Common multiples are = (6, 12, 18, and 24)

LCM = 6

E.g Find the lowest common multiples of 9, 18, 24

Soln

9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108, 117, 126………….

18 = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198…………………………

27 = 27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189………………………………….

Common multiples are={54,108....}

The least common multiples=54

PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

There are five properties of whole numbers.

1. Closure property (law)

When two or more whole numbers are operated by adding or multiplying the answer is also a whole
numbers.

That is if a and b are whole numbers. Then a + b = c. C is also a whole number. a x b = d d is also a
whole number.

E.g 4 + 6 = 10

3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5 = 15

2. Commutative property:-

If a and b are whole numbers.

Then (i) a + b = b + a

(ii) a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gifb = b
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif a

E.g 3 + 4 = 7

4+3=7
 Implies: 3 + 4 = 4 + 3

a+b=b+a

9 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 6 = 54

6 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 9 = 54

a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif b = b
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif a

3. Association property:-

If a + b & c are whole number.

Then (i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

(ii) (a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif b) c = a
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif ( b x c)

E.g (2+3)+4=5+4

=9

2+(3+4)=2+7

=9
 Implies: (2+3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)

(a + b) + c = a + (b+c)

E.g. (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5 = 8 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5

= 40

4C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif
(2C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif5) = 4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 10

=40

Implies (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif5 = 4 (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5)

(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)

4. Distributive property:-

If a, b, and c are whole numbers, then

a x (b+c) = (a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif b) + (a
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif c)

E.g 4C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (6 + 9) = 4
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 15 = 60

4(6+9)=(4×6)+(4×9)

=24+36

=60
 Implies: 4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (6
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 9) = (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 6) +
(4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 9)

a x (b+c) = (a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif b) + (a
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif c)

5. Identity property:-

If A is a whole number,

Then (i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a

0 is called an identity of addition

(ii) a C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1 = 1
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif a = a

1 is called and identity of multiplication.

Exercise 1:5

1. Match the property in left column and right column then name the property
Left hand column Right hand column

(a) 2 + (3 +5) (h) (2+3) + 5

(b) 1+ (2 +3 ) (i) (2 + 2) + 1

(c) 2+ (2 +1 ) (j) (8 +4 ) + 4

(d) 4+ (3 +5 ) (k) (1 + 2 ) + 3

(e) 1 + (1 +3) (l) (3 + 5) + 4

(f) 8 + (4 +4) (m) (1 + 1) + 3

(g) (1 + 3) + 1 (n) 1 + (1 + 3)

solution

a and h have Associative property

b and k have Commutative property

c and I have Associative property

e and m have Commutative property

f and j have Associative property

g and n have Commutative property.

2. By using properties of whole numbers give reasons why each of the following two expressions are
equal.

(a) 5 + (6 + 7) = (7 + 6) + 5

- The answer to the two expressions will be the same because they numbers have commuted.

(b) (8 + 3) + 4 = 8 + ( 4 + 3)

- When you solve this you will get the same answer because of the exchange of the numbers.

(c) 5 + (2 + 1 ) = 1 + ( 3 + 2)

- In this expression, we have seen that they are two different expressions so you cannot get the same
answer from the two.

(d) (5 + 3) + 2 = 3 + ( 2 + 5)

- In this two expression you can get the same answer because only the position of numbers and brackets
as the one that has changed.
3. Telling / writing equal expressions;-

(a) 2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (5
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) = (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3 - Associative property

(b) 4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5) = (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 4 - Associative property

(c) 2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (4
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif7) = 7 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif(2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 4) - Associative property

(d) 3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2) = 3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif2) C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3 -
Commutative property

(e) (3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 6 = 16 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2) - Commutative property

(f) (3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 2)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3 = (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3 - Commutative property

4. Why is it permitted to write 3 x 2 x 5 x 9 without any brackets?

Because even if they are written without brackets they don’t destroy the meaning of the question /
statement.

5. Express each of the following in the form of (a x b ) + (a x c)

(a) 2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3 + 5)

= (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + 2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif5)

(b) 4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3 + 10)

= (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + 4
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif10)

(c) 2 xC:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif(3 + 7)

= (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + 2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 7)

(d) 4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3 + 1)

= (4 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + 4
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif1)

6. Express each of the following in the form a x (b + c)

(a) (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5 ) + 2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3)

= 2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (5 + 3)

(b) (5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + 5
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 7)
 = 5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3 + 7)

(c) (2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif1) + (2
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3)

= 2 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (3 + 7)

(d) (7 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 3) + (7
C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 1)

= 7C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif ((3 + 1)

7. Calculate the following:-

(a) 14 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 5 + 16 – 4 = 82

(b) 36 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif 72 ÷ 4 = 648

(c) (144 + 20) x 48 + 4 ÷ 2 = 7872

(d) 24 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image001.gif (10 + 54) + 8 = 192.

1:5 INTEGERS

The integers are whole numbers from negative infinity to positive infinity. They are denoted by Z.

The order of the size of the number 1, 2, 3, 4……. Can be represented as points on a number line
Starting from 0 to the right and other numbers from 0 to the left

Number line for Z

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\23A.jpg

If we want to know which number is larger than the other we have to consider which one is to the right
or left

Consider the following

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\22A.jpg

e.g. write down all the integers between -5 and 4

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\24A.jpg

Example: present on a number line

-3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image043.gif Z C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image043.gif 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image051.gif
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image047.gif Z C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image043.gif 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\NUMBERSF1_files\image052.gif

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Operation with integers

Integers can be operated using number lines except for division

Addition

Addition of integers

RULE1:To add a negative integer you move to the left on the number line.

Example

-2+-5=-7

Start at -2 move 5 steps to the left or Star at 0 move 2 steps to the left then-5 steps to the left

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\la.PNG
 OR

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\LA1.PNG

RULE2:To add a positive integer you move to right on number line.

Example

-4+(+6)=+12

Start at -4 move 6 steps to the right

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\l2.PNG

OR

Start at 0 move 4 steps to the left then 6t steps to the right

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\l3.PNG

+3+(+4)=7

Start at +3 move 4 steps to the right

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\l1.PNG

-4+-6=-10

Start at -4 move 6 steps to the left

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\n.PNG

Subtraction of integers

Subtraction of positive integers gives the same result as addition of integers

RULE 1

To substract a positive integer you move to the left on the number line.

Example -4-(+3)=-7

start at -4 move 3 steps to the right

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\a50.PNG

RULE2

To subtract a negative integer you move to the right on the number line

Example

-7-(-3)=-4

Start at -7 move 3 steps to the right

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\114.PNG

Multiplication

The rules for multiplying are as follows

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\number12222.png

+×+=+

+×-=-

-×+=-

-×-=+

Division

The rules for division are as follows

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\divi_abc.jpg

+ ÷ += +

+÷- =-

- ÷ + = -

- ÷ -= +

NOTE: The result are similar to the rules of multiplication.

Example:

-36÷6=-6
24÷6=+4

24÷-6=-4

-24÷6=-4

-24÷-6=4

FRACTIONS

A fraction is a number that can be written in the form of C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image001.gif

Where a and b are intergers and b C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image002.gif 0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\over.jpg

The number which is written on top of fraction is called Numerator and the bottom is called
denominator e.g

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image003.gif

Type of fraction

(i) Proper fractions

- A proper fraction is the one in which the numerator is less than denominator
e.g. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image004.gif etc

(ii) Improper fractions

- These are the ones which the numerators are greater than the denominator

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image005.gif etc

(iii) Mixed fractions or mixed numbers

- These are the ones formed after improper fractions are divided complete

e.g. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image006.gif = 2C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image007.gif ,

6C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image008.gif , 9C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image009.gif

(iv) Equivalent fractions

These are two or more fractions that can be simplified to equal lowest fraction.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\equivalent.jpg

Example: Change the following into mixed numbers

1. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image019.gif = 7C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image007.gif
 2. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image020.gif = 3

3. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image021.gif = 6C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image022.gif

Fractions can be represented on number lines

e.g. represent C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image023.gif on a number line.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\number_line.jpg

Exercise 1

1. (i)Which of the following are: -

(a) Proper fractions

(b) Mixed fractions

(c) Improper fractions

(ii) List four equivalent fractions

(i) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image033.gif

(ii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image034.gif

(iii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image035.gif

(iv) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image036.gif

(v) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image037.gif

(vi) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image038.gif

(vii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image039.gif

(viii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image040.gif

(ix) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image041.gif

(x) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image042.gif

(xi) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image043.gif

(xii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image044.gif

(xiii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image045.gif
(xiv) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image046.gif

(xv) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image047.gif

(xvi) 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image048.gif

Solution

(a) Proper fraction

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image033.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image034.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image035.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image038.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image039.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image040.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image041.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image042.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image043.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image047.gif

(b) Improper fraction

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image049.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image037.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image044.gif , C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image045.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image046.gif

(c) Mixed fraction

1C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image050.gif , 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image048.gif
Four equivalent fractions are:-

1. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image051.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image052.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image054.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image052.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image055.gif

2. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image051.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image056.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image057.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image056.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image058.gif

3. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image051.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image059.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image060.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image059.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image053.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image061.gif

4. C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image051.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image062.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image063.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image064.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image062.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image063.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image065.gif

2. Write the following fractions in words

(a) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image040.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif three quarters

(b) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image048.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif A half

(c) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image052.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif A third

(d) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image050.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif Five over six

(e) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image067.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif Nine over Ten

(f) C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image068.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image066.gif A quarter

2. Write the name of the fraction of the shaded part in figures ABCD and EFGH

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\abcd1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image076.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image052.gif = one over

three (A third)
Which is a proper fraction

E H

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image077.gif

F G

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image076.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image078.gif = one over

four (A quarter)

Which is a proper fraction

Comparison of fraction

Fraction can be compared by using two methods

(i) Number line

(ii) L.C.M of the denominators

(I) Number line

Example 1. show C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image052.gif and

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image048.gif on a number line and then find which is greater than the
other

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\line11.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image080.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image081.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image082.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image083.gif

Example 2. Which is greater between C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image056.gif and

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image084.gif?
Solution:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\nominator.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image080.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image086.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image082.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image087.gif

(II) L.C.M of the denominators

Determine which fraction is greater between C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image056.gif and

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image084.gif

Solution

1st find the L.C.M of 5 and 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image088.gif L. C. M of 5 and 7 = 35

2nd multiply by that L. C. M each fraction

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image088.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image089.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image090.gif 35 = 14

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image088.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image091.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image090.gif 35 = 20

Conclusion, check the one which has given us bigger number after multiplication with L.C.M
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image091.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image092.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image089.gif

Example: which is greater C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image093.gif or

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image094.gif ?

Solution:

L.C.M = 44

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image095.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image093.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image096.gif 44

=99

C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image095.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image094.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image096.gif 44

=12

:- C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image093.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image097.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\FRACTIONSF1_files\image094.gif

Operations on Fractions

Addition and Subtraction of Fraction

NOTE:

1 .Add the numerator together if each fraction has the same denominator.

2. If the fraction has different denominator, you must find the smallest number that each denominator
divides into exactly. (LCM)

3. When adding fractions, do not add the denominator.

Example:

Evaluate the following fractions

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Numerator.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\seven_eight.jpg

Multiplication

NOTE: 1. Before multiplying a number convert mixed number into improper fractions

2. Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominator.

Examples:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\multiplication.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\multiple.jpg
Dividing Fractions

1. When dividing fractions invert the second fraction then multiply the first fraction by the inverted
fraction.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\evaluate.jpg

2. Before dividing number convert mixed numbers into improper fraction.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\dividing.jpg

DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES

Are fractions of tenth, they are written using a point which is a result of division of a normal fraction

E.g. 0.34, 0.5, 0.333--------

In the fraction 0.2546 the place values are

Ones
Tenth

Hundredths

Thousandths

Ten Thousandths

Decimals can be converted into fractions and vice versa

E.g. Change C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image001.gif in to decimals

Solution:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image002.gif = 0.75

This fraction which ends after dividing is called terminating fraction. Other fractions do not end, these
ones are called recurring or repeating decimals.

E.g. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image003.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fracti.jpg

Conversion of Repeating decimal into fractions

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fr.jpg

Solution:

0.3 = 0.333.......

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fro.jpg

Subtract (i) from (ii)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fra.jpg
9t = 3.0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image004.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image005.gif

t = C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image003.gif

Exercise 1

Insert C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image006.gif or
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image007.gif between each pair of fractions
questions 4 to 12

1. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image008.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image009.gif

Solution

L.C.M = 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image010.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image011.gif 3 = 2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image003.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image011.gif 3 = 1
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image012.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image013.gif

2. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image014.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image015.gif

Solution

L.C.M = 63

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image014.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 63 = 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image015.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 63 = 9

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image015.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image014.gif

3. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 12 = 10
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 12 = 9

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

4. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image022.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image022.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 20 = 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 20 = 15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image022.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

5. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image023.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image024.gif

Solution

L.C.M of 20 and 4 = 80
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image023.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 80 = 60

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image024.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 80 = 140

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image024.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image023.gif

6. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image025.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

Solution

L. C. M of 4 and 4 = 4

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image025.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 4 = 1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 4 = 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image025.gif
 7. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image026.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image027.gif

Solution

L. C. M of 5 and 6 = 30

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image026.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 30 = 12

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image027.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 30 = 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image026.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image027.gif

8. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image028.gif ,
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif

Solution

L. C. M of 9 and 6 = 18

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image028.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 18 = 16
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 18 = 15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image028.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif

9. Which numbers are denominators in each of the following fractions?

(a) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image029.gif 16 is the denominator.

(b) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image030.gif 93 is the denominator

(c) 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image022.gif 5 is the denominator

10. Which numbers are numerators in each of the following fractions?

(a) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image031.gif Numerators is 3

(b) 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image032.gif Numerators is 4

(c) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image033.gif Numerators is 12

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\line_12.jpg

12. Which is greater

(a) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image031.gif or
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

Solution

Find the L.C.M of 5 and 4 = 20

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image031.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 20 = 12

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 20 = 15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image018.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image031.gif

(b) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image008.gif or
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image043.gif

Solution

Find the L.C.M of 3 and 2 = 6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image044.gif x 6 = 4
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image045.gif x 6 = 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image044.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image046.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image045.gif

13. What is the condition for a fraction to be called improper?

The numerator is bigger than the denominator.

14. Change the following improper fractions into mixed numbers

(a) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image008.gif =
1C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image034.gif

(b) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image051.gif =
4C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image052.gif

(c) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image053.gif =
3C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image054.gif

(d) C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image055.gif =
1C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image056.gif
16 15. Change the following mixed numbers into improper fractions

(a) 3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image022.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image057.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image058.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image059.gif

(b) 15 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image060.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image061.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image062.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image063.gif

(c) 24 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image064.gif
Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image065.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image066.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image017.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image067.gif

3.3 PERCENTAGES

Percentages are fractions expressed out of 100. That is – are the ones whose denominator is one
hundred, they are denoted by (%) called percent

Example: 12% means 12 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image011.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image068.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image069.gif

70% = C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image070.gif etc.

Examples: 1. convert the following percentage into fraction

(i) 65%

(ii)75%

(iii) 12 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image043.gif %
Solution

(i) 65%

65 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image071.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image072.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image073.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image073.gif

(ii) 75%

75 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image071.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image075.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image020.gif

(iii) 12 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image076.gif %

12C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image077.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image071.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image078.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image071.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image079.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif 12
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image080.gif % =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image081.gif

2. Change

(i) 40% into decimal

(ii) 35% into fractions

(iii) 0.125 into percentage

Solution

(i) 40% = C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image082.gif =

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image083.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif = 0.4

(ii) 35%

35 C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image071.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image084.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image084.gif
 (iii) 0.125

Solution

0.125 = C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image085.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 100%

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image074.gif = 12.5%

3. Change the recurring decimals into fractions

(i) 0C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image086.gif

Solution

Let x = 0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image087.gif ............................. (i)

100x = 21.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image087.gif ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

100x = 21.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image087.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image088.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image089.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image090.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image091.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image091.gif

(ii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\franli111.jpg

Solution

Let x = 0.9C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image093.gif ............................. (i)

10x = 9.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image093.gif ............................... (ii)

100x = 93.3 ...........................(iii)

Take equation (ii) away from equation (iii)

100x = 93.3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image094.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image095.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image096.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image097.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image098.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image098.gif

(iii)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image099.gif6C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image100.gif

Solution

Let x =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image099.gif6C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image100.gif ................................ (i)

1000x = 567.567 ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

1000x = 567.567

X = 0.567

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image101.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image102.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image103.gif

(iv)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif35C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image105.gif

Solution

Let x =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif35C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image106.gif............................. (i)

10000x = 1352.1352 ......................... (ii)

Take (ii) - (i)

10000x = 1352.1352

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image107.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image108.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image109.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image110.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image110.gif
 (v)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image105.gif1C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image111.gif

Solution

Let x =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image105.gif1C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image111.gif ................................ (i)

1000x = 219.219 ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

1000x = 219.219

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image112.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image113.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image114.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image115.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image116.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image115.gif

(vi)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif8C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image117.gif
Solution

Let x =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif8C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image118.gif................................ (i)

1000x = 186.186 ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

1000x = 186.186

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image112.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image119.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image101.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image120.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image121.gif

(vii)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image122.gif63C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image123.gif

Solution
Let n =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image122.gif63C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image123.gif ................................ (i)

10000n = 8634.8634 ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

10000n = 8634.8634

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image124.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image125.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image126.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image127.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif n =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image127.gif

(viii) 0.7C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif

Solution

Let x = 0.7C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif ............................. (i)

10x = 0.7C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif ............................... (ii)

1000x = 792.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif ...........................(iii)

Take away equation (ii) from equation (iii)

100x = 792.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif

1000x - 10x = 792.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif -

7.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image129.gif

990x = 785

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\996.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image012.gif x =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image134.gif

(ix)
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif4C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image099.gif

Solution

Let y =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif4C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image099.gif ................................ (i)
1000y =
645.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif4C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image099.gif .................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

1000y - y = 645-
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif4C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTA
GESF1_files\image099.gif

999y=645

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image137.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image138.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif y =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image139.gif

(x) 0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image140.gif

Solution

Let b = 0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image140.gif ................................ (i)

100b = 64.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image140.gif ......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

100b - b = 64.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image140.gif-
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image140.gif

99b = 64

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image143.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image144.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif b =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image144.gif

(xi)0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERC
ENTAGESF1_files\image100.gif

Solution

Let m =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image145.gif................................ (i)

1000m =
627.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image145.gif......................... (ii)

Take away equation (i) from (ii)

1000m - m =
627.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image145.gif-
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image117.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image145.gif

999m = 627

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image148.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image149.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif m =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image151.gif

4. In question (i) to (v) change the fractions into decimals.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\franeee2.jpg

Solution

1÷3=

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif = 0.33

ii. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image019.gif

Solution
5÷6=

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif = 0.833

iii. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image152.gif

Solution

4 ÷ 11 =

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif = 0.3636

iv. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image014.gif

Solution

1÷9=

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif = 0.111

v. C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image153.gif

Solution
7 ÷ 13 =

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image092.gif = 0.538461

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\frano1.jpg

Solution

Let b =
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image093.gif ................................ (i)

1000b =
123.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image093.gif.................... (ii)

Take equation (i) away from equation (ii)

1000b - b =
123.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCE
NTAGESF1_files\image093.gif -
0.C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image104.gif2C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCEN
TAGESF1_files\image093.gif

999b = 123

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image222.gif –
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image223.gif
b = C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image225.gif

Operations on Decimals

Operations with decimals are similar to operations with whole numbers:

Addition

Note: The decimal points must be in line, put zeros at the end to give the same number of decimal
places in each number.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\decimal.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hesabuuu.jpg
Multiplication

Note:

When multiplying decimals the answer must have the same number of decimal places as the total
number of decimal places in the number being multiplied.

First carry out the multiplication in the usual way, without any decimal points, then put the point to the
total decimal places.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hesabubu.jpg

Division

Note:

It is not easy to divide by a decimal, so you multiply each number by a power of 10 in order that you are
dividing by a whole number.
Example:- (i) Find (a) 68.32 ÷ 1.4

(b) 9.66 ÷ 0.23

Solution

(a) 68.32 ÷ 1.4 = 68.32 x 10 ÷ 1.4 x 10

682.2÷14

By long division

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\A70.PNG
Therefore 68.32 ÷ 1.4 = 48.8

(b)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\B34.PNG

Therefore 9.66 ÷ 0.23 = 42

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb.jpg

(c) 7.32 1.2 = 7.32 x 10 1.2 x 10

73.2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\C50.PNG

Therefore 7.32 ÷ 1.2 = 6.1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hehesabu.jpg

Mariam was given 20,000 shillings by her father, she spent 48% of it to buy shoes. How much
money remained.
Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image226.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image016.gif 20,000

=9,600

20,000

- 9,600

11,600

∴C:\thlb\cr\tz\DECIMALSANDPERCENTAGESF1_files\image116.gif The remained money was 11,600/=

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fruct.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fre.jpg

PERCENTAGES APPLIED TO REAL LIFE PROBLEMS

The examples below show the wide range of application

Examples:-

1. In one week, Flora earned 48,000/=, she spent 4,000/= on travel to and from work. What percentage
of her money was left?

Solution:
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\percentage.jpg

Percentage of a quantity

When finding a percentage of a quantity, it is often helps to change the percentage to a decimal and
multiply it by the quantity.

Example:- Find (a) 20% of 840,000

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ishirini1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\perc.jpg

Percentage increase and Decrease

There are two steps to calculate percentage increase (or decrease)

Example: In 1975 the population of a village was 90. It increased by 30% the following year. What was
the population in the year 1976?

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\method.jpg

APPROXIMATIONS

Is the process of rounding off a number in the given places in rounding makes numbers easier to deal
with but at the same time reduces their accuracy.

The methods used for approximation or rounding off numbers are decimal places and significant figures.

ROUNDING OFF PROCEDURES

i) If the first neglected digit is greater or equal to 5 the digit occupying the place value will increase by 1
unit
ii) If the first neglected number is less than five, then the number occupying the required place value will
remain unchanged.

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

Examples

1. Round off the following numbers to the nearest whole number.

a) 3425

b) 7.283

c) 6.674

d) 0.625

e) 36.12

f) 5446

Solutions
a) 3425≈ 3000

b) 7.283≈7

c) 6.674≈7

d) 0.625≈1

e) 36.12≈36

f) 5446≈5000

2. Round off the following to

a) 1 decimal place.

b) 2 decimal places.

c) 3 decimal places.
a) 23.7016

b) 0.0094

Solution

23.7016≈23.7 to 1 decimal place.

23.7016≈23.70 to 2 decimal place.

23.7016≈23.702 to 3 decimal places.

b) 0.0094

a) 0.0094≈0.0 to 1 decimal place.

b) 0.0094≈0.001 to 2 decimal place.

c) 0.0094≈0.009 to 3 decimal places.

3. Round off the following number to the nearest

a) Whole number

b) Tenth

c) Hundredth

i. 0.625

ii. 8.385

Solution

i. 0.625
a) 0.625≈1 to whole numbers

b) 0.625≈0.6 to tenth

c) 0.625≈0.63 to hundredths

ii. 8.385

a) 8.385≈8 to whole numbers

b) 8.385≈8.4 to tenth

c) 8.385≈ 8.39 to hundredths

Example: Round off 84678 to

i) Tens

Solution

84678 = 84700

ii) Hundreds

Solution

84678 = 85000

iii) Thousands

Solution

84678 = 80000

Example: Round off 179999 correct to i) hundreds ii) Thousand iii) Tens iv )Ten thousands

Solution

i) 179999C:\thlb\cr\tz\APPROXIMATIONSF1_files\image001.gif 180000
 ii) 180000

iii) 180000

iv) 180000

Significant Figures

The are the total number of digits in the given number including zero's which are in between non-zero
digits.

Note

i) Zero is a significant figure when is in between two non – zero digits

ii) When zero is an outcome of approximation (rounding off) where a 9 receives l and becomes ten,
then zero of ten is a significant figure.

Examples: determine the number of significant figures in the following

i) 20896100

= There are six significant figures

ii) 0.00025060

= There are four significant figures

iii) 2.00008453

= There are nine significant figures

Examples: Re write following numbers correcting to the required of significant figures.

a. 0.23678 to 3 significant figures

Solution

0.23678

∴= 0.24

b. 2.09478 to 3 significant figures

Solution

2.09478

∴= 2.09

c. 0.009994 to 2 significant figures

 Solution

0.009994

∴= 0.010

d. 0.00931225697 to 7significant figures

Solutions

0.00931225697

∴= 0.0093123

Exercise

Re write the following numbers correctly to

a. 10.999009 to three significant figures

Solution

10.999009
 ∴= 11.0

b. 705.4005 to six significant figures

Solution

705.4005

= 705.401

C. 847910 to three significant figures

Solution

847910

∴= 848000

Approximations in operations

When you want to check approximation whether a calculation is correct or not. Round each number in
the calculation to 1 significant figure. Do the calculation mentally.

Example:

A group of 42 people go to the cinema, which cost 680/- each. What is the approximation total cost?

Solution

Round 42 to 40 and 680 to 700

Therefore 40 x 700 = 28,000/=

Note: The exact cost is 28,560 The approximation is 28,000 which is close.

ALGEBRA

Algebra is a study which deals with situations whereby some values unknown. Normally these unknown
are represented by letters. Those letters are also referred to as variables.

Algebraic expression

An expression – is a mathematical statement which consists of several variables. An expression can only
be simplified, that is we cannot find values of the variables (s) on it.

Examples

1. a + 2

2. x + 3y + 9z

3.16p – qp

4. a + b + c + d

5. 40
An equation

An equation is formed when two expression are joined by an equal sign

E.g

i) 2x – y = 16

ii) x + 2 = 6 – 5

iii) 3y + xy = 9

Each member of an equation or expression is called Term

Coefficient

When a number is multiplied by a variable (s) that number is called coefficient of that variable

Example

What is the coefficient of the variables in the following?

a) 6x – 8p + y

b) C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image001.gif– k + 3d
c) 2a + 3b – c

Solutions

Coefficients of a) x is 6

y is 1

P = -8

b) K = -1

d = 3,

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\square.jpg = 1

c) a = 2

b=3

c = -1

Addition and subtraction of algebraic expression

Addition and subtraction of algebraic expression can be done by adding or subtracting like term.
Like terms are those terms which has identical (same) variables

Examples

1. 2a + 4a = 6a

2. 5a + 16a = 21a

3. 2x + 10x – 3x = 9x

Examples: simplify the expression

3n – 7n + 12n

Solution

-4n + 12n

12n – 4n

∴= 8n
Examples: simplify

6m – 4 – 2m + 15

Soln

6m – 2m – 4n + 15

= 4m + 11

Example: simplify 4x + 6y – 3x + 5y

Solution

4x – 3x + 6y + 5y

= x + 11y

Coefficient: y = 11

x=1

Number of terms = two

Exercise 7.1

1. Simplify each of the following expressions and after simplifying state

a. the number of terms

b. the coefficient of each of the terms

i) n + n + n + n + n + k + k + k + x + x = 5n + 3k + 2x

Solution

(a) There are3 terms

(b) Coefficient of “n” is 5

Coefficients of “y” is 3

Coefficients of “x” is 2

ii) 3x + 4y – 7z + 3x – 7y + 2z

Solution

a) There are 3 terms

 6x – 3y – 5z

b) coefficients of x is 6

Coefficients of y is -3

Coefficients of z is -5

iii) 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image002.gif x + 7x –
C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image003.gif x =

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image004.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ex.jpg

a) There is 1 term

b) Coefficient of x is 10C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image006.gif

Simplify each of the expressions in numbers 2 – 6

2. 12m + 13m
 12m

+ 13m

25m = 25m

3. 5y + 7y – 4y

12y – 4y

= 8y

4. 24w - 28w

-28w + 24w

= -4w

5. 15n – 9n

15n – 9n

= 6n

6. 4k – k + 3k
 3k + 3k

= 6k

7. 8y – 3 – 7y + 4

8y – 7y – 3 + 4

y+4–3

y+1

= y+ 1

8. 14x + 8 – 3x + 2

14x – 3x + 8 + 2

=11x + 10

9. 3a – 5b – 7a + 6c + 7a + 8b

3a – 7a + 7a – 5b + 8b + 6c

=3a + 3b + 6c
10. 4x – 6y + 7x + 2y

4x + 7x – 6y + 2y

=11x – 4y

11. 3x + 4 + 8x – 4 – 11x

3x + 8x – 11x + 4 – 4

11x – 11x + 4 – 4

0+0

=0

12. 8m + 0.4m – 2 – 6m + 8

8m + 0.4m – 6m – 2 + 8

8.4m – 6m + 6

= 2.4m + 6
Multiplication and division of algebraic expression

Example:1) Multiply a – 2b + 6ab by 12xy

Solution

(a – 2b + 6ab) x 12xy

= 12axy – 24bxy + 72abxy

Examples:2) Re – write without brackets

- 16a (-2mn + 9xb – 3kbc)

Solution

-16a (-2mn+9xb-3kbc) = (-16ax-2mn) + (-16a x 9xb) + (-16a x -3kbc)

= 32amn + -144axb + 48abck

= 32amn - 144axb +48abc

Example:3) divide 36xyz – 48xwz – 24xz by 12z

Solution

(36xyz - 48xwz - 24xz) ÷ 12z

 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\aljebra.jpg

Exercise 7.2

1. Complete the following

60xy – 30y + 90z = 30 ( )

Solution

60xy - 30y + 90z = 30 (2xy - y +3x)

2. Simplify i) xy + yz + 2xy – 3zy

ii) 8m ÷ 2 + 3mn ÷ n

Solution

i) xy + yz + 2xy - zy ⇒ xy+yz +2xy - zy = xy + 2xy +yz - 3zy

= 3xy - 2yz

ii) 8m ÷ 2 + 3mn ÷ n

4m + 3m
 (4 + 3) m

=7m

3. Simplify the following

i) 5mn – 3mn

= 2mn

ii) xyz + 3xy + 4zx – zyx

= xyz – zyx + 3xy + 4zx

= 0 + 3xy + 4zx

= 3xy + 4zx

iii) 3 (2n + 3) + 4 (5n – 3)

Solution

6n + 9 + 20n – 12
 6n + 20n + 9 – 12

=26n – 3

iv) abc + bac – cab

Solution

abc + abc – abc

abc – abc + abc

abc + 0

= abc

v) 2 (5x + 3y) + 3(3x + 2y)

Solution

10x + 6y + 9x + 6y

10x + 9x + 6y + 6y

= 19x + 12y
vi) m (2n + 3) + n (3m + 4)

Solution

2nm + 3m + 3mn + 4n

2nm + 3mn + 3m + 4n

= 5mn + 3m + 4n

vii) x (y – 5) + y (x + 2)

Solution

xy – 5x + yx + 2y

xy + yx – 5x + 2y

= 2xy – 5x + 2y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ss1.jpg

ix) Pq -2qp + 3pq – 2qp

 Solution

Pq + 3pq – 2qp – 2qp

4pq – 4pq

=0

x) (4x + 8y) ÷ 2 + (9xw + 4xy) ÷ w

solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\equa.jpg

xi) Multiply 6a – 5b by 3x

Solution

3x (6a – 5b) = 3x x 6a - 3x x 5b

= 18ax - 15bx

∴= 18ax – 15bx

Equations
An equations is a mathematical statement which involves two expression connected or joined by an
equal sign

So we define an equation also as statement of equality e.g. 2y – 6 = 3x + 12

The values of variables can be found in equation if the number of equations is equal to the number of
unknown.

FORMULATION OF AN EQUATION

There are three steps to follow when formulating an equation which are;

i) Understand the problem/question, what it is asking for

ii) Let the unknown be represented by a variable

iii) Formulate the equation using the given information

Signs, words or phrase used when formulating an equation:-

+ Addition, sum of, increase by, greater than, plus, taller than, more than

- Difference, subtract, decrease, less than, shorter than.

× Multiplication, times, products.

÷ Division, divided, Quotient.

 = Equals, is, given, result.

Example 01

1. The age of the father is equal to the sum of the ages of his son and daughter. If the son’s age is
thrice the age his sister, formulate an equation.

Solution

Let y be the father age

And x be the age of the daughter

The age of son = 3x

y = 3x + x

y = 4x

2. The sum of two numbers is 20. If one of the number is 8 formulate an equation.

Solution
 Let one of the number be x

And the other number = 8

x + 8 = 20

3. A girl is 14 years old, how old will she be in x years time

Solution

A girl = 14 years

Let “y” be a girls age in x years time.

In years time = + x

∴y = 14 + x

4. The difference between 24 and another number is 16, form an equation

Soln

Let another number = x

∴ 24 - x = 16
Exercise 7.3

Formulate equations for each of the following

1. Five times a number gives twenty

Soln

5 C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image009.gif x= 20

5x = 20

2. The difference between 123 and another number is 150

Solution

let another number = x

Then x - 123 = 150

∴ x - 123 = 150
3. The sum of 21 and another number is 125

solution

let another number = y

Sum means (+)

21 + y = 125

∴ 21 + y = 125

4. When a certain number is increased by 15, the result is 88

solution

Let the number be x

Then x + 15 = 88

x + 15 = 88

5. When 99 is increased by a certain number the result is 63

Solution
 Let the number = y

Then 99 + y = 63

∴ 99 + y = 63

6. The product of 12 and another number is the same as two times the sum of 12 and the number

Solution

Let the number be x

Then 12 x x = 2 x (12 + x)

∴ 12x = 24 + 2x

7.A number is such that when it is double and 8 added to it, the result is the same as multiplying the
number by 3 and subtracting 7.

solution

Let the number be x

Then x + x + 8 = x x 3 - 7
 2x + 8 = 3x - 7

8. When 36 is added to a certain number, the result is the same as multiplying the number by 5.

solution

Let x be the number

Then x + 36 = x x 5

∴ x + 36 = 5x

9. If John is n years old and is 6 years older that James older, write an expression of the sum of their
ages.

Solution

Let “J” be john, and “Q” be James and “N” be the year

Let Q = q years

J = n + 6 years

The sum of their age = q + n + 6

∴=q+n+6
10. When the sum of n and (n + 3) is multiplied by 5 the result half the product of the two numbers.

Write the expression of this statement:-

Solution

(n + (n +3) x 5 = ½ (n + (n +3) )

(2n + 3) x 5 = ½(2n + 3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\expression.jpg

SOLVING FOR EQUATIONS

Solving means finding the value of the unknown in the equation

Example 1

1. x + 5 = 8

Solution

x+5=8
 x+5–5=8–5

x+0=3

x=3

2. x – 8 = 15

x – 8 + 8 = 15 + 8

x = 23

3. 3x – 5 = 7

3x – 5 + 5 = 7 + 5

3x = 12

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image012.gif

x=4

4. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image014.gif+ 3 = 12
solution;

multiply 2 both side

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\both_side.jpg

5. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image018.gif (3x – 2) = 10

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\aac.jpg

6. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image022.gif = 2

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image023.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image024.gif

8 C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image009.gif 1 = (3x –
2)C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image025.gif

8 = 6x – 4

8 + 4 = 6x – 4 + 4

12 = 6x
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image026.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image027.gif

x=2

7. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image028.gif - C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image029.gif = 4

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image030.gif

2m = 4 x 15

2m = 60

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image031.gif

m= 30

8. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image032.gif + C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image033.gif = 5

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image034.gif

10x = 5 x 8
 10x = 40

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image035.gif

x=4

9. 2x – 5 = 3x – 8

Solution

3x-8=2x-5

3x-2x=8-5

x=3

10. 4 – 3t = 0.3t – 5.9

Solution

4 + 5.9 = 0.3t + 3t

9.9 = 3.3t
 9.9 = 3.3t

3.3 3.3

t=3

11. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image036.gif C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image037.gif+

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image038.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image039.gif

Multiply by 8 both side

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\solnio.jpg

12. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image042.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image043.gif -

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image044.gif solve for x

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image042.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image043.gif -
C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image044.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image045.gif

7C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image046.gif
 14x-7 = 9x

14x -9x =7

5x = 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image047.gif

x = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image048.gif

EXERCISE 7.4

Solve the following equations

1. x + 12 = 25

Solution

x = 25 – 12

x = 13

2. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image020.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image049.gif
 x=5

3. 2x + 12 = 25

Solution

2x + 12 – 12 = 25 – 12

2x + 0 = 13

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image050.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image051.gif

4. x – 8 = 8

Solution

x– 8 + 8 = 8 + 8

x = 16

5. x = 5C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image009.gif 5

Solution
 X = 5C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image009.gif 5

X = 25

6. 2x – 8 = 8

Solution

2x =8+8

2x = 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image052.gif= C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image053.gif

x=8

7. 3x – 3 = 15

Solution

3x – 3 + 3 = 15 + 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image054.gif
 ∴x =6

8. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image055.gif – 3 = 5

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\solo1.jpg

9. 0.2x + 7 = 9

Solution

0.2x + 7 – 7 = 9 – 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image057.gif

∴x = 10

10. 0.6x – 5 = 7

Solution

0.6x – 5 + 5 = 7 + 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image058.gif
 ∴ x = 20

11. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image055.gif + 3 = 5

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\beerr.jpg

12. 4x – 7= 7

Solution

4x = 7 + 7

4x = 14

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image059.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image060.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image061.gif

13. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image062.gif= 14
 Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\solar.jpg

14. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image066.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\lina.jpg

15. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image067.gif= 6

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image068.gif = 6 x 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image069.gif=

∴x = 10

16. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image070.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image071.gif
 3x = 25 + 1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image072.gif =

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image073.gif

17. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image074.gif = 10

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image075.gif

5 = 10x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image076.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image077.gif

2. 18. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image078.gif 10

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image079.gif
 5 x 1 = 10 (x + 1)

5 = 10x + 10

5 – 10 = 10x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image080.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image081.gif

19. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image082.gif

solution

1 (x + 5) = 3 (x – 1)

x+ 5 = 3x – 3

3 + 5 = 3x – x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image083.gif

∴x=4

20. C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image084.gif
 Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image085.gif

1 (x + 5) = 5 (x – 1)

x + 5 = 5x – 5

5 + 5 = 5x – x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image086.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image087.gif

Solving word problems

E.g. 1

If John has hundred shillings, how many oranges can be buy if orange costs 50 shillings?

Solution

Let k be the number of oranges John can buy but one orange costs 50shs.
 50 x k = 200

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image088.gif

K=4

∴John can buy 4 oranges

Example 2:

A father age is 4 times the age of his son. If the sum of there is fifty years Find the age of the son.

Solution

Let the age of father be y

Let the age of the son be x

Therefore the age of the father is y = 4x

Their sum = 4x + x = 50

5x = 50

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image089.gif
 ∴The son’s age is 10years old

Example 3:

The sum of 2 consecutive numbers is 31. Find the smaller numbers

Solution

Let the smaller number be x

Let the bigger number be x + 1

x+ x + 1 = 31

2x + 1 = 31

2x = 31 - 1

2x = 30

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image090.gif

∴ The smaller number is 15

Exercise 7.5
1. If 4 is added to a number and the sum is multiplied by 3 the result is 27. Find the number.

Solution

Let the number be ‘b’

(b + 4) x 3 = 27

12 + 3b = 27

3b = 15

b= 5

2. Okwi’s age is six times uli’s age.15 years hence Okwi will be three times as old as Uli. Find their ages.

Solution

Let the age of Uli be x

Okwi = 6x

Okwi Uli

6x x
 6x + 15 x+5

6x + 15 = 3x + 45

fifteen years to come

6x + 15 15 + x

Then 6x + 15 = 3(x + 15)

6x + 15 = 3x + 45

6x - 3x = 45 - 15

3x = 30

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image069.gif

x = 10

Okwi = 60 years

Uli = 10 years

3 . The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 88. Find the numbers

Solution
 Let the number be n

n + 2, n + 4

n + 2 + n + 4 = 88

2n + 6 = 88

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image092.gif

n = 41

The smaller number = 41 + 2 = 43

The bigger number = 41 + 4 = 45

4. Obi’s age is twice Oba’s age. 4 years ago Obi was three times as old as Oba. Find their ages.

Solution

Oba’s age let it be x

Obi Oba
 2x x

2x – 4 x–4

2x – 4 = (x – 4) 3

2x – 4 = 3x – 12

8=x

Obi = 16 years old.

Oba = 8 years old.

Inequalities in one unknown

The following rules are useful when solving inequalities

i) Adding or subtracting equal amounts from each side does not change the inequalities sign

Example : solve x – 2 ≤ 4

Solution
 X–2+2≤4+2

X≤6

Example 2: 2x + 4 ≥ 16

Solution

2x + 4 – 4 ≥ 16 – 4

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image052.gif ≥
C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image093.gif

X≥6

ii) Multiplying or dividing by same positive number each side change the inequality sign

Example: solve 3y + 16 < 50

Solution

3y + 16 - 16 < 50 – 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image094.gif,C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image095.gif
Example 2:C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image044.gif (2x – 4) ≥ 9

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image044.gif (2x – 4) ≥ 9 x 3

2x – 4 + 4 ≥ 29 x 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image052.gif ≥ C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image096.gif

X ≥ 3C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image002.gif

iii) Multiplying or dividing each side by negative number CHANGES the inequality sign.

Example. Solve the inequality

(C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image097.gif(4 – 3x) < 4

Solution

2 (4 – 3x) < 4 x 3

2 (C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image098.gif) <
C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image093.gif
 4 – 3x < 6

-3x < 6 – 4

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image099.gif

The sign changes

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image100.gif

Examples 1: Solve -4x + 3≥C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image002.gif

-4x + 3≥ C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image002.gif

-4x ≥ C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image002.gif-3

-4x ≥ -C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image018.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image101.gif ÷ -4

x ≤ C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ffffffff.jpg

Examples 2. solve C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image102.gif

 Find their L.C.M

3 C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image103.gif >
C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image104.gif x 4

3 (2x – 6) 4 (3 – 2x)

6x – 18 > 12 – 8x

6x + 8x > 12 + 18

C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image105.gif

X > C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image106.gif

BINARY OPERATIONS

Is an operation denoted by *, which describe the formula of a given variables.

if P * q = 5pq – p: Find

i) 2 * 3 =

p = 2 and q = 3
 2 * 3 = 5 (2) (3) – 2

= 30 – 2 = 28

2 * 3 = 28

ii) (1* 2) * 3

Solution

(1 * 2) = p = 1 and q = 2

In (1 * 2) = 5 (1) (2) -1 = 9

=10-1

=9

∴1∗2=9

9*3=p*q

9 * 3 = 5 (9) (3) – 9

= 135 – 9

= 126
 (1 * 2) * 3 = 126

iv) (2 * 1) * (3 * 2)

Solution

2 * 1 = p = 2 and q = 1

5 (2) (1) – 2

2 * 1 = 10 – 2

=8

3 * 2 = p = 3 and q = 2

5 (3) (2) – 3

15 x 2 – 3

3 * 2 = 30 – 3

3∗2= 27
 2*1=8

3 * 2 = 27

8 * 27

8 * 27 = p = 8 and q = 27

5 (8) (27) – 8

40 x 27 – 8

1080 – 8

Then: 8 * 27 = 1072

(2 * 1) * (3 8 2) = 1072

iv. if (t * 5) = 50 find t

Solution
 t * 5 = p = t and q = 5

t * 5 = 5 (t) (5) – t

15t – t

24t=50

t * 5 = 24t

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image107.gif = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image108.gif

t = C:\thlb\cr\tz\ALGEBRAF1_files\image109.gif

COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Introduction

The position of points on a line found by using a number line, that is

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\386.jpg
When two number lines one vertical and another one horizontal are considered one kept at 90o and
intersecting at their zero marks, The result is called xy – plane or Cartesian plane. The horizontal one is
called x – axis and the vertical is called y – axis.

Origin is the where the two axes that is x – axis and y axis (intersect)

Coordinates of a point

The position of a point in the xy – plane is given by a pair of in the form of ordered pair. Thus ordered
pair is called coordinate. The coordinate of the point is therefore written in the form of (a, b), Where the
first number ‘’a’’ is the value in the horizontal axis i.e x – axis b is the value in the y – axis

The value in the x – axis is also referred to as abscissa and y – axis is called ordinate. All distance in the xy
– plane are measured the origin.

Examples write the coordinates of the following point A, B, C, D, E, F

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\solutions1.jpg

Solutions

The coordinates of the points are

A = (0,5)

B = (5,0)

C = (0,4)

D = (-5,5)

Exercise 10.1

1. a) Write down the coordinates of each of the labeled points in figure 9.2

b) State the quadrant in which each of these points F, H, V and I belong

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\GGGGGGGGGGGG.jpg

2. Draw axes on a graph paper and plot the points given below. Join in the order given with straight lines
forming polygonal figures shape have you drawn in each case.

a) (1, 1), (3, 1), (3, 3), (1, 3)

b) (-2, 1), (2, 5), (2, -2)

c) (3, 1), (5.4, 1) (4.3, 2), (3.3, 2)

 d) (5.5, 3.4), (6.5, 3.4), (6.8, 4.3), (6.0, 4.9), (5.2, 4.3)

e) (1.5, -3), (6, 3), (1.5, 3), (-6, -3)

f) (-1, 0), (-2, 2), (0, 1), (2, 2), (1, 0), (2, -2), (0, -1)

SLOP/GRADIENT OF A LINE

Slope / gradient is the change in the vertical axis to the change in the horizontal axis.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\slop.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_reyna.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\7777777777777777.jpg

Example: Find the gradients of the lines joining

(a) A (2, 4) and B (-2, 6)

 (b ) A (-2, -2) and B (2, -4)

(c) A (0, -1) and B (2, 3)

Solution

a. Let (x1, y1) be (2, 4) and

(x2, y2) be (-2, 6)

M=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image010.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\equa1.jpg

b. let (x1, y1) be (-2, -2)

(x2, y2) be (2, -4)

M =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image010.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kutype.jpg

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image013.gif
 m= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image014.gif

c. A (0, -1) and B (2, 3)

Solution

Let (x1, y1) be (0, -1)

(x2, y2) be (2, 3)

M =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image015.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image016.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image017.gif

M=2

Exercise 10.2

1.Plot pair of the following points on a graph paper and join them by straight line. For each pair,
calculate the gradient of the line and state whether it is positive, negative, zero or undefined.
(a) (0,3), (2,5)

(b) (5,8), (4,1)

(c) (1,5), (4,7)

(d) (2,6), (5,3)

(e) (1,6), (3,-1)

(f) (3,6), (-2,-1)

(g) (0,2), (6,2)

(h) (2,3), (-1,-3)

(i) (2,10), (2,0)

(j) (C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image045.gif-
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image046.gif),
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image047.gif, 2)

(k) (-2,1), (4,3)

(l) (-4,4),(-3,3)

(m) (0,0), (-3,4)

(n) (99,6), (119,1)

(o) (0.64,-1.62, (1.36,-0.62))

EQUATION OF A LINE

We have already discussed how to find the gradient of a line for example the gradient of the line joining
points (2, - 4) and (5,0) is given as.
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kkkk4.jpg

Since the two points are collinear.

we can find the equation of the line having any point on a line say (x,y) and any point,

then from

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample.jpg

let (x1,y1) = (x,y), and (x2,y2) = (5,0)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fi.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\fi1.jpg

4(5-x) = 3x-y

20-4x = -3y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rrrrr1.jpg

∴y = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image064.gif -
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image065.gif

In general the equation of a straight line is written as y = mx + c. Where m – Is the slope of the line and c
is ordinate of the y. called y- intercept

The point on the line (x,y) is called arbitrary point

Example: - find the equation of line passing through the points.

(12,-6) and (2, 6)

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample3.jpg

let (x,y)=(12,-6),

(x2-y2)= (2,6)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna2.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mar3.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mar.jpg

5(y-6)=-6(x-2)

5y-30=-6x+12

5y=-6+12+30

5y=-6x+42

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mar1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mar2.jpg

(2) Give that y = - C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image072.gif+ 6 find the gradient of

this line

The gradient is C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image072.gif

Example: find the equation of the line passing through the point (4, 6) and having a slope -1/2

Solution
(x,y) , (4,6) , M = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image074.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image075.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image076.gif

2(y-6) = x – 4

2y – 12 = x – 4

2y = x + 8

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\itabak.jpg

X-intercept and y – intercept.

X-intercept is the point where a line meets (cuts) the x-axis, at the value of y (ordinate) is equal to zero.

That is to say the x-intercept is found by substituting y = 0 in the equation. Therefore for the equation y
= mx + c.

Y = 0, 0 = mx + c

Mx + c = 0

Mx = -c
x= -c/m.

Therefore the coordinate of x-intercept is (-c/m, 0).

y- Intercept is the point where the line and the y- axis meet. All this point the abscissa is normally equal
to zero. The x- intercept is found by setting. x=0

i.e y = mx + c

x=0

y = m(0) + c

y=c

The intercept (0,c)

The coordinate of the Y-intercept is (0,c)

Example : - a line L is passing through the points A(5 – 2) and B(1,4).

Find

i. The equation of the line in the form of

Y= mx +c and ax + by + c = o
ii. The x and y intercept.

Solution:

i.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\77777777777771.jpg

(x,y) = (1,4)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image079.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image080.gif

-3 + 3x = 8 – 2y

2y = 11- 3x

Y =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image081.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image082.gif

Y=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image083.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\then.jpg

then -3 + 3x = 8 - 2y
-3 + 3x = 8 – 2y

-3 + 3x – 8 + 2y = 0

3x – 11 + 2y = 0

3x + 2y – 11 = 0

(ii) Y – intercept

Let x = 0

3x + 2y – 11 = 0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image084.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image085.gif

y = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image085.gif

Y – Intercept =0, C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image085.gif

The coordinate of Y-intercept is (0,11/2)

∴ find the x-intercept

Let y=0

mx + c = y

0 = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image086.gif+ 11

x =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image087.gif

The coordinate of X-intercept is (22/3,0)

(iii) If ax + by = 12 goes through points (1,-2) and (4, 1) find the value a and b-

solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample2.jpg+

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\RE14.jpg

let the two collinear point be (x,y),(4,1) and gradient 1

then from

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sAMPLEY3.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna7.jpg

x-4 = y-1

x-y=--1+4

x-y=3

if the equation is multiple by 4 both side we have

4(x-y)=4x3

4x-4y=12

compare the equations.

x-y=3 and ax+by=12

ax+by=4(3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mchezo.jpg

x-y=3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mchezo.jpg

then

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna8.jpg

a=1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\madia.jpg

b=-4

The value of a=1 and b=-4

EXERCISE 10.3

3. Find the equations of lines through points

a) (2,1) with gradient 2.

b) (0,5) with gradient -2

c) (1,-3) with gradient-3

d) (-2, -4) with gradient C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image092.gif

e) (0, 0 ) with gradient -3

f) (-3 , -3) and y- intercept C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image101.gif

g) ( 6, 2) and y intercept -2

h) (-1 , -1 ) and y - intercept - C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image116.gif

i) ( 1 , 2 ) and y- intercept = 2

j) (5 , 5) and y intercept 0

2. Find the equations of the following lines

a. (i) y – intercept - 2 , gradient 1

b. (ii) y – intercept 7, gradient C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image132.gif

(iii) y- intercept -16, gradient 4

d. (iv) y -intercept 2, gradient - 10

e. (v) y- intercept 0.4, gradient -0.7

(3) Rewrite the following equations in the form y = mx + c, and then determine the gradient and the y-
intercept of each.

a) (i) 7x + 4y = 11

(ii) 14x + 3y = 12

c) (iii) 2x = 5 + y

d) (iv) 4x + 5y = 40

(v) 8x – (C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image116.gif)y = 0

(vi) 6x = 5 - 2y

(vii) C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image162.gif+
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image163.gif= 9
Qn. 4. Find the area of the shaded region in the following figure. If the equation line AB is 5x + 6y-60 =0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\397.jpg

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Are equations of more than one variable which can be solved at the same time. There are two ways of
solving simultaneous equations.

1. (i) Elimination method

(ii) Substitution method.

(iii) Graphical Method

The principle of solving equations is that the number of equations should be equal to the number of
unknowns

Example of simultaneous equation

(a) = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image180.gif

(b) = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image181.gif

These are examples of simultaneous equations with two unknowns.

1. Elimination method

Is the method of omitting one variable and solve the remaining variables.

How to eliminate

i. Check if there are equal coefficients

ii. If there are equal coefficients of same variables in the both equations subtract.

iii. If there are equal and opposite to coefficients of same variable in both equations, add.

2. If all coefficients are different modify the equations

Example 1. 2x + 3y = 6

3x + 2y = 4

Modification

Omitting: x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image182.gif
here we can now omit x by subtracting.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\simultenous2.jpg

13y=10

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\y6.jpg

Omitting y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image183.gif

+ C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image184.gif

13x=24

=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image185.gif

x=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image186.gif

Let find the value of y by take one equation

2x+ 3y=6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\simultenous3.jpg
Example 2:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image187.gif

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image188.gif

3x=6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image189.gif

x =2

Let find the value of y by take one equation

6x+y=15

6 C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image105.gif 2 + y = 15

12 + y = 15

y = 15 - 12

y=3
∴x =2 and y = 3

Example 03:

2x + y = 10

3x - 2y = 1

Solution. by Eliminate

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image105.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image190.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\c33.jpg

7x= 21

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image192.gif

x=3

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

3x-2y=1
3C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image193.gif

9-2y=1

-2y=1-9

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image194.gif

y= 4

y=4 and x = 3

Solve the following simultaneous equations by elimination method

1. x + y = 7

5x + 12y = 7

Solution

Modify
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image195.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image196.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image197.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image198.gif

-7y = -28

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Ud1.jpg

y= 4

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

x + y=7

x + 4 =7

x=7- 4

x=3

Therefore: x=3 and y = 4

2. x + 8y =19

2x + 11y = 28
 Solution

=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image200.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image201.gif

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image202.gif

5y=10

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image203.gif

y= 2

Let find the value of x by take one equation

x + 8y = 19

x + 8 C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image204.gif

x=19-16

x=3

Therefore: x=3 and y = 2

3. 8x + 5y = 9
3x + 2y = 4

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image205.gif

- C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image206.gif

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image207.gif

y=5

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

8x + 5y = 9

8x + 5(5) =9

8x + 25 = 9

8x = 9 – 25

8x = -16

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image208.gif
 x = -2

Therefore: x = -2 and y = 5

4. 2x- 3y = 7

15x + y = 9

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image209.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Ud2.jpg

17x = 34

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image211.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image212.gif

x=2

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

 2y – 3y = 7

2(2) – 3y =7

-3y=7-4, -3y=3

4 – 3y = 7

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image213.gif

y=-1

Therefore: x = 2, y = -1

5. 2x + 3y = 8

2x = 2 + 3y

solution

2x + 3y = 8

2x -3y = 2
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image214.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image215.gif

6y=6

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image216.gif

y=1

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

2x + 3y = 8

2x + 3(1) = 8

2x = 8-3

x=5

=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image217.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image160.gif

x = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image160.gif

Therefore: x= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image160.gif and y = 1

6. 3x - 4y = 20
 x + 2y = 5

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image218.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image219.gif

- C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image220.gif

2x = 20

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image221.gif

x= 10

Let find the value of y by taken the one equation

x + 2y =5

10+ 2y = 5

2y = 5 – 10

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image222.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\yt.jpg

Therefore: y = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image223.gif and x = 10

7. 6x = 7y + 7

7y - x = 8

Solution

= - C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image224.gif

5x= 15

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image225.gif

x=3

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

6x – 7y =7
6 (3) -7y = 7

Therefore : C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\equ.jpg

8. y = 4x - 7

16x - 5y = 25

solution

-4x + y = -7

16x - 5y = 25

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image228.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image229.gif

+ C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image230.gif

-4x=-10

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image231.gif

x = 2.5 or 5/2

Let find the value of y by taken equation one

y – 4x = -7

y = - 4 (2.5)= -7

y = -7 +10

y= 3

Therefore x = 2.5 and y = 3

9. 2x + 7y = 39

3x + 5y = 31

solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image232.gif

- C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image233.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image234.gif
 y= 5

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

3x +5y = 31

3x+ 5(5) = 31

3x=31- 25

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image235.gif

x=2

Therefore: x = 2 and y = 5

10. 15x - 8y = 29

17x + 12y = 75

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image236.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image237.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image238.gif

x =3

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

15x – 8y = 29

15(3) – 8y = 29

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image239.gif

Therefore: y = 2 and x = 3

2: SUBSTITUTION

Example: 01 solve

6x + y = 15

3x + y = 9 by substitution method.

solution
6x + y = 15 ......... (i)

3x + y = 9........... (ii)

from equation 1

6x+y =15

y=15-6x.................(iii)

Substitute equation (iii) into (ii)

3x + y = 9

3x + 15 - 6x = 9

3x - 6x + 15 = 9

-3x = 9 - 15

-3x=-6

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image240.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image241.gif

x=2

y = 15 - 6x
y = 15 - 6 x 2

y= 15 - 12 = 3

x= 2 and y = 3

Example 02

2x + y = 10.................(i)

3x - 2y = 1..................(ii)

From (i)

2x + y = 10

2x - 2x + y = 10 - 2x

y = 10 - 2x .................(iii)

Put (iii)into (ii)

3x - 2 (10 - 2x) = 1
3x - 20 + 4x = 1

3x + 4x - 20 = 1

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image242.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image243.gif

∴x = 3

y = 10 - 2x

y = 10 - 2 (3)

y = 10 - 6

y=4

∴x = 3 and y = 4

Solve:
3x + 2y = 8.......... (i)

2x + 3y = 12...... (ii)

solution

from (i)

3x + 2y = 8

2y=8-3x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image084.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image244.gif

Y = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image244.gif ....... (iii)

Put (iii) into (ii)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\x33.jpg

3x + 2y = 8

3(0) + 2y = 8

2y=8
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image250.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image251.gif

∴Y = 4

X = 0 and y = 4

Exercise 10 .4

1. Solve the simultaneous equations by using elimination method.

(i). 2x + y = 5

4x - y = 7

(ii) 3x + y = 6

5x + y = 8

(iii) 5x - 2y = 16

x + 2y = 8

(iv) 8x+5y=40

9x + 5y = 5
(v) 7x - 4y = 17

5x - 4y = 11

(vi) 0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5

0.7x - 0.3y = 2.9

2. Solve the following simultaneous equations by using substitution method

(i). 3x - 2y =

2x + y = 8

(ii) 5x + y = 23

3x- 2y = 6

(iii) x - 3y = 2

4x + 2y = 36

(iv) 7x - y = 14

8x - 2y = 16
(v) 7x + y = 14

8x - 2y = 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\t2.jpg

3. Solve the following by using any method

(i) 3y - x =

y + 2x = 6

(ii) 8m - n = 38

m - 3n = -1

(iii) 5x - 2y = 10

-x + 3y = 24
1. 4.Solve the following simultaneous equations by substitution method

(i) x - y = -3

2x - y = -5

(ii) X - 2y = 6

X + 2y = 2

3. (iii) 3x - 4y = -11

2x + 3y = 1

4. (iv) 2x - 3y =32

3x - 4y = 30

(v) 5a - 5b = 7

2a - 4b = 2

5. Solve the following system of simultaneous equations by elimination.

6. (i) 10u + 3v - 4 = 0

6u + 2v - 2 =0

(ii) x - y = 1

4x + 3y = C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image101.gif

(iii) 3x + 3y = 15

2x + 5y =14

(iv) 7x - 3y = 15

5x- 2y = 19

(v) x + y = 5

x- y = 1

6. Solve the following by any method

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\639.jpg

Solving word problems leading to simultaneous equations.

1. A fathers age is four times the age of his son. If the sum of their ages is 60 years. Find the age of the
son and that of the father.

Solution.

Let x be the age of the son

Let y be the age of father

y = 4x.................... (i)

x+ y = 60 ............(ii)

By substitution method

x + y = 6, but y=4x

then

x + 4x = 60

5x=60

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image384.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image385.gif

x = 12

By solve value of y you can take one equation

y= 4x

y = 4 (12) = 48

The age of the father is 48 years and that of the son is 12 years

2. 2. The sum of two number is 12 and their difference is 2 find the number

Solution

Let the first number be = x

Let the second number be= y

=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image386.gif

2x + 0 = 14

2x=14

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image387.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image388.gif

x = 7
Let find the value of y

7 + y = 12

y = 12 - 7

y= 5

The numbers are 5 and 7

Example 03. If the numerator of a fraction is decreased by 1 its value become2/3 but if it denominator
is increased by 5 its value becomes ½ , what the fraction?

solution

let the fraction be a/b

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image389.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image111.gif................(i)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image390.gif+ 5 =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image101.gif ..............(ii)

from (i)
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image389.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image111.gif

3(a-1) =2b

3a - 3 =2b

3a - 2b=3..................(iii)

from (ii)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hesabu2.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\nume.jpg

Example 4

The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 7. If the digits are reversed, the new number is increased
by 3. Equal to 4 times the original number

Find the original number

Let the number be x and y

x + y = 7……………… (i)

The meaning of x, y = 10x + y

Similarly y, x = 10y + x

y, x + 3 = 4 (x, y)
10y+x+3=4(10x+y)

10y + x + 3 = 40x + 4y

6y+3=39x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image396.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image397.gif

13 x - 2y = 1....... (2)

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image200.gif
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image398.gif

= + C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image399.gif

15x + 0 = 15

15x = 15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image400.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image401.gif

x=1

Let find the value of y

x+y=7

1+ y = 7 the number was x ,y is 1,6

y= 6

The original number is 16

Exercise 10.5

1. The sum of two number is 109 and the difference of the same numbers 29. find the numbers

2. Two number are such that the first number plus three times the second number is 1. And the first
minus three times the second is 1/7. Find the two numbers

3. The sum of the number of boys and girls in a class is 36. If twice the number of girls exceeds the
number of boys by 12, find the number of girls and that of boys in the class.

4. Twice the length of a rectangle exceeds three times the width of the rectangle by one centimeter
and if one – third of the difference of the length and the width is one centimeter find the dimensions of
the rectangle.

5. The cost of 4 pencils and five pens together is 6000 shillings while the cost of 6 pencils and 8 pens is
940 shillings, calculate the cost of one pencil and one pe

6. Half of Paul’s money plus one – fifth of John’s money is 1400 shilling John’s money is 2650 shillings.
How much has each?

7. A farmer buys 3 sheep and 4 goats for shs 290,Another buys sheep and goats from the some market
for shs 170.What price did they pay for (a) 1 goat (b) 1 sheep
SOLUTIONS.

EXERCISE 10.1

1. (a) Their coordinates are

A (2, 7)

J (0, 4)

F (3, 4)

N (4, 1.5)

M (6, 1)
V (2.5, -2)

D (6, -2)

K (3, -5)

C (-3, -5)

I (-2, -2)

P (-4.5, -2.5)
 H (-4, 4)

G (-2, 6)

L (-3, 1)

E (0, 0)

(b) F belongs to quadrant I

 H belongs to quadrant II

V belongs to quadrant IV

I belong to quadrant III

2 (a) Square

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\square2.jpg

(b) Triangle

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\triangle.jpg

(c) Trapezium

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\trapezium.jpg
(d) Parallelogram

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\parallegram.jpg

(e) Octagon

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\octagn.jpg

EXERCISE 10.2

1. a) (0, 3), (2, 5)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_13.jpg

let (x1,y1) be (0,3)

(x2,y2) be (2,5)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample4.jpg
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mmmmmmmmmmmmm.jpg

M = 1 it is positive gradient.

(b) (5, 8), (4, 1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_0.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (5, 8)

(x2, y2) be (4, 1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample5.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\madiaaaa.jpg

m= 7 Slope is positive

(c) (1, 5), (4, 7)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph1000.jpg
Let (x1, y1) be (1, 5)

(x2, y2) be (4, 7)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample6.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\madiaaaa1.jpg

The gradient is positive

(d) (2,6), (5,3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph01.jpg

Let (x1, y1) = (2,6)

(x2, y2) = (5, 3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\22222222.jpg

It has a negative gradient

(e) (1,6), (3, -1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph021.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (1, 6)

(x2, y2) be (3, -1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\02g.jpgThe gradient is negative

(f) (3, 6), (-2, -1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_03g1.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (3, 6)

(x2, y2) be (-2, -1)

m =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image015.gif
 =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image031.gif

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image032.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\111111111111111111.jpg The gradient is positive

(g) (0,2), (6,2)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_Gg.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (0, 2)

(x2, y2) be (6, 2)

M =C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image034.gif

=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image035.gif=C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_
files\image036.gif

=0

M =0 The gradient is zero

(h) (2,3), (-1,-3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_h.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (2, 3)

(x2, y2) be (-1, -3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sAMPLEY12.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey11.jpg

m=2

The gradient is positive

(i) (2,10), (2,0)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_iiii.jpg

Let (x1, y1) be (2, 10)

(x2, y2) be (2, 0)

 MC:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image041.gif

= C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image042.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image043.gif

M is undefined

The gradient is undefined

(j) (C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image045.gif-
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image046.gif),
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image047.gif, 2)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_a2.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reke2.jpg

The gradient is positive

(k) (-2,1), (4,3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_b4.jpg

let (x1,y1) be (-2,1)

(x2,y2) be (4,3)
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample7.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey_22.jpgThe gradient is positive

(i ) (-4,4), (-3,-3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_c2.jpg

let (x1,y1) be (-4,-4)

(x2,y2) be (-3,-3)

MC:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image041.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey121.jpg

m= -7

The gradient is negative

(m) (0,0), (-3,4)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_d1.jpg

let (x1,y1) be (0,0)

(x2,y2) be (-3,4)
 MC:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image041.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey_33.jpg

The gradient is negative

(n) (99,6), (119,1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_e1.jpg

let (x1,y1) be (99,0)

(x2,y2) be (119,1)

MC:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image041.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey44.jpg

The gradient is negative

(o) (0.64,-1.62), (1.36,-0.62)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\graph_f1.jpg
 let (x1,y1) be (0.64,-1.62)

(x2,y2) be (1.36,-0.62)

MC:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image041.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey_55.jpg

m=0

The gradient is zero

EXERCISE 10.3

1. a) (2,1) with gradient 2.

(x, y), (2, 1) m= 2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample8.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3333333333331.jpg

2(2-x) = 1(1-y)

4-2x = 1-y

4 -2x =1-y
 y=1-4+2x

y= -3+2x

∴y = 2x - 3.

b) (0,5) with gradient -2

(x, y), ( 0, 5) m = -2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sAMPLEY16.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\444444444444.jpg

-2(0 – x) = 1(5-y)

0+2x = 5 –y

y= 5 -2x

∴ y= -2x + 5

c) (1,-3) with gradient -3

(x, y) , (1, -3) m = - 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\eq3.jpg

-3 – y = 3 - 3x

-y = - 3 + 3x + 3

-y = 3x C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image091.gif

y= -3x

d) (-2, -4) with gradient 3/2

(x, y) (-2 , -4) m = 3/2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image093.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image094.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image092.gif

3(-2 – x) = 2(-4 – y)

-6 – 3x = -8 – 2y
2y = 6 + 3x - 8

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image095.gif=
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image096.gif +
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image097.gif

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\33335.jpg

e) (0, 0 ) with gradient -3

(x,y) (0,0) m = -3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image015.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image099.gif =
C:\thlb\cr\tz\COORDINATEGEOMETRYF1_files\image100.gif

-3(0 – x) = 1(0 – y)

0 +3x = 0 – y

y = 0 – 3x

y = -3x
f) (-3 , -3) and y- intercept 1/2

Solution

(-3, -3)(x, y) y - intercept =1/2

Y = mx + c

(-3, -3),(x, y)

substitute (-3,-3) to y = mx +c

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\maambo.jpg

g) ( 6, 2) and y intercept -2

(6, 2), (0, -2)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample9.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\silalii.jpg

Gradient = 2/3

Arbitrary
(x,y), (6,2)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\yyyyyyyyyyy.jpg

3(2-y) = (6-x)

6-3y = 12 - 2x

-3y = 12 - 6-2x

-3y = 6- 2x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\555555555551.jpg

h) (-1 , -1 ) and y - intercept - 1/3

(-1, -1) and (0, -1/3)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sAMPLEY18.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1111111.jpg

Arbitrary point = (x,y)

(x,y), (-1,-1)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sAMPLEY19.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rrrrrrrrrrrr.jpg

2(-1-x) = 3(-1-y)

-2-2x=-3-3y
3y=-3+2+2x

3y=-1+2x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\002.jpg

i) (1,2) and y-intercept = 2

(1,2), (0,2)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\uuuuuuuuuu.jpg

0 = 2-y

y=2

j) (5,5) and y-intercept 0

(5,5) (0,0)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\sample10.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\777777.jpg

y = 5-5 + x

y=x

(2) (i) y – intercept -2 , gradient 1

(0, - 2) gradient 1

Arbitrary (x, y)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\0066.jpg

y–0 = y + 2

x = y+2

y=-2+x

(ii) y-intercept 7,gradient 3/4

(0,7), (x,y) , gradient 3/4

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\asta.jpg

iii) y-intercept -16, gradient 4

(0,-16), (x,y) m = 4

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\nime.jpg

4x-0 = y +16
-y =-4x +16

y = 4x -16

y = 4x - 16

iv) y-intercept 2, gradient is -10

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3336.jpg

3 (i) 7x + 4y = 11

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\gradient2.jpg

Alternatively

7x +7y = 11

4y = -7x +11

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\y_inter.jpg

ii) 14x + 3y = 12

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hh7.jpg

iii) 2x=5 +y

x=0
2x = 5 + y, y=0-5, y =-5

y = 2x -5

y =2x-5

Gradient = 2

y- intercept = (0,2)

iv) 4x +5y= 40

x=0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\555555555555555555555.jpg

5y= -4x + 40

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\y_inter1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\093.jpg

y = 24x

y = 24 (0)

y=0

y = -8x X -3 = 24x

y = 24x + 0

Gradient = 24
y-intercept = (0,0)

vi) 6x =5-2y

x=0

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\hhelen1.jpg

Gradient = -3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ema.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\0n.jpg

4. x-intercept , y=0

5x + 6(0) - 60 = 0

5x - 60 = 0 + 60

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\komba.jpg

x= 12

X- intercept = (12,0)

Y- intercept, x=0

5(0) + 6y - 60 = 0

5x - 60 = 60

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\090.jpg

y = 10
y-intercept = (0,10)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\geo.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\chuo1.jpg

Area = 60 square units

EXERCISE 10.4

1. (i) 2x + y = 5

4x - y = 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1225.jpg

x=2

2x + y =5

2 (2) + y = 5

4+y=5

y = 5-4

y=1

x =2 and y = 1
(ii). 3x + y = 6

5x + y =6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\2314.jpg

x=1

from 3x + y = 6

3x1+y=6

3 +y = 6

y = 6-3

y=3

x = 1 and y = 3

(iii) 5x -2y = 16

x+2=8

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\548.jpg

x=4

Let find the value of y by taken equation one

5x -2y = 16

5 x 4 - 2xy =16
 20 - 2y = 16

-2y = 16 - 20

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4451.jpg

y=2

x = 4 and y = 2

(iv) 8x + 5y = 40

9x + 5y = 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4310.jpg

x+0 = 35

x = 35

let find the value of y by taken one equation

8 x 35 + 5y =40

280 + 5y = 40

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4555.jpg

y = -48

x = 35 and y = -48

(v). 7x -4y = 17

5x -4y = 11

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\2332.jpg
Let find the value of y taken one equation 7x - 4y = 17

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\heleen.jpg

(vi) 0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5

0.7x - 03y = 2.9

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4446.jpg

0-0.2 = -0.5

0.2y = -10.4

0.2 = -10.4

y=2

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

0.7x - 0.5y = 2.5

0.7x - 0.5(2) = 2.5

0.7x = 2.5 + 1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rey8.jpg

2. (i) 3x -2y = 5

2x +y = 8

3x - 2y = 5...............(i)

2x + y = 8................(ii)
y=8 - 2x .................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into (iv)

3x -2x (8 -2x) = 5

3x - 16 + 4x = 5

3x + 4x -16 =5

7x = 5 + 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kind.jpg

x=3

y= 8-2 x3

y= 8-6

y=2

x =3 and y = 2

(ii) 5x + y =23

3x - 2y = 6

5x - y = 23............(i)

3x -2y = 6.............(ii)

5x-y +y = 23 + y.

5x =23 + y

5x - 23 =y................(iii)

put eqn (iii) in (ii)

3x -2 (5x - 23) = 6

3x -10x + 46 = 6

-7x+ 46 = 6

7x = 6 - 46

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kazi.jpg

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\eb.jpg

(iii). x -3y=2

4x + 2y = 36

x -3y=2 ...............(i)

4x + 2y = 36 ............(ii)

x=2 + 3y .................(iii)

put eqn (iii) in (ii)

4 (2 + 3y) + 2y = 36

8 + 12y +2y = 36
8 + 14y = 36

14y = 36 -8

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\one1.jpg

y=2

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

x= 2 +3y

x = 2+3(2)

x = 2 +6

x=8

y = 2 and x = 8

(iv) 7x - y = 14

8x - 2y = 16

7x - y =11...............(i)

8x - 2y = 16 ............(ii)

7x - 14 = y ..................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)

8x - 2x (7x - 14) = 16

8x - 14 + 28 = 16

-6x + 28 = 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\010.jpg

x=2

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

y = 7 x2 = 14

y = 14 -14 = 0

y=0

x = 2 and y =o

(v) 7x + y = 14

8x - 2y =6

7x + y =14................(i)

8x - 2y = 6............... (ii)

y = 14 - 7x ...............(iii)

put eqn (iii) in (ii)

8x - 2(14 - 7x) =6

8x - 28 + 14x =6

22x - 28 = 6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\011.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\iv.jpg

x = -90

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\995.jpg

x = -90 and y = 27

3. (i) 3y - x = 4

y + 2x = 6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\828.jpg

x=2

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

y +2x = 6

y + 2 x2 = 6

y +4 =6

y = 6-4

y =2

x =2 and y = 2

(ii) 8m- n = 38

m - 3n = -1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mungu_wangu1.jpg

n=2

Let find the value of m by taken one equation

m -3 = -1

m-3 X 2 = -1

m-6 = -1

m = -1 + 6

m = 6-1

m=5
n = 2 and m = 5

(iii) 5x - 2y = 10

-x + 3y = 24

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\460.jpg

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

5 x 6 - 2y = 10

30 - 2y = 10

-2y = 10 -30

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1614.jpg

y = 10

x = 6 and y = 10

4. (i) x -y = -3

2x - y = -5
 x-y = -3 ....................(i)

2x - y = -5 ................(ii)

x=-3 + y ...................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)

2(-3 + y) - y= -5

-6 + 2y - y = -5

y - 6 = -5

y = -5 + 6

y=1

x = -3 + y

= -3 +1

x = -2

x= -2 and y = 1

(ii). x -2y = 6

x + 2y = 2

x - 2y = 6 ....................(i)
x + 2y = 2 ...................(ii)

x =6 + 2y ....................(iii)

put eqn 3 into eqn 2

6 + 2y +2y = 2

6 + 4y = 2

4y = 2 -6

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3310.jpg

y = -1

x = 6 + 2x -1

x = 6 + -2

x= 4

x = 4 and y = -1

(iii) 3x - 4y = -11

2x + 3y = 16

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\457.jpg

6x -4y = -11 ..................(i)

6x + 3y = 16..................(ii)

6x = -11 + 4y ................(iii)

put eqn (iii) into (ii)

-11 + 4y + 3y = 16

-11 + 7y = 16

7y = 16 +11

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ccc6.jpg

(iv) 2x - 3y = 32

3x - 4y = 30

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3410.jpg

6x - 9y =96..............(i)

6x - 8y = 60..............(ii)

6x = 96 + 9y .............(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)

96 + 9y -8y =60

96 + y =60

y = 60 - 96

y= -36
6x = 96 +9x -36

6x = 96 - 324

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4411.jpg

x = -38 and y = -36

(v) 5a -5b = 7

2a - 4b = 2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\444444.jpg

10a-5b =7 .............(i)

10a -4b = 2 .............(ii)

10a = 7 + 5b .............(iii)

put eqn (iii) into eqn (ii)i

7 +5b -4b= 2

7 + b =2

b =2-7
b = -5

10a = 7+5x -5

10a = 7 + -25

10a =7 - 25

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1224.jpg

5. (i) 10u + 3v - 4 = 0

6u + 2v - 2 = 0

10u + 3v = 4

6u + 2v = 2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mungu_wangu2.jpg

let find the value of u by taken equation

10u + 3v =4

10u + 3 (-2) = 4

10u -6 = 4

10u = 4 +6

10u = 10

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\443333.jpg

v = -2 and u = 1
(ii) x - y=1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\madia2.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\cons0.jpg

let find the value of x by taken one equation

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\martha12.jpg

(iii) 3x + 3y =15

2x + 5y = 14

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\0000006.jpg

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

3x + 3y =15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\5553.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\444444441.jpg

(iv) 7x -3y = 15
 5x - 2y = 19

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\7771.jpg

y = 58

Let find the value of x taken one equation

7x -3y =15

7x - 3 x 68 = 15

7x - 204 =15

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1124.jpg

(v). x + y =5

x - y =1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3334.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3335.jpg

y=2

Let find the value of x by taken one equation

x+y=5

x+2=5

x= 5-2

x=3
x = 3 and y = 2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\viiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\xx10.jpg

2x + 4y = 48..................... (ii)

Now you can take equation (i) and (ii) to solve the equation

3x-4y =12

2x+ 4y = 48

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\555555555555555.jpg

x = -9

Let find the value of y by taken one equation

3x – 4y =3

3(-9) -4y = 3
-27 – 4y = 3

-4y = 3 + 27

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\5555555555555555555551.jpg

y = -7.3 and x = - 9

EXERCISE 10.5

1. Let the numbers be x and y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\6666666666666666666.jpg

2y = 80

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\00000000000000.jpg

y = 40

let find the value of x

x + y = 109

x + 40 = 109

x = 109 - 40

x = 69

The two numbers are 69 and 40

2. let the first number be x

let the second number be y

x + 3y = 1 ...............(i)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\44442.jpg

Let find the value of y

x+3y =1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zzzzzzzz.jpg

3. Let the girls number be x and the boys be y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\555u.jpg

x = 16

let find the value of x

x + y = 36

16 + y = 36

y = 20

The girls are 16 and boys are 20

4. let the length be x and the width be y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zz1.jpg

Let find the value of y

2x -3y = 1

2 x 2 -3y = 1

4 - 3y = 1

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zzzzzzzzz.jpg

y=1

The length =2cm and width = 1cm

5. Let the pencils be x and pen be y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.jpg

x = 50

Let the value of x

4x + 5y = 600

4 x 50 + 5y = 600
200 +5y = 600

5y =600 -200

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.jpg

y = 80

The pencils are 50 and pens are 80

6. let paul,s money be x

let john's money be y

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mungu_wangu3.jpg

y = 1500

Let find the value of x

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\555uooooooooooooooo1.jpg

x = 2200

Paul's money = 2200 shs and John's money = 1500 shs

7. let the price of the sheep be a

Let the price of goat be = b

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.jpg

2a = 100

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\y2.jpg

a = 50

let find the value of b

3a + 4b = 290

3 x 50 + 4b = 290

150 + 4b = 290

4b = 290 - 150

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\yy1.jpg

b = 35

The price of sheep = a

The price of goat = b

They bought 1 goat at 35 shs and 1 sheep at 50shs

PERIMETERS AND AREA

PERIMETER:
The perimeter is the length of a closed curve. It is measured in centimeters, meter, kilometer etc

To find the perimeter of a shape, add the length of the sides which enclose it.

Example:

Find the perimeter of rectangle which is 6m by 9m

solution

Consider the diagram below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rena2.jpg

There are two lengths of 6m, and two of 9m

Add these 6m + 6m + 9m + 9m = 30m

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu.jpg The perimeter is 30m

2. find the perimeter of the following shapes

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\trian2.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\correction.jpg

Solution
(a) The Perimeter = 4m +6m +10m +12m

=32m

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu1.jpg The perimeter is 32m

(b) For the triangle

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\correction2.jpg

The perimeter = 4cm + 5cm +7cm

= 16cm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu4.jpg The perimeter = 16cm

(a) In the figure below find the value of p if the perimeter is 24cm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\figure_4.jpg

solution.

The perimeter = 5cm +6cm +P cm +P cm

 24 =16cm +2Pcm

2Pcm = 24cm - 16cm

2Pcm = 8cm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rena3.jpg

P=4

Circumference of circles:

The perimeter of a circle is the length of its circumference.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kabila.jpg

If c is the circumference, d is the diameter, then the result is

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\notes_2.jpg

Multiplying across by d, it become d

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rew.jpg
 If radius r is given, then

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rrrr1.jpg

NOTE:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\444444444.jpg

Example

1) A Circular running track has radius 6cm. What is the length of the track?

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\pa2.jpg

Take

C=2x 3.14x6

C=37.68cm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\44444441.jpg

(a) Circumference 88m

(b) Circumference 210m

Solution:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\renaaaaaa.jpg

28m

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu5.jpg The diameter d = 28m

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\renaaaaaa1.jpg

AREA:-

The area of a shape is the one that gives how much surface it covers.

Area is measured in square centimeters (cm) 2, square meters (m) 2, and square kilometer (km) 2..........

Rectangle:-

consider the figure below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\rectangle_1.jpg

Area = length x width

 = a units x b units

= ab units square

Example:

The length of a rectangle is 55cm, and the length is 8cm. What is the area?.

Solution:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_6.jpg

Area = length x width

= 55cm x 8cm

= 440cm2

The area of a rectangle = 440cm2

2. The area of a rectangle is 2470m2, and the length is 65m, what is the width .

Solution

Given Area = 2470m2

 Length = 65m

But Area = length x width

2470m2 = 65m x width

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\width1.jpg

Width = 38m

The width of the rectangle is 38m.

Parallelogram

The area of a parallelogram = base x height

If base is b and height is h

Then Area = bh

The height of parallelogram is the perpendicular height.

Example

The parallelogram has base 15cm and height 22mm.What is its area? give your answer in cm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_8.jpg
 Height = 22mm

10cm = 10mm

? = 22mm

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mmm2.jpg

= 2.2 cm

But Area = base x height

= 15cm x 2.2 cm

= 33cm2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu8.jpg The area of a parallelogram = 33cm2

2. A rhombus has side 1.2m and height 0.8m. What are its areas?

Solution
But Area = base x height

=1.2m x 0.8m

= 0.96m2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu9.jpg The area of a rhombus = 0.96m2

Triangle:-

Consider the triangle below:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyt.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_11.jpg

Example:

find area of triangle of below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_12.jpg

9m2

The area = 9m2

TRAPEZIUM

consider the parallel side of a trapezium are a and b as shown below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_12jpg.jpg

Then

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ar.jpg
Example; Find the area of the Trapezium below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\trapezium1.jpg

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kadogo.jpg

Where b = 20cm + 6cm

b = 26cm

a = 20cm

h = unknown

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mm3.jpg

Area =184cm2

Area of a circle:-

Consider a circle with radius r shown below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\duara_1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ww3.jpg

If the circle has the diameter d as shown below

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\duara_11.jpg

Then its area is

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyma.jpg

Since, d = r x r

d = 2r

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\d27.jpg

Example:-

Find the area of the circle with the following measurement

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\pai1.jpg

(a) Diameter 8m

(b) Radius 3cm

(c) Diameter 0.2km

Solution
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\mar6.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyma3.jpg

EXERCISE

1. find the perimeter of the shapes

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\martha11.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\kadogo4.jpg

2. find the area of these shapes

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\aaaaaaaaa.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reyna_62.jpg

3. A ball of radius 5m rolls along the ground 100 times ,

a) How far has it traveled?

b) How many times must the ball roll for it to cover 157m?

(Take =3.14)
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 1

1. a) Perimeter = 2.5cm + 8cm + 10cm + 3cm

Perimeter = 23.5cm

b) Perimeter of triangle = 8cm + 6cm +5cm

Perimeter = 19cm

c) Perimeter =2 (12cm + 7cm)

= 2 x 19cm

Perimeter = 38cm

2. a) Area = base x height

Base = 2m, height = 1.5m

Area = 2m x 1.5m

= 3.0m2
 Area = 3m2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\reynaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.jpg

Area = 6m2

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3311.jpg

a) It Rolls 100 times.

Rolling 1 time cover 31.4m

Rolling 100 times it will cover 31.4m x 100

= 3140m

It will cover 3140m

b) For the ball to cover 157m, it will roll x times

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\jjjjj.jpg
 x= 5

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\majibu10.jpgThe ball will rolls 5 times.

RATIO, PROFIT AND LOSS

Ratio:- the ratio of number p and q is p:q or p ÷ q or p/q

Examples:

1. Joha and Siwenza shared 4,000 shillings between them. It Joha received 15,000 shillings and Siwenza
got 25,000 shillings,

Find the ratio of the amounts they received:

Solution:

Joha : Siwenza

15,000: 25,000

or
15,000 = 15 = 3

25,000 = 25 = 5

3:5

The ratio of the amount they received is 3:5

2. Express 6:4 in lowest terms

Solution

6 : 4 it can be written as

6/4 = 3/2

6:4 in its lowest term is 3:2

3. Complete the following ratio

(a) 9 : 24 = 3

(b) 15 : 39 = 15

Solution
(a) 9 : 24 = 3

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\00-.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1226.jpg

Question:

1. complete the following

(a) 12 : __ = 3 : 7

(b) 4 : 9 = ___ :63

solution

(a) 12 : __ = 3 : 7

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\1615.jpg
(b) 4 : 9 = ___ :63

solution

4 : 9 = ___ : 63

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\5511.jpg

Proportions

1. Divide 120 shillings the ratio 3 : 7

Solution

3 + 7 = 10

3 x 120 = 36 shs

10

7 x 120 = 84 shs

10
Therefore 3 of 120 is 36 shs

10

7 of 120 is 84 shs

10

2. divide 156 in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5

solution

3:4:5

3 + 4 + 5 = 12

+ 7 = 10

3 x 156 = 39

12

3 of 156 is 39

12
 4 x 156 = 52

12

4 of 156 is 52

12

5 x 156 = 65

12

5 of 156 is 65

12

Question

1. Juma, Ali, Mary and Kalo have 300, 100, 500 and 600 shaves in a cooperative shop respectively. Divide
150,000 shs among them in the ratio of their shaves

Solution

300, 100, 500 and 600

= 300 + : 100 + : 500 + : 600

= 3: 1: 5: 6

= 3: 1 : 5: 6

= 3 + 1 + 5 + 6 = 15

= 3 x 150,000 ÷ 30,000

15

= Juma hot 30,000 shs

1/15 x 150,000 = 10,000

Ally got 10,000 shs

5/15 x 150,000 = 30,000

Mary gor 50,000 shs

6/15 x 150,000 = 60,000

Kalo got 60,000 shs

Profit and loss

Profit = Selling price - buying price

Loss = Buying price - selling price

Percentage profit = profit made x 100%

buying price

Percentage loss = loss made x 100%

buying price
 Example:-

1. A ration is bought for 24,000 shs and sold for 36,000 shs. Find

(a) The profit made

(b) The percent profit

Solution

(a) Buying price = 24,000/=

Selling price = 36,000/=

The profit made

= Selling price - buying price

= 36,000/= - 24,000/=

= 12,000/=
(b) The percentage profit

= profit made x 100%

Buying price

= 12,000 x 100%

24,000

= ½ x 100%

= 50%

2. A dealer paid 800,000/=for a machine and solid it the following year for 600,000/=

Find: (a) the loss made

(b) the percentage loss

(a) Solution

The loss made

= Buying price – selling price

Buying price = 800,000/=

Selling price = 600,000/=

800,000 - 600,000

= 200,000/=

(b) Solution

Loss made = 200,000/=

Buying price =800,000/=

The percentage loss

= loss made x 100%

Buying price

=200,000 x 100%

800,000
 = 1 x 100%

= 25%

Question

1.A house was sold a profit of 900,000. If its late of the profit is 37 1/2. Find the lost (buying price) of the
house

Solution

Profit made = 900,000

The percentage profit = 37 1/2

Buying price = ?

profit made x 100%

Buying price

37 1/2 = 900,000 x 100%

1 buying price
 B = 900,000 x 100%

37 1/2

= 900,00 x 100

75/2

= 900,000 x 2

1 75

= 180000000

75

= 2,400,000/=

2. A dealer paid sh. 20,000 for 10 books. He sold 2/5 of them at 3000 each and the remaining at 2500
each. What was his percentage profit?

Solution
2/5 x 10 = 4

4 x 3,000 = 12,000 shs.

1/3 - 2/5 = 3/5

3/5 x 10 = 6

6 x 2500 = 15,000 shs

12,000shs + 15,000 shs

= 27,000 shs

Profit = Selling - Buying piece

= 27,000 shs - 20,000 shs

= 7,000 shs.

Percentage profit = Profit made

 Buying price

7,000 x 100%

20,000

= 7000

200

= 35 %

Percentage is 35%

Question

1.Find the profit or loss when an article bought for

(a) 4000 sh and sold at 48000/=

(b) Sh. 1250 and sold at 1500/=

Solutions

(a) The profit made = Selling price - buying price

buying price = sh 4000

selling price = sh 4800

profit = selling - buying

= sh 4800 - 4000

= sh 800

(b) buying price = 1250sh

selling price = sh 1500

profit = selling - buying

profit = sh 1500 - sh 1250

= 250 sh

(c) buying price = 2000sh

selling price =1400sh

loss = buying - selling

= 2000sh - 1400sh

= 600sh

2. Find the buying price of an article which is sold at:-

(a) 98000sh at a profit of 40%

(b) 30,000 sh at profit of 16%

(c) 108,500 sh at profit of 7%

(a) Solution

Buying price = ?

Selling price = 98000 sh

Percentage profit = 40%

But percentage profit

= Profit made x 100%

Buying price

40% = Profit made x 100%

Buying price
 40% = profit made

100 Buying price

But profit made = S. P - B .P

2/5 = Selling - Buying

Business price

2/5 = 98000 - B

2 X B = 5 ( 98000 - B)

2B = 490000 - 5B

2B + 5B = 490,000

7B = 490,000

7 7B
 B = 70,000 sh

Therefore Buying price = 70,000sh

(b) Solution

Buying price (BP)

Selling price (SP) = 30,000/=

Percentage profit (PP) = 16%

PP = PM X 100%

BP

PM = SP - BP

16% = (SP - BP )100%

BP
BP X 16% = (30,000 – BP X 100%)BP

BP

16%BP = (30,000 - BP) 100%

100%

16BP = 30000 - BP

100 1

4BP = 25(30,000 – BP)

4BP = 750,000 – 25 BP

4BP + 25BP = 750,000

29BP = 750,000

29 29

BP = 750,000

29
 BP = 25862.7

Therefore the buying price of an article is 25862.07shs

(c) 108,500 sh at profit of 7%

Data given :

selling price = 108,500sh

profit percentage = 7%

buying price = ?

But the percentage profit = profit made x 100%

buying price

7% = profit made

100% buying price

But the profit made

= selling price - buying price

7 = selling price - buying price

100 buying price

 7 = 108,000 - B

100 B

7 x B = 100(108,500 - B)

7B = 108,500 - 100B

100B + 7B = 108,500

107B = 108,500

107 107

B = 10140.19sh

Therefore The buying price of an article is 10140.19sh

3. find the article which is bought for 25,000 sh and sold at profit of 24%

solution

Data given ;

Buying price = 25,000sh

profit percentage = 24%

selling price = ?

but profit percentage

profit made x 100%

buying price

24% = profit made x 100%

buying price

24 = profit made

100% buying price

But profit made

= selling price - buying

6 = selling price - buying price

25 buying price

6 = S.P - 25,000

25 25,000

6 X 25,000 = 25 (S.P - 25,000)

150,000 = 25S.P - 625,000

625,000 + 150,000 = 25S.P

775,000 = 25S.P

25 25

31,000 = S.P

Therefore Selling price of the article is 31,000 sh

4. A machine losting 18000/= is sold at profit of 40%. What is the selling price?

solution

Data given :

buying price = 180,000

profit percentage = 40%

selling price = ?

40 x 180,000

100

= 40 x 1,800

= 72,000 sh
Then 180,000 sh + 72,000 sh

= 252,000 sh

Therefore Selling price of machine is 252,000 sh

5. At a clearance sale boots which are cost 30,000 sh each were sold at a loss of 25%. Calculate the loss
and clearance price

Solution

Data given :

buying price = 30,000

loss = 25%

loss made = 25% x 30,000sh

= 25 x 30,000sh

100

= 7,500 sh

The loss made of boots is 7,500 sh

Clearance price (selling price)

loss made = buying - selling price

7,500sh = 30,000sh - S

7,500 - 30,00 = - S

-22,500 = -S

-1 -1

Therefore Clearance price is 22,500sh

SIMPLE INTEREST

Simple interest (1): Is the amount of money paid as a profit.

Principle (P): The money borrowed or deposited or lent.

Rate (R) : Is the principle change per year.

Time (T): Period I year

Amount (A): The sum of principle and interest

Interest = Principle x made x Time

100
 I = PRT

100

Examples:

Find the simple interest on 18,000 sh for 2 year at rate of 6%

Solution

Data given:

Principle = 18,000 sh

Rate = 6%

Time = 2 years

Interest = ?

I = PRT

100
I = 18,000 x 6 x 2

100

I = 180 X 12

= 2,160

Therefore the simple interest is 2,160 sh

Solution:

Data given:

Simple interest = 90,000 sh

Rate = 4%

Time = 5 years

Principle =?

I = PRT
 100

90,000 = P x 4 x 5

100

90,000 = 20P

1 100

20P x 1 = 90,000 x 100

20 20

P = 450,000 SH

The principle is 450,000 sh.

EXERCISE

1. Find the percentage rate at which interest on :

(a) 20,000 /= for 4 years is 2000/=

Solution
Data given:

Interest = 2000/=

Principle = 20,000/=

Time = 4 years

Rate = ?

I = PRT

100

20,000 = 200 x R x 4

100

20,000 = 800 R

800 800

25 % = R
:. Rate is 25%

(b) 16, 0000 /= for 3 years is 9600/=

Solution

Data given

Interest = 96, 00/=

Principle = 160,000/=

Time = 3 years

Rate =?

I = PRT

100

9600 = 160,000 x R x 3

100
9600 = 4800 R

4800 4800

2% = R

:. The rate is 2%

2. Find the principle that would earn 54,000 /= in 10 years at rate of 5%

Solution

Data given

Interest = 54,000/=

Rate = 5%

Time = 10years

Principle = ?

I = PRT
 100

54,000 = P x R 10

2100

54000 = P x 2

108000 = P

:. The rate principle is 108 ,000/=

1. Find the simple interest on 54,000/= inverted for 18 months at the rate of 12% per annum

Solution

Data given

Interest =?

Principle = 54,000/=

Rate = 12
Time = 18 months

= 1 years and 6 months

= 1 years and half

I = PRT

100

54,000 x 12 x 1 ½

100

540 x 6 x

= 3,240 =

:. The simple interest is 3.240 /=

EXERCISE 2
1. Find the simple interest on

(a) 80,000 sh for 1 year at rate of 20% per annum

Solution

Data given:

Principle = 80,000/=

Rate = 20%

Time = 1 year

Interest = ?

But, I = PRT

100

I = 80,000 x 20 x 1

100

= 800 X 20
= 16,000

The simple interest is 1,600/=

(a) 14,000/= for 1 year at rate of 3% per annul

Solution:-

Data given:

Principle = 14,000/=

Rate = 3%

Interest = 1 year

But, I = PRT

100

I = 14,000 x 3 x 1

100
 = 140 x 3

= 420/=

The simple interest is 420/=

2. Find the number of year (time in year ) in which the interest on:

(a) 20,000/= at the rate of 4% is 4,800/=

Solution:

Data given:

Principle = 20,000/=

Rate = 4%

Interest = 4,800/=

But, I = PRT

100

4,800 = 20,000 x 4 x I
 100

4,800 = 800T

800 800

6 = T

The time is 6 years

(b) 50,000/= at the rate of 1% in 30,000/=

Solution:

Data given:

Principle = 60,000/=

Rate = 1%

Interest = 30,000

But, I = PRT
 100

30,000 = 60,000 X 1 XT

100

30,000 = 600T

600 600

50 = T

Therefore The time is 50 years

UNITS

UNITS OF LENGTH

Basic unit of length is meter.

Other unit are such as :-

Unit
Symbol

Millimeter

mm

Centimeter

cm

Decimeter

dm

Meter

Decameter

dam

Hectametre

hm
 Kilometer

km

Km hm dam m dm cm mm

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 00 0

10 0

10

1
EXAMPLES

1. Convert 9.17m into km

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\MAMA2.jpg

2. Convert 2/51km into :-

(a) dm (b) mm (c) hm(A)

(a)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\MMMM5.jpg

(b)

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\NN3.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\BN.jpg
OPERATIONS ON UNIT OF LENGTH

1. Addition

Example Add the following:-

C:\thlb\cr\tz\UNITS_files\image004.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\UNITS_files\image005.jpg

Question

1. Add together the following length (a) 785m, 97m, 605m, (b) 8dam, 9m, 2cm (Give your answer in
metre.

Solution

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\LIKOX.jpg
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\CX.jpg

Add

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\add.jpg

SUBSTRATION

EXAMPLE

perform the following

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ab4.jpg

MULTIPLICATION

EXAMPLES

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\example1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\BKM.jpg
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\Q4.jpg

DIVISION

Perform the following meter.

EXAMPLE

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\GGG5.jpg

2. Evaluate 38m ÷ 50 = (Give your answer in centimeter).

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\MMMMMMMMMM.jpg

3. Find the following in meter

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\MADIA3.jpg
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\h10.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\986.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\awa.jpg

EXERCISE

2. A roil of string ps 8.3 metres long. pieces of string of length 2.30m, 78m, 2.37m and 0.95m are cut
off. The remaining part is divided into equal pieces of length 32cm. How many equal pieces are there?

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\0P.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\bb8.jpg

There are 19 pieces.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\find.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\cc4.jpg
 C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\zz3.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\ATA.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\CX1.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\yy4.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\6677.jpg

OPERATION ON UNITS OF MASS

EXAMPLE

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\4412.jpg
C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\550.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\359.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\895.jpg

60 seconds = 1 minutes

60 minutes = 1 hour

24 hour = 1 day

7 days = 1 week

4 week = 1 month
28, 29, 30 or 31 days = 1 month

12 month = 1 year

365 or 366 days = 1 year

365 or 36 days = 1 year

Time can be measured by using a clock.

There are two ways of reading time clock :-

(i) By reading time in 12 hours

(ii) By reading time in 24 hours.

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\466.jpg

EXAMPLES

1. Change 25 minutes past 10 in the following using :-

(a) 12 hours clock

(b) 24 hours closk

Solution:

(a) 12 hours clock

 10:25am

(b) 24 hours clock

10:25 hours

2. Write the following times using a 24 - hours clock :

(a) 6: 30 am

(b) 9: 45 p.m

. Solution:

(a) 6:30 a.m it will be in 24 hours is 0630 hours

(b) 9:45 p.m it will be in 24 hours is 2145 hours.

3. Write the following times in words using 12 hours clock :-

(a) 2040

(b) 2349

Solution :

(a) 08:40 p.m

 It is forty minutes past eight. Twenty minutes to nine.

(b) 11:49 pm

It is four nine minutes past eleven .

Eleven minutes to twelve

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\002.png
3. Write the following times using a 24 hours clock.

(a) 3:20p.m

(b) 5:37 p.m

(c) 70:53 a.m

Solution

(a) 1520 hours

(b) 1737 hours

(c) 0453 hours

UNIT OF CAPACITY

The basic unit is litre (l)

Other unit are:

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\929.jpg
NOTE:

1l = 1000cm3

1k = 10000l

1? = 1000ml

Conversion of unit of capacity

EXAMPLES

Change the following into cm3:-

(a) 6.5 litre

(b) 35 litre

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\11115.png

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\3333333.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\720.jpg

EXERCISE

1. One litre of cooking oil cost sh. 700. Find the cost of 15 litres

Solution:

Sh. 700 x 15 litres

= Tsh 10,500

2. Doto sells 1 litre of milk for sh. 100. How many litres of milk should Doto sell to get sh. 34,800?

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\000.jpg

C:\thlb\cr\tz\__i__images__i__\707.jpg

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