FUNCTIONS

DOMAIN AND RANGE

Domain – set of all x or input values

Range – set of all y or output values

x y(= x + 2)
input value output value

Find the domain of each function:

(i) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
The domain is all real numbers.
1
(ii) 𝑦=
2𝑥+10

The domain is all real numbers except -5.

Relation – a set or collection of ordered pairs

Function – a special type of relation in which each element of the domain is paired
exactly one element in range.

5 ways to identify whether it is a relation or function:

(i) Mapping
X 1

Y 2

Z 3
Relation

W
1
X
Y 2

Z 3

Function

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

 (ii) Ordered pairs

(-4, 1), (-4, 3) Relation

(–4, 1), (-1, 1) Function

(iii) Coordinates

3  (2, 3)

 (-4, 1) 1

-4 2 x

(iv) Equations
y2 = x Relation
y = x2 Function

(v) Graph

y y

y1
y1
x1 x2 x1
x x
y2

Not a graph of a function Graph of a function

Vertical line test: if a vertical line can be drawn that intersects a curve in at least
two points, then the curve is not the graph of a function of x. When no such vertical
line can be drawn, the curve is the graph of a function of x.

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

Usually, the letters f, g, h, F, G and so on are used to name functions.
f(x) which is read ‘ f of x’ and which means the output, in the range of f, that results
when the rule f is applied to the input x.
Input

f(x)
Output
The output f(x) is the same as y. Since y = x + 2, we can also write f(x) = y = x + 2 or
more simply f(x) = x + 2

To find f(3), which is the output corresponding to the input 3, we replace each x in f(x) =
x + 2 by 3: f (3) = 3 + 2 = 5
Outputs are also called function values.

Variable that represents input values (domain) is called independent variable. Variable
that represents output values (range) is called dependent variable. In equation y = x + 2,
x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable, where y is a function of x.

Example:
2 if x  1

Determine whether y  0 if x  1 represent a function or not?
 2 if x  1

y

2- o


1 x

*Case-defined function
-2- o
*Hollow dot: the point is not included in the graph.
Function where domain is all real numbers and range is { –2, 0, 2 }

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

Example :
2 x if x  0
Determine whether y   represent a function or not?
3x  1 if x  0

y=2x


x

y=3x+1

Function where domain and range are all real numbers.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

In general, a function of the form

y = f(x) = a0 + a1x + … + an-1 xn-1 + anxn
where n is a nonnegative integer and a0, …, an-1, an are constants is called a polynomial
function (in x).

Example: 6x4 – x1/2 (not a polynomial)

x6 – 5x-4 (not a polynomial)

Polynomial can consist of more than one variable.

Example: 5xy + 7z2

Polynomial with one term is called monomial.
Polynomial with two terms is called binomial.
Polynomial with three terms is called trinomial.

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

Example: monomial 5 3yz2
binomial x + 3y x5 + 2x3
trinomial y4 + 3yz – z4 6 – 7x2 + x6

The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of the variables.

Example: 3wx2y3 monomial with degree of 6

The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its terms.

Example: 2x2y + xy2z + 4xz2 – 10 has three variables (x, y dan z). The degree of the
polynomial is 4 (1 + 2 + 1 = 4, where term xy2z has the highest degree).

Polynomial of degree 1 - linear.

Polynomial of degree 2 - quadratic.
Polynomial of degree 3 - cubic.

CONSTANT FUNCTION

Monomial of degree 0

y = f(x) = ax0 = a where a is constant.

Example: y = f(x) = 20 f(–10) = 20

f(1000) = 20
y f(a + b) = 20

y = f(x) = 20
20

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

LINEAR FUNCTION

y = f(x) = a + bx
a, b are real numbers and b  0

Example:
Sketch the graph for y = f(x) = –1 + 2x

f(1) = –1 + 2(1) = 1 (1, 1)

f(3) = –1 + 2(3) = 5 (3, 5)

 (3, 5)

 (1, 1)

-1

SLOPE OF A LINE

To measure the steepness of a line, we use the notion a slope. For example, as the x-
coordinate increases from 2 to 4, the y-coordinate increases from 1 to 5. The average rate
of change of y with respect to x is the ratio
y
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 5−1 4
= ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 4−2 = 2 =2
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
 (4, 5)

 (2, 1)

The ratio of 2 means that for each 1-unit increase in x, there is a 2-unit increase in y.

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

 y 2  y1
The slope of the line for two different points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is b
x 2  x1

Example:
Find the slope of the straight line that passes through (–3, 2) and (2, –1).

y 2  y1 1 2 2  (1)  3
b   
x 2  x1 2  (3) 32 5

vertical b = (3 – 2)/(2 – 2) = 1/0 undefined

(2, 3) 
b = (2 – 2)/(3 – 2) = 0/1 = 0
  horizontal
(2, 2) (3, 2)

Zero slope ~ horizontal line

Undefined slope ~ vertical line
Positive slope ~ line rises from left to right
Negative slope ~ line falls from left to right

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

EQUATIONS OF LINES

Point-slope form
y  y1
b
x  x1
y  y1  b( x  x1 )
Example:
Find an equation of the line that has the slope 2 and passes through (1, –3).

y – y1 = b(x – x1)
y – (–3) = 2(x – 1)
y+3 = 2x – 2
y = 2x – 5
Can also be rewritten as 2x – y – 5 = 0

Determining a line from two points

y  y1  b( x  x1 )
y 2  y1
y  y1  ( x  x1 )
x 2  x1
Example :
Find an equation of the line passing through (–3, 0) dan (1, –2)
20
y0  ( x  (3))
1  (3)
4y  2( x  3)
2y  x  3
y  1 / 2 x  3 / 2
or
y 2  y1  2  0  2  1
b   
x 2  x1 1  (3) 4 2
y – y1 = b(x – x1)
y – 0 = –1/2(x – (–3))
y = –1/2(x + 3)
= –1/2x – 3/2

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

FORMS OF EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

Point-slope form y – y1 = b(x – x1)

Slope-intercept form y = a + bx
General linear form Ax + By + C = 0
Vertical line x=a
Horizontal line y=b

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Parallel Lines are two lines that have the same slope, where
b1 = b2
Perpendicular Lines are two lines with slopes b1 and b2 perpendicular to each other only
if b1 x b2 = –1

Parallel Perpendicular

Example :
Find the equation of the line that passes through (1, –2) and parallel to y = 3 + 2x. .

b1 = b2 = b = 2
y – y1 = b(x – x1)
y – (–2) = 2(x – 1)
y + 2 = 2x – 2
y = –4 + 2x

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

Example :
Find the equation of the line that passes through (1, -2) and perpendicular to y = 3 + 2x.
b1(b2) = –1
2(b2) = –1
(b2) = –1/2

y – y1 = b(x – x1)
y  (2) = 1/2(x – 1)
y + 2 = (–1/2)x + 1/2
y = (–1/2)x – 3/2

INTERSECTION OF LINES

Given y = a1 + b1x and y = a2 + b2x.

The intersection point (x, y) occur when a1 + b1x = a2 + b2x

Example:
Get the intersection point for these lines y = x + 1 and y = –2x + 4
x + 1 = –2x + 4
3x = 3
x=1
When x = 1, y = x + 1 or y = –2x + 4
y=1+1=2 y = –2(1) + 4 = 2

Intersection point (x, y) = (1, 2)

y = -2x + 4

(1, 2)

y=x+1

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

APPLICATION OF LINEAR FUNCTION

Demand and Supply Curves

An equation relating price per unit of product and corresponding quantity demanded (in
units) is called a demand equation. p = D(q) p as a function of q
Its graph is called a demand curve.

An equation relating price per unit of product and corresponding quantity supplied (in
units) is called a supply equation. p = S(q) p as a function of q
Its graph is called a supply curve.

Demand and supply curves have the following trends:

p p

Linear demand Linear supply

curve curve

Negative Positive slope

slope
q q

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014

 • The point of equilibrium is where demand and supply curves intersect.

Example:
Suppose the demand per week for a product is 100 units when the price is RM 58 per unit
and 200 units at RM51 each. Determine the demand equation assuming that it is linear.

q = 100 when p = 58
q = 200 when p = 51
(q, p) coordinates are (100, 58) and (200, 51)

Slope of the line

51  58 7
b 
200  100 100

An equation of the line

p – p1 = b (q – q1)
7
p – 58 =  (q  100)
100
Demand equation
7
p=  q  65
100

Textbook: Haeussler, Paul & Wood, 2014