 The process of evaluating cost of construction prior to actual work is known as

estimation

Purpose
 Find material required
 Find cost of material, labour, machine, petty items

Need of estimate
 It gives an idea of cost of the work
 It gives an idea of time required for completion of the work
 It helps to invite tenders.
 It helps to monitor the contractor payment record.
 It helps to foresee the minor and major components of the project.
 Estimate will serve as the basis for developing job costing system.
 It will help to build construction schedule before execution.

Requirement of preparation of estimation

 Drawing (plan + section + elevation)
 Specification
 Rate of item / schedule of rate
 Mode of measurement
 Location of site
 Report
TYPES OF ESTIMATION

 Preliminary /approximate/ abstract/ rough cost estimate

- Plinth area method
- Cubic content method Accuracy order
- Unit base method  Cubic content > plinth area
- Typical bay method

 Detailed estimate types

 Supplementary estimate
 Revised estimate
 Extended estimate
 Annual repair estimate

Sanction
 Administrative sanction is given based on approximate estimate
 Technical sanction is given based on detailed estimate

Order of approval / sequence

↳ Approximate estimate
↳ Administrative sanction
↳ Financial / expenditure sanction
↳ Detailed estimate
↳ Technical sanction
↳ Supplementary estimate
↳ Revised estimate
↳ Annual repair estimate
APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE
 It gives an idea about the work to be done
 It includes rough calculation of material, labour, machine etc.
 Rate is decided by data obtained from construction which is already completed
nearby

Plinth area method

 Estimation is based on plinth area of building

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

(𝑚2 ) (𝑅/𝑚2 )

Cubic content method

 Estimation is based on volumetric content of the building
 Cubic content method is suitable for multistory building

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

(𝑚3 ) (𝑅/𝑚2 )

 Vol. of building = plinth area x average height

 For flat roof – average height = actual height
 For sloped roof – average height = average of maximum and minimum ht.

Typical bay method

 Estimation is based on bay or span of the structure
 Generally used for bridges and road

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑦 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑦

 Service unit method
 Estimation is based on service unit of the building

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Types of Construction Service unit

School, Collage Classroom
Hospitals Bed
Hostel and hotel Room
Theatre and stadium Seat
Water Tank Liter
DETAILED ESTIMATE
 It is the most important type of estimate
 It is most accurate and most reliable estimate

 It is prepared with the help of a complete set of contract documents.

 It is prepared in two stages

- In the first stage measurement sheets is prepared
- In the second stage, abstract sheet is prepared

S.No. Name of item No. length width height Quantity

S.No. Name of item Quantity Rate Cost

Material statement
 It shows total quantity of all the item of material required for the completion of
the construction
 Revised estimate
 Detailed estimate is revised in following condition
- When sanctioned estimate exceeds more than 5%
- When expenditure of any particular item exceeds more than 10%
- When rate or quantity of material changes

Supplementary estimation
 Supplementary cost estimate is a detailed estimate
 It is prepared when there is an additional requirement of works during the
construction work

Supplementary and revised estimate

 When work is partially abandoned and the estimated cost of the remaining
work is less than 95% of original work, then competent authority have to
prepare both supplementary and revised estimate

Extended estimate
 It is prepared when there is an additional requirement of works after
completion of the construction work

Annual repair estimate

 It is prepared for the purpose to maintain the constructed element in good
condition.
 It is generally 1.5 to 2% of the total cost of structure
 Ex. - whitewashing, painting, plastering, patching works, sanitary works…
QUESTIONS
 Question
 Prepare approximate estimate of a building project with total plinth area of 500
m2 and from the data given below:-
- Plinth area rate = 3000/m2
- Cost of water supply = 7% of the building cost
- Cost of sanitary and electrical installments = 7% of the building cost for each
- Cost of architectural features = 1% of the building cost
- Cost of road and lawn = 5% of the building cost
- Cost of contingencies = 4% of the building cost

Solution
 Estimated cost = plinth area x rate
 Estimated cost = 500 (m2) x 3000 (rupee/m2) = 15 lakh

 Other cost = 31 % of estimated cost

31
 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = × 15 𝑙𝑎𝑘ℎ = 4.65 𝑙𝑎𝑘ℎ
100

 Total building cost = 19.65 lakh

METHOD OF ESTIMATE

 Different method to determine the quantity of following work.

- Excavation of earth for foundation
- Con. Work in foundation
- Masonry work in foundation
- Masonry work in superstructure

Method
 Crossing method
 Centre line method
 Long wall - Short wall method
- PWD MTD
- Out to out and in to in method
- Individual / separate wall method

Note
 Excavation for foundation is the first sub head of the estimate
CENTRE LINE METHOD
 Suitable for big building having more rooms.
 Suitable for any shape of building like circular, hexagonal …
 Suitable for walls having same width
 Takes less time

 The centre line act as length for the complete calculation of the estimate.
 Deduction for repeated measurement must be done at junction.

 Volume = centre line length × c/s area

 Actual length of centre line = Total length of centre line - dedication at Junction
Junction Dedication for centre line
L junction / corner of wall At L junction two square P & R formed
R is counted twice but P is not even
counted once. So P will compensate
with R
No deduction required for centre line
length.

T junction Q portion counted twice

Half of thickness of wall is deducted
from centre line

Cross junction The rectangular portion is counted

twice
Thickness of wall is deducted from
centre line
BUILDING ESTIMATION

 Cement bag
- Weight = 50 kg
- Dimension = 0.3 m2 x 0.18 m
- Volume = 35 liter

 Density of cement = 1440 kg/m3

- 1 m3 = 1440 kg = 28.8 bag / 30 bag

𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 × 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Vol increase Wastage Overall

factor factor factor
Concrete work
1.54 - 1.54
(cement / lime)

Plaster work 1.25 1.30 1.6

Mortar 1.25/1.30 - 1.25/1.30

DPC (concrete) 1.54 - 1.54

DPC (mortar) 1.25/1.30 - 1.25/1.30

Brick work - - 0.30/0.33

Rough stone masonry - - 0.42
Ashlar stone masonry - - 0.20
 Note
 Dry mortar required for pointing work on 100 m2 area = 0.6 m3
 Distemper required for 100 m2 area (single coat) = 6.5 kg
CONCRETE WORK
 Due to addition of water volume of dry mortar doesn’t increases because water
does not occupy additional volume. It replace air present in voids
 Due to addition of water volume of dry mortar decreases because during mixing
compaction occur and air expels out so volume decreases

Grade Proportion
M5 1 : 5 : 10
M 7.5 1:4:8
M 10 1:3:6
M 15 1:2:4
M 20 1 : 1.5 : 3

Procedure
𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 × (1.52 − 1.54)

𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

(𝑏𝑎𝑔) (𝑚3 )
 Question
 Find the quantity of material required for beam
 beam dimension = 400 mm x 800 mm x 5m
 Concrete mix = 1 : 1.5 : 3 {by volume}

Solution
 Total quantity of work = 0.4 x 0.8 x 1 m3 = 1.6 m3

 wet concrete = 1.6 m3

 dry concrete = 1.6 m3 x 1.54 = 2.464 m3

1 0.448 𝑚3
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 2.464 𝑚3 = 0.448 𝑚3 → = 13 𝑏𝑎𝑔
5.5 0.035 𝑚3

1.5
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = × 2.464 𝑚3 = 0.672 𝑚3
5.5

3
𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 2.464 𝑚3 = 1.32 𝑚3
5.5
 Question
 Concrete = 1:3:6
 Buking of sand = 15%
 Actual quantity of sand = ?
 Quantity of sand per unit volume of cement = ?

Solution
1
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 0.1 𝑚3
10
3
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 0.3 𝑚3
10

𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.3 × 1.15 = 0.345 𝑚3

0.345
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 3.45 𝑚3
0.1
 Question
 Determine the quantity of cement, sand and aggregate and water
- Concrete volume = 1 m3
- Concrete mix = 1 : 2 : 4 {by weight}
- Water – cement ration= 0.60 (by weight)
- Density of concrete =2400 kg/m3

Solution
 Cement + sand + agg. + water = concrete
x + 2x + 4x + 0.6x = 2400 x 1
x = 315.79 kg

 Cement = 315.79 kg
 Sand (2x) = 631.59 kg
 Aggregate (4x) = 1263.16 kg
 Water (0.60 x) = 189 liter

OR

 Volume of wet concrete = 1 m3

 Volume of dry concrete = 1 m3 x 1.54 = 1.54 m3
 Wt. of dry concrete = vol. x density = 1.54 m3 x 2400 kg/m3 = 3696 kg

1 528 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 3696 𝑘𝑔 = 528 𝑘𝑔 → = 10.56 𝑏𝑎𝑔 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒈
7 50 𝑘𝑔

2
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = × 3696 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒈
7

4
𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 3696 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒈
7

 w/c ratio = 0.60

 water = 0.60 x cement = 0.60 x 528 kg = 326.8 kg → 0.32 m3
PLASTER WORK

 In plaster work - If thickness of the walls is given then plasterwork is

calculated on both side

Thickness of plaster
 Internal wall – 12 mm (assume it 12mm if thickness not given)
 External wall – 20 mm

Procedure
𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 × 1.25 × 1.30

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟 × 1.6

𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
 Question
 Find the quantity of cement and sand
- Mortar mix = 1:6 {by volume}
- Wall dimension = 6m x 4m x 12 mm

Solution
 Total quantity of work = 6 x 4 x 0.012 x (2) = 0.576 m3

 Wet mortar = 0.576 m3

 Dry mortar = 0.576 m3 x 1.25 x 1.30 = 0.936 m3

1 0.1337 𝑚3
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 0.936 = 0.1337 𝑚3 → = 𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒈
7 0.035 𝑚3

6
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = × 0.936 = 0.8022 𝑚3 → 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟐𝟔 𝒇𝒕𝟑
7

Question
 Estimate the quantity of plaster (both face)
 Length = 3m, height = 3m, thickness = 30cm

Solution
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 × 3 × 0.30 × 2 = 5.4 𝑚3 → 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 × 3 × 2 = 18 𝑚2
 Question
 Find the quantity of cement and sand and water
- Mortar mix = 1:4 {by weight}
- Quantity of work = 3.6 m3
- w/c ratio = 0.38 {always by weight}
- density of mortar = 1450 kg/m3

Solution
 calculation will be based on weight
 cement + sand + water = mortar
x + 4x + 0.38x = 1450 x 3.6
x = 970.26 kg

 cement (x) = 970.26 kg

 sand (4x) = 3881 kg
 water (0.38x) = 369 kg = 369 liter
DPC
BRICK WORK

Size of brick
 Standard or modular brick
- Actual size (w/o mortar) - 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm
- Nominal size (with mortar) - 20 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm

 Traditional or conventional brick

- Actual size (w/o mortar) – 224 mm x 114 mm x 70 mm {9” x 4.5” x 3”}
- Nominal size (with mortar) – 250 mm x 125 mm x 75 mm

No. of brick
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑁 = =
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘

1 𝑚3
𝑁= = 500 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠
0.2 × 0.1 × 0.1 𝑚3
 ANALYSIS OF 1 M3 BRICK WORK

Brickwork (1 m3)

500 Bricks wet mortar

⇓ ⇓
(0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09 x 500) (1 m3 – 0.7695 m3)
(0.7695 m3) (0.2305 m3)

dry mortar dry mortar

(no wastage) (20% wastage)
⇓ ⇓
0.2305 x 1.25 0.2305 x 1.25 x 1.20
0.2881 m3 0.3457 m3
(30% of the brickwork) (33% of the brickwork)

 Wastage of mortar in brick masonry generally considers as 20 %

𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 × 0.3 𝑜𝑟 0.33
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
 Question
 Calculate no. of traditional bricks required for 1 m3 masonry work
a) 5050 b) 4950 c) 4500 d) 5075

Solution

𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝑁=
𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘

< 10 𝑚3
N= = < 5018
0.23 𝑚 × 0.114 𝑚 × 0.076 𝑚

Closest option B
 Question
 Calculate quantity of cement, sand and brick for a wall
- Dimension of wall = 10m x 2m x 30cm
- Mortar mix = 1:4

Solution
 Volume of brickwork = 10 x 2 x 0.3 m3 = 6 m3

 No of bricks = 6 x 500 = 3000

 Volume of dry mortar = 1.33 x 6 m3 = 2 m3

1 0.4 𝑚3
𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 2 𝑚3 = 0.4 𝑚3 → = 12 𝑏𝑎𝑔
5 0.035 𝑚3

4
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = × 2 𝑚3 = 1.6 𝑚3 → 56.15 𝑓𝑡3
5
SOILING WORK

brick soiling

Flat soiling Edge soiling

Conventional bricks Conventional bricks

required for 1m2 required for 1m2
⇓ ⇓
1 𝑚2 1 𝑚2
𝑁= 𝑁=
0.250 𝑚 × 0.125 𝑚 0.250 𝑚 × 0.075 𝑚

N = 32 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠 N = 54 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠
 Question
 For flat brick soling, what is no. of brick required of nominal size 20 x 10 x 10
cm3 with 1.2 cm cement mortar and with allowing the wastage of 1 % of brick
for 10 m2 area.

Solution

10 𝑚2
𝑁= × 1.01
0.212 𝑚 × 0.112 𝑚

𝑁 = 425 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠
STONE WORK

Rubble stone masonry

 Stone = 125 % of stone work
 Dry mortar = 42 %

Ashlar stone masonry

 Stone = 125 % of stone work
 Dry mortar = 25 %
STEEL WORK

 It is estimated using bar bending schedule

 BBS is a comprehensive list that describe –
- Size, length, number, location, spacing types of reinforcement

Steel quantity in RCC (approx.,)

 Slab – 0.7 - 1 % of total concrete vol.
 Beam – 1 to 2 % of total concrete vol.
 Column – 1 – 6 % of total concrete vol.

 Column
- Minimum – 0.8 %
- Maximum – 6 %

 Wt. = 0.0062 x d2 kg/m

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝑐⁄𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
ROAD ESTIMATE

Lead
 It is the average horizontal distance between
- the source of availability of material (borrow pit) and
- the construction site (site of disposal / spreading)

Lift
 It is the Average vertical distance between
- the source of availability of material (borrow pit) and
- the construction site (site of disposal / spreading)

Average haul distance

 The distance from centre of gravity to that of tipped material is called average
haul distance

Note
 Nominal lead = 30 meter
 Nominal lift = 1.5 meter
 Note
 The Intial lead for earthwork = 50 m
 The lead is generally measured in terms of 50m distances.
 The unit of lift is 2.00m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0m.

 The costing is done on the basis of lead for metal road hence lift should be
converted to lead

Lift Lead
< 3.6 m Lift x 10
3.6 m to 6 m (lift)2 x 8.3
>6m Lift x 20

 If the surface is changed, suitable modification factor is to be applied

Type of surface MF
Metal tracks 1 Concrete road or bitumen road
Cart 1.1 Gravel road
Sandy 1.4 Earthen road
 Area of cross section

Earthwork is done on Earthwork is done on

flat surface incline surface

𝐴 = 𝐵𝑑 + 𝑠𝑑 2 𝑠𝑏 2 + 𝑟 2 (2𝑏𝑑 + 𝑠𝑑 2 )
𝐴=
B = width of formation 𝑟2 − 𝑠2
= crest width

Partial cutting and filling

1 (𝑏 − 𝑟𝑑)2
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ×
2 𝑟−𝑝

1 (𝑏 + 𝑟𝑑)2
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ×
2 𝑟−𝑠

Planimeter
 Used to measure area of irregular shapes
EARTH WORK

Quantity / volume of earthwork

When cross section area is same When cross section area varies
along entire length along length
⇓ ⇓
𝑉 = 𝑐⁄𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 Mid-section method
𝑉 = 𝐵𝑑 + 𝑠𝑑 2 × 𝐿
Trapezoidal method
(Mean section area mtd.)
(End area mtd.)

Prismoidal method
(simpson’s 1/3 rule)
 Mid section method

𝑑1 + 𝑑2
𝑑𝑚 =
2

2
𝐴𝑚 = 𝐵𝑑𝑚 + 𝑠𝑑𝑚

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐿

Trapezoidal method