Program: B. Tech.
, ECE, 1st Semester, 2021
ECL0101: Basics Electronics Engineering
Unit 1
Lecture 1
Electronics and its applications
Shailendra Singh Ojha
Assistant Professor
SOET/ECE
Outlines
➢ Objective
➢ Introduction to Electronics
➢ Various applications
➢ Learning Outcomes
➢ References
Course Objective
➢To make students familiar with electronics.
➢ To make students familiar about various applications.
Electronics
➢ Electronics is an applied form of science that deals with electrons.
➢ It handles electric circuits containing active elements, passive elements
and other underlying techniques making it as an important part of
engineering.
➢ The world is growing at a fast rate and it is relevant for the technology
enthusiast to upgrade with latest changes happening in the society.
➢ Moreover, it is difficult to spend few hours without electronics gadgets
and they had become an important part of our everyday routine.
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Need of Electronics
➢We are living in an electronic era where machine robots are capable to do
human work with more ease and high efficiency.
➢Capsules and tablets contain wireless sensors that collect information
from the body to diagnose.
➢Transparent smart phones will exist in the coming days, we can see
through them and they may lead to the use of windows or mirrors in our
home to be used as PC screens and TV monitors.
➢Sensors are placed on the plants to detect the shortage of water and alert
the farmers.
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Need of Electronics
➢Not only these applications, there are numerous electronic applications
that change our daily lives in the nearby future.
➢Electronic devices are made up of active and passive elements and
smaller IC memories.
➢The ICs, diodes, and transistor are made of semiconductor materials and
their working is dependent on current flow through them.
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History of electronics
➢Vacuum Diode – Invented by John Ambrose Fleming
➢Electronics era came into existence with the invention of vacuum diode
in the year 1897.
➢Vacuum tube essentially consists two electrode plates i.e. anode and
cathode.
➢This allows current direction in one direction. But this diode is not able
to control the current flow. In 1906 Lee De Forest modified and named it
as Vacuum Triode.
➢The Triode has 3 terminals. Anode, Cathode and Grid terminal. Grid
electrode controls the current flow from anode to cathode.
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History of electronics
➢This feature could boost the power of electrical signals. Likewise,
Tetrode and Pentode had evolved.
Figure: Vacuum tube
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History of electronics
➢Semiconductor diode – type of diode, which contains “p-n junction”
made from differently doped semiconductor materials.
➢It is double-ended, nonlinear electronic component, where terminal
attached to the “p” layer (+) is called anode and “n” layer (–) cathode.
➢This electronic component is mainly used because of it’s ability of
making electric current flow only in one direction.
Figure: Diode
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History of electronics
➢Transistor – Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley.
➢The real development started with the invention of the transistor in 1948
in Bell Laboratories.
➢Large Bulky Vacuum diodes are replaced with junction transistor.
➢Transistors are initially made with germanium material, later on, silicon
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) are grown up.
➢Most of the devices developed today are made up of silicon only due to
its low cost.
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History of electronics
Figure: Transistor
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History of electronics
➢IC (Integrated Circuit) – Jack Kilby
➢To reduce the size and cost of the entire circuit Jack Kilby introduced a
new concept. This idea entirely changed the world.
➢The complete interconnected circuit is placed on a single chip commonly
called VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated).
➢Computer processors used today are made up of billions of transistors
integrated on a single IC.
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History of electronics
➢IC (Integrated Circuit)
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Application of electronics
➢Consumer Electronics-
➢This industry is most applicable to the common people.
➢Consumer Electronics are devices and equipment meant for everyday
use.
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Application of electronics
➢Office Gadgets such as calculators, Personal computers, Scanners and
Printers, FAX machine, Front Projector etc.
➢Home appliances such as Washing Machine, Refrigerator, Air
Conditioner, Microwave Oven, Vacuum Cleaner etc.
➢Audio and Video Systems such as Headphone, VCRs, DVD players,
Color TVs, Microphone and Loudspeaker, Video game consoles.
➢Advanced Consumer Devices such as Setup Box, ATM, Dishwasher,
Smart Phones, PDA (personal digital assistant), Barcode Scanners, POS
terminals.
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Application of electronics
➢Storage Devices for optical playback and taping, and portable
infotainment. Examples are DVDs, HDD jukebox, Portable MP3 player.
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Application of electronics
➢Industrial Electronics
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Application of electronics
➢Industrial Electronics
➢This industry is powerful in making real-time automation. This include:
➢Smart grid systems
➢Smart electric systems collect information from the communication
technology and react accordingly based on power consumption.
Example: Smart Meters
➢Industrial automation and motion control
Machines are replacing humans these days with increased productivity,
time and cost.
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Application of electronics
➢Image processing
➢3D world has been evolved from a single or multiple 2D images. Various
algorithms are developed to extract 3D information from 2D patterns.
➢Moreover, image processing has involved in computer graphics,
Artificial intelligence, Robotics for navigation, Inspection and Assembly,
Computer Vision for Face and gesture recognition, Virtual reality, medical
analysis.
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Application of electronics
➢Medical applications- Advanced sophisticated instruments are being
developed for data recording and physiological analysis. They are proven
to be more useful in diagnosing diseases and for healing purpose.
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Application of electronics
➢Some of the medical devices and equipment used are:
➢Stethoscope to listen inner sounds happening inside the human or animal
body
➢Respiration Monitors for knowing the patient condition due to change
in body temperature, pulse, respiration and blood flow.
➢Defibrillator causes electrical shock to heart muscles and brings backs
the heart to the normal working condition.
➢Glucose meter for measuring sugar levels in the blood.
➢Pace Maker for reducing and increasing the count of the heart beat.
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Application of electronics
➢Meteorological and Oceanographic
➢Environmental monitoring is done through various sensors and
Automatic weather stations. Some of them are:
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Application of electronics
➢Drifter Buoy measures current, temperature, and pressure levels in the
ocean
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Application of electronics
➢Defense and Aerospace
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Application of electronics
➢Defense and Aeronautical applications include:
➢Missile Launching systems
➢Rocket Launchers for space
➢Aircraft systems
➢Cockpit controllers
➢Military Radars
➢Boom barrier for military applications
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Application of electronics
➢Automotive (Automobiles)
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Application of electronics
➢Anti-collision unit
➢Infotainment console
➢Anti-lock braking system
➢Cruise control
➢Traction control
➢Window regulators
➢Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
➢Airbag control
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Students Learning Outcomes
➢Students will be
➢Familiar with electronics.
➢Familiar about various applications.
References
T1. Boylestad & Nashelsky, “Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory”,
PHI.
T2. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronic Devices” Prentice Hall.
T3. Malvino, L., “Electronic principles”, Tata McGraw Hill.
T4. Graham Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, PHI.
T5. Sedra and Smith, “Microelectronics circuits”, Oxford University
Press.
