AP Chemistry Lab Final Exam

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AP Chemistry Lab Final Exam

Grace Garbaty

Date: 5/31/23

Set Number:9

Purpose: To identify the 12 unknowns using knowledge of solubility,

chemical reactions, precipitation, hydrolysis of salts, and other chemical
and physical properties.

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AP Chemistry Lab Final Exam
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9A = NaHCO3

Description of the substance from your observations:

Fine, white, powdery substance. No residue on the cap of the vial. There is no
smell coming from the substance. The white substance sticks to the side of the
vial easily.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 8
Mixed with 9H Bubbles formed
Mixed with 9E Faint precipitate
Mixed with 9B White precipitate formed
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed in water Dissolved completely (soluble)

Net Ionic Equations:

HCO3-1 (aq) + H+1 → CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Ba+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → BaCO3 (s)
Ca+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Bubbles with HCl (9H)

○ Created CO2 gas.
● Precipitated with BaCl2 (9E) (Faint white)
○ When mixing NaHCO3 and BaCl2, a white precipitate will form. This
comes from the Ba+2 ions and CO3-2 ions.
● Precipitated with Ca(OH)2 (9B) (White)
○ When mixing NaHCO3 and CaCO3, a white precipitate will form.
This comes from the Ca+2 ions and CO3-2 ions.

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9B = Ca(OH)2

Description of the substance from your observations:

White and powdery substance. The powder sticks to the side of the vial, clouding
the container. Doesn’t smell at all. No residue on the cap except for the
substance itself.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 11
Mixed with 9H Bubbles formed
Mixed with 9A precipitate formed
Mixed with 9J precipitate formed (white/faint)
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with water Doesn’t dissolve completely (cloudy)
Mixed with 9E Precipitate formed

Net Ionic Equations:

Ba+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Ba(OH)2 (s)

Ca+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s)
Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with BaCl2 (9E) (White)

○ When mixing Ca(OH)2 with BaCl2, a white precipitate will form. This
comes from the Ba+2 ions and OH- ions. This also happens because of
how small the ksp of Ca(OH)2 is with a ksp of 7.9 x 10-6. The smaller
this number, the more likely a substance will precipitate.
● Precipitated with NaHCO3 (9A) (White)
○ When mixing Ca(OH)2 and NaHCO3, a white precipitate will form.
This comes from the Ca+2 ions and CO3-2 ions.
● Precipitated with Pb(C2H3O2)2 (9J) (Faint white)
○ When mixing Ca(OH)2 and Pb(C2H3O2)2, a faint white precipitate will
form. This comes from the Pb+2 ions and OH- ions.

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9C = NaOH

Description of the substance from your observations:

Colorless liquid. When swirling the liquid, it has a low viscosity. Liquid doesn’t
stick to the sides of the vial very well. Doesn’t smell at all. No residue on the cap
of the vial.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 11.5
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9G Precipitated (Faint white)
Mixed with 9J Precipitated (white and faint)

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → AgOH (s)

Ca+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (s)
Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with AgNO3 (9F) (Brown)

○ When mixing NaOH and AgNO3, a brown precipitate will form. This
comes from the Ag+ ions and OH- ions.
● Precipitated with CaCO3 (9G) (Faint white)
○ When mixing NaOH and CaCO3, a faint white precipitate will form.
This comes from the Ca+2 ions and OH- ions.
● Precipitated with Pb(C2H3O2)2 (9J) (White)
○ When mixing NaOH and Pb(C2H3O2)2, a white precipitate will form.
This comes from the Pb+2 ions and OH- ions.

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9D = H2O

Description of the substance from your observations:

Colorless liquid. Some of the liquid sticks to the side of the vial. No residue on
the cap of the vial. No smell at all. When swirling the liquid, it has a low viscosity.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 5
Swatch test Similar time to water
Mixed with 9A No precipitate
Mixed with 9B No precipitate
Mixed with 9C No precipitate
Mixed with 9E No precipitate
Mixed with 9F No precipitate
Mixed with 9G No precipitate
Mixed with 9H No precipitate
Mixed with 9I No precipitate
Mixed with 9J No precipitate
Mixed with 9K No precipitate
Mixed with 9L No precipitate
Miscibility test with 9I No layers
Miscibility test with 9L Layers form

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Doesn’t precipitate with any other unknowns

○ Doesn’t form any precipitates with any of the liquids and aqueous
forms of solids.
● Evaporation time is similar to water
○ 9D and water have similar drying times to each other. This means
they have the same IMF’s as each other.
● Immiscible with 9L (Hexane)
○ Water is polar while hexane is nonpolar. Polar cannot dissolve
nonpolar, therefore they will create layers.

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9E = BaCl2

Description of the substance from your observations:

Shiny substance with semi large grain structure. Very few particles stick to the
side of the vial. No residue on the cap except for the substance itself.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9A Precipitated (white)
Mixed with 9J Precipitated (white)
Mixed with 9F Precipitated (white)
Mixed with 9B Precipitated (white)

Net Ionic Equations:

Ba+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → BaCO3 (s)

Pb+2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)
Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with NaHCO3 (9A) (White)

○ When mixing BaCl2 and NaHCO3, a white precipitate will form. This
comes from the Ba+2 ions and CO3-2 ions.
● Precipitated with Pb(C2H3O2)2 (9J) (White)
○ When mixing BaCl2 and Pb(C2H3O2)2, a white precipitate will form.
This comes from the Pb+2 ions and Cl- ions.
● Precipitated with AgNO3 (9F) (White)
○ When mixing BaCl2 and AgNO3, a white precipitate will form. This
comes from the Ag+ ions and Cl- ions.

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9F = AgNO3

Description of the substance from your observations:

Liquid substance. A black substance is seen on the side of the vial. There is
black residue on the container lid. Doesn’t smell at all. When swirling the liquid,
there is a low viscosity. None of the liquid sticks to the side of the container.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 5
Swatch test similar drying time to water
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9K Precipitated (spit up color)
Mixed with 9G Precipitated (white)
Mixed with 9E Precipitated (white)

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq) → AgI (s)

2Ag+1 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)
Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with KI (9k) (Spit up color)

○ When mixing AgNO3 and KI, a spit up precipitate forms. This comes
from the Ag+ ions and I- ions.
● Precipitated with CaCO3 (9G) (White)
○ When mixing AgNO3 and CaCO3, a white precipitate forms. This
comes from the Ag+ ions and CO3-2 ions.
● Precipitated with BaCl2 (9E) (White)
○ When mixing AgNO3 and BaCl2, a white precipitate forms. This
comes from the Ag+ and Cl- ions.

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9G = CaCO3

Description of the substance from your observations:

White substance. When taking a sample of the substance with a toothpick, it
would stick easily. After a few days, it appeared there was a great difference in
the amount of substance from the previous day.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 6
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9H Bubbles formed
Mixed with 9F Precipitated (white)
Mixed with 9E Precipitated (white)
Mixed with water Doesn’t dissolve completely (very
cloudy)

Net Ionic Equations:

CO3-2 (aq) + 2H+1 (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

2Ag+1 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)
Ba+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → BaCO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Bubbles with HCl (9F)

○ CO2 gas is produced.
● Precipitated with AgNO3 (9F) (White)
○ When mixing CaCO3 and AgNO3, a white precipitate forms. This
comes from Ag+1 ions and CO3-2 ions.
● Precipitated with BaCl2 (9E) (White)
○ When mixing CaCO3 and BaCl2, a white precipitate forms. This
comes from Ba+2 ions and CO3-2 ions.

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9H = HCl

Description of the substance from your observations:

Colorless liquid. Some of the liquid sticks to the side of the vial. No residue on
the lid of the vial. When swirling the liquid, there is low viscosity. Doesn’t smell at
all.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 1
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9B Bubbles formed
Mixed with 9G Bubbles formed
Mixed with 9K Turned yellow
Mixed with 9A Bubbles formed

Net Ionic Equations:

CO3-2 (aq) + 2H+1 (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Bubbles with NaHCO3 (9B)

○ CO2 gas is produced.
● Bubbles with CaCO3 (9G)
○ CO2 gas is produced.
● pH is 1
○ HCl is the only substance that has a pH of 1

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9I = Ethanol

Description of the substance from your observations:

Colorless liquid. When swirling the vial, there is low viscosity. A minute amount of
the liquid sticks to the side of the vial. When smelling the liquid, it smelled sweet.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test smells sweet
pH paper 6
Swatch test slightly faster than 9D but slower than
9L
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Miscibility test with water No layers
Miscibility test with 9L Layers present
Miscibility test with 9D No layers

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Smells like wine

○ Universally identified smell of Ethanol
● Miscible with water
○ Ethanol and water are polar substances. Both ethanol and water
have hydrogen bonding. Therefore, polar ethanol can dissolve polar
water.
● Immiscible with hexane
○ Hexane is a nonpolar molecule with London dispersion forces while
water is polar with hydrogen bonding. Therefore nonpolar hexane
cannot dissolve polar water.

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9J = Pb(C2H3O2)2

Description of the substance from your observations:

Crystalized with extremely large grain structure. There were large chunks in the
vial. When smelling, there was a sour smell to it. Vial is cloudy and there is no
residue on the lid of the vial.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test sour smell
pH paper 6
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9K Precipitated (Butter color)
Mixed with water Dissolves completely
Mixed with 9E Precipitated (white)

Net Ionic Equations:

Pb+2 (aq) + 2I- (aq) → PbI2 (s)

Pb+2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with KI (9K) (Yellow)

○ When mixing Pb(C2H3O2)2 and KI, a yellow precipitate forms. This
comes from the Pb+2 ions and I- ions.
● Precipitated with BaCl2 (9E) (White)
○ When mixing Pb(C2H3O2)2 and BaCl2, a white precipitate forms.
This comes from the Pb+2 ions and Cl- ions.
● Has a vinegar smell
○ Universally identified smell of Pb(C2H3O2)2

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9K = KI

Description of the substance from your observations:

Consistency and grain structure is similar to snow. Much of the substance sticks
to the side of the vial. Doesn’t smell at all. No residue on the lid of the vial.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test None
pH paper 6
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Mixed with 9F Precipitated (spit up)
Mixed with 9J Precipitated (Butter)
Mixed with water Dissolved completely
Mixed with 9H Turned yellow

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq) → AgI (s)

Pb+2 (aq) + 2I- (aq) → PbI2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Precipitated with AgNO3 (9F) (spit up color)

○ When mixing KI and AgNO3, a spit up color precipitate forms. This
comes from Ag+ ions and I- ions.
● Precipitated with with Pb(C2H3O2)2 (9J) (butter)
○ When mixing KI and Pb(C2H3O2)2, a butter precipitate forms. This
comes from Pb+2 ions and I- ions.
● Oxidizes with HCl (9H) (Turns yellow)
○ When mixing KI and HCl, the I oxidizes. This turns the solution
yellow.

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9L = Hexane

Description of the substance from your observations:

Colorless liquid. When smelling, the substance smelled sweet. None of the
substance sticks to the side of the vial. No residue on the lid of the vial. When
swirling the substance, there is a low viscosity.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test sweet smell
pH paper 6
Swatch test Extremely fast drying time (almost
instant)
Mixed with 9D No precipitate
Miscibility test with water Layers formed

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Smells like gasoline

○ Universally identified as the smell of Hexane.
● Evaporates quickly
○ Hexane only has London dispersion forces (LDF). This is the
weakest type of intermolecular force; therefore, these weak forces
can’t hold together for very long and evaporate almost instantly.
● Immiscible with water
○ Hexane is nonpolar while water is polar. The difference in IMF’s
means they cannot mix together to form a homogenous mixture,

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