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EXPERIMMENT: TENSION TEST

AIM: Determine tensile Strength of a given specimen using UTM.
OBJECT: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
(i) Limit of proportionality
(ii) (ii) Elastic limit
(iii) (iii) Yield strength
(iv) (iv) Ultimate strength
(v) (v) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(vi) (vi) Percentage elongation
(vii) (vii) Percentage reduction in area.
APPARATUS:
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) (ii) Mild steel specimens
(iii) (iii) Graph paper
(iv) (iv) Scale
(v) (v) Vernier Caliper
DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:

The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are fixed
into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is
small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid
will return to its original form as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the
material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable
immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the
manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below which
the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some
material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an
upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During
plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in
section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the
“ultimate strength”’ which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-
sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation
and rupture.
About of UTM
The tensile test is conducted on UTM. It is hydraulically operates a pump, oil in oil sump, load dial
indicator and central buttons. The left has upper, middle and lower cross heads i.e; specimen grips
(or jaws). Idle cross head can be moved up and down for adjustment. The pipes connecting the lift

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and right parts are oil pipes through which the pumped oil under pressure flows on left parts to
more the cross-heads.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Load capacity = 0-40 Tones.
2. Least count = 8 kgf.
3. Overall dimension. = 4. Power supply = 440 V
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
OBSEVATION:
(a) Initial diameter of specimen d1 =

(b) Initial gauge length of specimen L1 =

(c) Initial cross-section area of specimen A1 =

(d) Load of yield point Ft =

(e) Ultimate load after specimen breaking F=

(f) Final length after specimen breaking L2 =

(g) Diameter of specimen at breaking place d2 =

(h) Cross section area at breaking place A2 =

OBESERVATION TABLE:

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In a tensile test on a mild steel specimen of gauge length 100 mm and diameter 15 mm, a load of
100 kN produced an extension of 0.666 mm. Determine (a) the stress induced, (b) the strain, (c)
Young's modulus of elasticity.

S. Load Diameter Original Extension Stress Strain Young's

N (N) of Gauge (mm) (N/mm2) modulus
Specimen Length
1 100 kN 15 mm 100 mm 0.666 mm
80 kN 20 mm 50 mm 0.075 mm

The results of a tensile test are: Diameter of specimen 20 mm, gauge length 50 mm, load at limit of
proportionality 80 kN, extension at limit of proportionality 0.075 mm, maximum load 100 kN, and
final length at point of fracture 60 mm. Determine (a) Young's modulus of elasticity, (b) the
ultimate tensile strength, (c) the stress at the limit of proportionality, (d) the percentage
elongation.

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A tensile test is carried out on a specimen of mild steel of gauge length 40 mm and diameter 7.42
mm. The results are:

Load (kN) 0 10 17 25 30 34 37.5 38.5 36

Extension 0 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.90

(mm)

At fracture the final length of the specimen is 40.90 mm. Plot the load/ extension graph and
determine (a) the modulus of elasticity for mild steel, (b) the stress at the limit of proportionality,
(c) the ultimate tensile strength, (d) the percentage elongation.

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A mild steel specimen of gauge length 75 mm and of diameter 11.28 mm was subjected to a tensile
test, with these results:

Load (kN) 0 2.0 6.5 11.5 13.6 16.0 18.0 19.0 20.5 19.0

Extension 0 0.012 0.039 0.069 0.080 0.107 0.133 0.158 0.225 0.310
(mm)

The specimen fractured at a load of 19.0 kN. Determine (a) the modulus of elasticity of the alloy,
(b) the percentage elongation.

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CALCULATION:

• Ultimate tensile strength =…………….

• Elastic limit = = ……………

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 • (iii) Modulus of Elasticity (E) = =…….……… 

(iv) Yield Strength =…………….

• % Reduction in area = = ……………%

• Percentage of elongation = =……………..%

• Limit of Propagation =

• Stress = …………………..

• Strain = = …………..

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑠𝑠 𝑁
• Young’s modulus= E = ………….

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
2. The specimen should be properly to get between the jaws.
3. Take reading carefully.
4. After breaking specimen stop to m/c.
RESULT:
( i) Average Breaking Stress =
(ii) Ultimate Stress =
(iii) Average % Elongation =
APPLICATIONS:

1. In Aerospace
2. Automotive
3. Packaging
4. sports

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