Yl yatct 7 Queenie of Tire Cormpbe | plexcty analyse ,Disicled longue wpe om tox pregeuar 4 , i ase ‘the tdeaa behincl pt | oe algo” ‘then. & the thing thot dias the bee , pee Vee on uaeel clefirect computational procedusee trot take | Bye oe set of Be et ae: aa inpub © cys C0 GO 7 ae output Fe & seypernce of computational steps that tron? : eruchl 3 . L pee aie ce teselicoles te be caxowedl eue eqLOnce of ummarnbi gues wnatyuctons fo Ql” ur. the oi\what 8 a pregxarn. ? | aA Ps rer (5 the expression Of are olgseuthra, iw a. pragrenr bes usrll follies 8 ng fon eo |S Ob oe instruc ons ushich. the comp | | ig selve O poole . enpuk (ratance® | o| What is 0. problem. ? _| Definition * A rroppe gy (demain } ancl an gut -| Preblern spocification’ 5 * Gpecel uspat & tpt * speci shat 9 ut SI Jowlation betuseen o S26 of yt Bet (207g) ol (rstarce mput poudel & nn tov of inpué tnatance » ees Grttg | N Be : number Oe Gre i pst att TS ches ark or& sar {Hips of Probler eo See eoctiaf yer wepesctt Y if a ae » c 2 Et cee et ay oe x tisfying P| ety Y i; %. . . | te t ae 1S} wg i) Ope (zatie™ bra peat gplcttor) - pp\4 euth Suche ) Heative : Executes oactigéns 07 & i) Resale : Reapply actisn te Ssub- problern’ | (Uhy t8 study Alggruithrn. 9 a Study of algescithrn poses craignt nie the (ROA of the | problers as(usell as’ possible sotucuer technique irelependert 6f ; \- PL — Peegrarening Tonaclig — Grp Hoxduscse Lr ory ee fon. aspects - A) An akyosutthra can be Ff ceefied. (a a fonguage Zz Cipctaiy af oe Sutton Tin peeaale cocle ssh 2 Peeude Code > Lt is poixtuse of rato arguege + high i Fesel pregerani 9 constructs - W Peude code consey Ve Structure of the alperuthre Peasy ensughy that progperennee can enpleroart ie Un the barguéige OF hie chotce: } | BS Peeudle code & usedl te geye information that the code ie ree meant te fe cerptlecl B execadedl En a Compl By Tr i easy te urclestancl ar cfercithra ly usilg P2 5) Fe pides the orplemertatrer detaile & trus ene fous or corryputationak aspects far, alge |wunich algeruthen (s the beat ? >| Fe & giver Lkication a 13 en. ra CoctOstS: +Time ole ce TM ef éterns, rf sord-eol o The extend te ushich the cern [6 abewacly |e Foscible gastrictiens Or te tems + kinds of steroge dewice usecl (MM /Disi< (rapes) desired. peopycttes eouthrw * rn |B care fief Be aoce providecl inchially before tre 4 Spake ‘elgsruthre begins « | | 5 output > “Aso? pe art feast ene & comet usher: Sorted. voithy Legal inpae « | (2 Definiteress > gach, _inebuction. reust be cleat é pog uses 4 os extra) it all the ate| [9 roses 2 Wee AE at ae 4 Li SB) Eccl uctor. be ct bosk that | er Gpenser. uding Paper & penal Ee tft Sone a | apr _ ps sect adgsotttn trelucles many imperctort Mackive axcas of pene coe 4 cistinet estas Of study ef ora can ickntify : a eaelo devise abgeruthrn. 9 Sra ey } thing of an. ast foun Grubly a auclornotect - teeing these clesign S By clegign. Sbrateg(@2 ,t | [yew & cad res 5 ul algerdyn a ener stechnnquw, 3 Phsitrec or. usher. each % voile becorne 2093,(or fore is appropriate pros5i0 _Alggruthrns. pplerre otk? » Peouclo~ cocle neenn. 6 net the spe < of your Sea forging) - arglish ge wel bi ut 1 ‘ain. 6) clorety 6S & mm. (OPC Lhe 0 pou thot Neston AG - “ont an ofgerutinn (S aevisect Wt is recesmorgd the corotect artes f07" ath pegah op grace’ Seipput fre peat e% % + geruthrn thet Geren a | | | Aasidling, a” alg \"apl ny de S | pi Te sodedaction B tg OpeUe tote algeruthe ikl 096’ | | qrccecthy independent of oul . F uth & © crtedl, + 2% he As, ah aigerrstt % ee fey Spe 8, he suthoe 16 pole Pe Pere. Be hele ‘ roach Freaeuscee (lime POO O59 err 1g P iS 4 seonpai OP ec w0luk geen) als eetith™ nee EGOO ME abeul Ue ke sent Lecthee c of ere Sei coraporu 6 carl pe usert + cle this UF otlheurt copie £ seunnling ere | execu. peor ef an of gercth™ : Pe eassiene eens wah Be. 2 OTE. — boreluotd th = conpudere ee hard [rere axe OF proces cenc Pu. ° Algor ert on se 1e woot op delorun hous much. corvputting Re | | 7 wr jet pe age . algorutrne £0 ree « “ gueggure cs ot on afgorue>"™ qr a ia e anole 5 OO ck 72 geatyuive® act prodheratical oxide | “2 Feds a rnake, cportie gudgernent about po SADLER” al Byert 4 . ses ee ae aon ae by algorithm. pouss worth cee of input dee 9 erat tn desertbt “the guunning time of the pregrarn an, @ functor ‘f ve aise of 48 wpe * Number: & a ve Ff erations Ob steps execuke cl Se int afeee. Ye We sae taealatate, were iy Sok tans ton ape prler , Trtesee145. °| Testing of a Pregesam . oy Tee Fee _ Q Debugging : ing OF program cenatsis of 2 proses? a Foting (Om poy, Debugger i : Mea gee precess of executing pregrors 6" sonphe date seis to delcirtre wheteh foul. Dealing Pee opouct ot [Prefiting” > # & en clatasets — a & precess of exeactt ceretece eg eer’: B hens ning ese Lore be bpace it oes 9 Coripute seosclts > Tesues of data abscratien, mreclubasity, COO ponding goed Gerda te comsey the essince of alse mere precisely ting the pregrare ustth ar gpa Pestere & ten rn intertisar Fésting’ > Te gf > Te is precess of exec of finding, es, fuss & : Debugging’? Te & pros fixirg the bugs ky {Subrnitted le cletseLeper « pion GUIS Lhe. Nabiclation’— Eeatutes the product se Uf. Vabiclection, OSES J : fonectionabily, ,eorded nbnowrere of the product ( vorpal on SEBS Verification. — esatuoten the decurerts, plans ,cocles , £ speceficats - Ue vengnts wpe t styugnre Ar algeruthin. ( satcl te le wooect. , F for CFF ¥ x s J poids it usttr cereact euetp us a Faite) Deterninetic algeruthr™ Aggie —o,—? Finke Nen-determinstic afgercither |__, einite Detowmnnstic alge=cilhen Finite Detewrynishe Algscithen >) Algeruthrr. fesminate. pa firlte amen’ of | "seoault thet 0 uniquadly cleperdend ere the (input (Gene TE elluccrys gore |\& Firdling vest of questa | finte Non-cletenminstic. Algecritem 9 Algs tewrirates ustth. (A a finke eine bat output ne be unique « . EG ¢ orc purben- [& Te gororccte a sondlen ushich deean'é esr nate lL, Thfiotte, Deterninatic Algertthre 9 Alge 5 \ eure bee & deernincting Cerclillen- ZB ret gctisfred fecgur set oy |& Task of monitoring the emp tn nuchease octac leer (5 Ar P J eafintte ‘otgoruthrr |(Aaeeon > prolysts > Design Y Ceding > Testing >! | - — [Reference Analysis of AL + Jp fudge the es feurronce of ore . i a z At e a akg rtetion Gree asco. basically 2 crtloua* i) Tere completly - Wedlish tine it reeds 4¢ suan te em Lop 0% 0: ii Space Cornplexity ~ Ang a dis input Size. P Ton Hates pe ae i t eatin as & furctier Of Cs input foe. it needs 16 Suur te cermpeene” eg™) squsk Of o seat Meurrteunon ce)v 1 pt post (usally) Upper beunel on seunning Lire fr © input = © je A MP wet a : Yee hee OS ary input of size TT gest amg ilo. fesstite wpe ep ze ppsstoge eee ee : . v Z > expec time &F alge overall input of cize TH ee) = 9 Bet OP orains we -fastes ane fastest amor abe possible inputs of sae ™ wot fret the werat- - 7 . pe ae Waker begor cose, & gauswantee that olgesctore snd time ofa afgertth™ 4 acter 2 Com ys 40 coleatate peunning «py sunning, the Iplernentection sf alge an | Be a ty eoing ee p aye can. estimate by wu re. of base SPF etter oroquelrect by | alge te process an ope fa centaur SUBS | i otocti Joe te ete be om cleesh't clepect ©r the. panic OF 1 Tere 16 ceroplete asic &Y ese - We dan walls Ges epenorcle 98, fakes © ent areut of tre & add 8 , tiny en. (ax? cRNOP ) comports(Or) pre clu le a peed LG) inclependert f "es : » Yee | compiherr » pret He: ie : i 5 Greeution 408 a ev ef eel of tpt poscameters an alge evides tacks eeuncl nfs thot 9 eS UR P age well take fet a give ablem set £ ustil te o¢. Ue | | Analy 85 cleo. of bos 40°98 a poate th ot gise & fue a thee Pee. grees gecercls, &* computer “d (es, neeclect ¢ predict phe FLEES brat the alge Ipsec! or indagccluet compuctectioral medet . ante ta go ( a ¢ - sie. F of surg tine of olgpruthre yee 0. simple ra eficenty Posse helps te Cennpasce + Ke pacar Of POV ge fore OT algeith tre satatse Pea le af alternate algesuth™ * Wuhon the input aize 6 VOU Aoxge Ve wake the help of esymptetic ee frye. input phe, fee pbicative ask Peg ected - r |e constont 2 beusee orelese, fetet en. sus de a“2 ee ee ne = uming time of atgoruihm as a sfinction of crput si3e vy fe farge “Growth nate of an alge 1s dpe sate at ashich Suumirg LOE of the alge grouss as size Of input gous. +Noetatien which describe tre alporuthrr offiiory & perferurance in @ meaningful U9ey (5 _asymptetic retater- + Expressed. using only highest -orcere ter” dp the express (En. fer exact 5 1 eee : ‘ 2) ° > Insteacl of exate suarring tres Sd Or « ~ Asyeptstic Complextiy —lAsymptetc Netatiens , [Meymptetic means ”~ Whect wile Feppar f n(te input SBE) “Bg sAsymptetic Seunniig tire of algerutir & definect bé.0 furctien +Asyroptetic analysts stucicen hous the satues of forctiens Cernporec as der angurots converge te 7 | The B nedections art used te COrmpet 5 09 bg oh > upper beurd — We c | ii) big orraga 9 Hower towel > best. case. i? E> Theta average Case: ivy OF Erma ch [{ Lettle eh - vy we Sale ernega. ( Little errago- "Big a” _O - rotation. P Ypper bouret fore fore tren fe povicled & the bigh-oh retation ei Fee function gir) sux FANE og ry big 20 of jas the set ogin)) =f: a positive wrstants of C bre] Suchthat Y nye | of greustl of alge e we have, OL f(r) cgi} _ a GE Giger) ¢ fd eg ™ forvaie nye | call Totuctively * set of 202 functions obese state of grsusth (3 saree 08 0% fousee thet OF g(r) lO Pgnd& azympiouce capper bsuncl “fre fr) t Po |&1) Sn+3 = otn) yO) yu airy 5S Sipe As antag $ 4n ¥ nye ) 3n42. = afr) AS re kuin AMI HD fin\= Fn+5 , ge f= ot) | > ant+5 {$n VNY5es i) 3nta. = -2(m) in) 8n+3-> A(—) = (An) —| iv) Breve Nv 5 Bnta yan ryt 3 gntr3 dan wry Wi FOr)= ned = 2) + 2a Bat ct can be =) 3Bn+3= ~U(t) (fir) » o* go) ) > fr) So hesw. c=L yg (=F As f= aginy 2 3antt= na ly) Hae ante J artt %/3n 3 Hey frr= antl Le23 , ge” no=t a = > F(rr= 2 gi) > Co gnet = -0-Cr) \yi) 6x aunt n(3") J 6x amen = n(n) | Sin) ot a2(2™ vin) 10-94 4n42 ete as ton 4nt2 yne > a(n) =n) 4 a(n?) ); aa 6x omen yy, Mr frnyl a % fegn +feg. hegn 6 Alegr) ~y Bhogn+ Fog boy 7/ LOgr fore PZ x) 64 27T4N™ 1M) OF 6x 2747 9,2; fore ny b ort nL) st ; . altetg’ toon. is fesiger thon. fore gmatt, watues 6F beet a giguss vt faa, sate & thus r&ysikl eventually be Caxgee furctien . DY Fort exarnp le |n% ofn? > firs a ginl= an™ gsows at f(nie0 gin) £ f=n(g(n)) are true Sa fin= 20” glnd= Alms) g(n)z O(n” & . gind= © frP ae techiuic ally pare but er bast eptien is the Lest crust prgeouss ot faster grate thon ne : ot n? =2(n® : garme. Stabe 5 bothpete ele EO poe furctken 91n), use clefiz ‘ ” 9 (gle) GG) ) efine O Gnd) j bg- theta ef 0, aa tessk: ve Constonts * ag 4 EP tha eee c1,GkNo 6 aah | Je mue C96 Find Gg} a9) le Le aptuitesely : Set of all functions that f jase some scate of grmusth Cs g(r) J I.q(n) es ™ 7 gin) & azymptetic tight foul for fOr) F= 2(90?)) olf fle) y x gtr) B Fler f(n)= antd ante j Hee LF a 2gi= Ss | f= gm) = pv (n®) —&) | Fem 2 EO > FOM= gar) | Farr ony tus retion. gir) & (n) + ¢ we i Gm) ne *) _@) Reena b> TF we have fir)-e go Gbonkly Ff fir)= LgonP+4n+ds er” 3 5A ton™ +442 caine yt DYS Ben= bare fy snt2 2/52 0 nyt £ Bnt+L&6On fort ane AyD a=5, are LZ ro=- “ Few lah we 20. Beruly that Snt2 = a(n) @ a anto = Ol) Dang ant2 <4) 1D Hee) C= 3> = Ch faye ton 44 28 ron estonXA vn) =) 4-40 Aine tore ek wh 7 62 FC, pot F< Be - 40on® < one 44 n® j[a=40 ) Coett, a | y BE...| Trcererect_bouncl. ir?) 7 1090 +7 $ OO? LON ED r nbs $oP ay - ne a: alt) ants ¢ teal 6x ane st alh®) aes: £6 (n?™) # eC) @ 6x24 N= 802") Lo 6x27 Ge amenth FO” y Rye - [Rebections betuseen. OPO ee Sheerern : Fer any tus forction® gh) Lf) ; (r= Bie #) ) Flay= 0 GO) £ FM = 2 GO) » g@))= 0 (gh) 0 Algo) / sth probice, aaynpistionlly tight gourcls ase obtaunect from asyrptetic Upper Z flowsese baurc!, ) then \ -4, “ayn Ae 3 Nek Theeum—? Fy $l) = On UF Corn a _ pe pre an) GD fie 7) ED fin= OO A oh. (6) nedoction For a giver fonction gn), the set Mthle-o + Jy: ¥ CO, Fr such that ¥ ryre. | olgind= Fl [ole i we pave Of fil doy | aptuitively: flr) becomes insignificant selective t9 as | faniatiorty: T ppvoaches ‘e ee : gm bier TF /9 iny] =o n 20 5 band fore f(r) thet (8 ret asy Srrath. (Dithe a gin) is 00 Uppe mpistrca lly tight ! flrye 3n+2 +o(n) ¥ | > Definiton O- rotation. o-retedion. axe sir low- ee wis Ura & fin) =O) ) the Lowel ag flnys ¢ 9g) | Aotels fore S72 consort co, but @ f(r)= al(giry se S| bpurel! og Fla) < gla) bolls fer afl. constarts C)0~ ge frye Bnt2= Oh as Pox ang = eB Ly fin Anke. a fm a “Fee Boas moe Ne nae .‘ywe Netattion (Little omega), 20 He! for gnt2 + ot) but, satason) =o Bne2= oO Cr ne (¢ : legre) 08 Bice Sne2. - fir ( Far Bigm )~° noe Dlegr” VIO AS wie: > gfn) & an upper bourel fore fed wet 7 ically Bh? Fn ox, higher t 7 (ath cet oaymple ally ig | ? Pecttapec. coun. gosusth of bY ch rotation, Le w= Notation (ASE & Sue use a-retadtion Fo dorate Lowen bound bot ree aay ropretcall, tight Twa) af fla) iv 20) 2 7070 such thot AYN | | we kwe Sagi < Find} yp Lonky & glo) eo Gl ae apprpache® Sx fier Gi) > + Alo) bacemned asubttrosulyy Large solotive 1 a ae ‘ i ren igese fr} 20 pstciicolly o* mI +9(n) 3 forser eur fet flo) bal & ret ofy! ». fine Qt? = w (leg?) H Pyme or+2 tw 5 tire. Bog re. - fie, HR = ° > Birr =m a G in - oes) ate 7 Poe Ane nae 3 jap fl0)= Bhar wn”) Discs ey 2D Se Bat 4wl. pgm Wh =AGe doe Grae Fe ae Lex NOTE) Fore ary Lous Ot reusth ko Xs fasger row Bre ante = (2) AG. re? > gnt2= wt t) of erego- rotation Cay bettbe Brego. condor fs satisfied 5) Fox grote for & fess or. glr) Sy Fee gro @rreg fr) ys Longe or gh)ii f= Qnt5= wth inp fF) = Qan¥416 n= wir) j =| Grsect beunds (Little -o) [cererect bowels (us) i}£ln) = 3n+ , . : y a InleantSe wt) 2 hin FOV a(o)=~ fe fle, Snes gn? tan = win?) > fig artim — os noe n* macetotecd founds, Cw) ofr) ant54 wl) > Beg, Gr B)n=3 1 % fot win) opin) = at 16 sf w(W fin) = yntt+2n+3 # wn”) D fire nt =O (nD) INS = cin™ > finde BnBen = Ofn4*) =) Bn44n= ot) > fn) = yP+aned SO(n) 2 ynteLet3 © clo) trervuct Bul (fitthe -6) ° naz O(n fog Log ) > w2F0 > 6x THN ol27) = ofan ar) HO cD) L> gin\= ant3 + ol) x 6 ne olo) pypaZrsen = 24 o Fi met > Flr) = anys nonmet =10 FO > fin) = 1onm4F £0 In) > fire aoe $e > Firi= apatunZocrey ” anys ar eat = an expenontio’s. & Poty norn ils : fir b Leia =O yp nbz ofan) Legasth ms 7 x= logy? © He expanent fore azb Binary Log. BUT = fog a7 ' For abt, 2-90) 6906 70 kn 3 268 bras 696% Netzorah oq : Jn n= fog e™ boar ndrolton login) = (leg | -foge Cabd= 09 Cen ayity = Hy lg) |" Bey o™= BSBE™ le fogpa= “9 ce re tege i? fog, (Ya) = ~fegb ot Loge 6Ao = a an , “alae ye Leg bo cheghn = IC™ Rage ane): 6 onary ae atin | ) fog P42, Meare Log le weg (M$ fez £09 function. asl septy whee tom in forrnuken plicgis Aparextimection. [riz aan Q(t &) | sphis Goes Us a tighter Uppet beurel 2 fowsoe P “0 pn £@. ¢ Bee ye ela” (. FaI= e gi ane fete aly ushee = MY [net 2 Fn ( f6)= ef) _ 6)Tf flo)= agn™ Amt ont bo FONT HO. ter fin) G ») 5 > $0. = bdn! HOE ZF faint 5 god 3 € 7. = byl wen zB bee ni fe NL (Assuring moo fered) RC ERI EY pou ce Ze bil y ghz > fry- 09M = o(n™ Dy &) S| Prove that nizo(n™) — = flo) Le gle) » SS use Pare f@en! gine ‘Ge ni niszah) | Prawecl) nize nir-d (n-2) eft 2) Be ae a {ot fin EY. Lin wb) Zi pence 7% yw) | fhi= ool | | Prove that gett 0 (2) =] Fin) ¢ cx gle) go pose FN = gntt Bg(ny=2 omtg2™ > ae < rg ae a oe ott) ae a ee exgin) > (or 2 > gor ga 2 at 0G oejpsrew Yat Log!) = O(n feg rn) 4 yp ereue 21 OCN) 7 log f\= fog loCm®)) | tate > ee RIES “| =O (teger) ' FL¢0, FoN=F ee | Lire fot barn fsa? — Lie (ene) ORE” Met %, aenon Pan £ 3n? oS > find= 2 C7 of?) 4 , (Provect) god | Prose tat =, fog (= 2 (nm fog 7) - 7 fre = foot = see fog. . im ° = eg (23-4) Gis fog b= =0) on = ie Das (2. tog ( (nl) = 6 (nlogr) J sai = obvteon Bloque trot ln) = 0 8 g fo trow exists ory constarts foo such that FOO om) es 3 yh F(ri= ort) 2D Firs em , D0 Fv any Consgonk order of gecousth . a Toke ero for ot oo a4 [rot kot, 2).---™] | joae ote)@F lee fim) & gln) le asymptotically nen-nagatse [rcHsrs Prove that max (fH) ga) =6GFo+ g@) dn. enB+ fF | find= an’ +bn te g trl rox (flr), gird) = rox (anmpinre } alr? Len™f) = ante nef = a(n?) e(fid+g@) = 6 (ar®+inr4 adatenueTy) = 6 (dry laote)nmp br eet f) =o) pave dot EGins 1 Gir) # enply- oF TS x olg@) ; flys cxg@) w (gird) 5 FO) 2% gm) SC ogimM} 9 wg (ry) & emp te He expennrtia Oh Compare tre pate oF oe th of factoriok f(= —t ” ay $ Gus fa. foretion om Lx) . | Dore behincle Q eZ order of gst ; [4k 0g 7 < Logit <1 iniegn nin? Recuses 9 ity + Lesk ot on gfernart (eenstort users ,c) &then elerrantS [T@)= tld +e | elements ws the cost of Leaking ot to ’ +The cost Sf panching. T- Loernent ; plas cost ef Sem Methecls of Getving- ® Substitution Wy Mester The several commer asaye & sets 1» cubstrtuttor Methoc ( Smess Bther check) 2) Teeter Method (Defined in £owe7e terun) yee, pnethect, (sumypup aphex ity ‘age the Levels WMasten Methect (Prose general, methoct these once Len. nen appropriate ) GYBS MAI Commen- cases Megane v9 rete ofl cose) ching ne ebernrants Recusnence Refetions 4 Recusslon Tree eter - eo geocunmence Sulotten : act each Lasel , aa=| Substitution, Melrecl (Guess rebel) 2 Guess oe ere PN “sebuction Ise. pm . : ‘ S i eebictinn nadia jnduction te firol centents bshous that: ER Recuseuence : Tiny= MT (r/2)tr- for & merge ert on) & sneer > Te te peecuseronce. + we Krewe pass of MBE soot hos compeextty olteg m2) passes | ger 2 O—™ Log n) matperatical induction. | we con vereehy the by using \ \ Q Ths tinh)ti-—® _Deferunine upp teee Aoi 6c &OD—2 ! Fier eg ©) _ "i rin) < _ rim ex Ga | EAS Cee Ze logn-ceee. | EBay < c fogn _@ . Tin = © Br) ' tin) = © hegt. 8) owe incluctire azsumpeier : a= 2T(r/ader —@) diy Tha) # 6 (leg) > ain) & c 49g 1 Put gr A a) afew) < ¢ 090") 5 ' ategn =e kc fog - G2 \ ee oes TOA) ¢ cfegr- 6 ©) | TT ta Sige teat = [Tin y, Clogn i) TH) = olntea”) on gk Tne otiegn a THs cn fg 1 Pub &Y @) mn | @) TD & cong, £09(%) 1 dg en dgn- Ott ar(ae) & Luca y '9 4) < oe “4 * £ Cc Sey [log fea] 1D Tny=Oglr) = © (nears oT(m) ¢ om fegn—cn —8) | al qwrt anductive assumption. > Ti)e 27 (rh) Hr | hy Th) = ompR) iy Tin) =O (rm fog 7) | i) Ted écxnfogn (oratante & tase ereugh So pounetT (79) kclegr | TAS € r¥5 809 (%) woke for bewee cerdition- Tia) $ open, bes mS] = O83) S$ tn mM) < cata aah | Zo fogn — HL Bite CCR OGM weDek Gees 4 Ter = Obna : a TEED 5 Tord cm hay (0% 8 rx se) &) TH) = 27 (%4)4r z= Ti) £ 2x cx (Par G a 2 < cw myn <= &) Ae a ce nzen Ln® Go, Tend O(n} oe: afd= aT (L™%))-tn—; Tend= 7 (ntagr) (est ata 3| t= -2- (£997) Fer seme Constont TERY cn fegr | are> ¢ 2firgh) Jog Ps em ») BY c 2 ng top (M+ fea” yon logn- cn feg 2 +™~ Jon Sogn - creer > ately, on bag fe [ter\= a(n cog) | cn fog nr. » cn fogn ent at (LE! 446) #~ » Ter)=6 fm fogn) B| Tlm)= 3|\ 1m) =0 fogr) we Pose te shew: Yrect FOC censtonE & Th) > Wm-= ak THe) - mo LEO 4 GHD. 4D [n= a) aks k= FI { arart Ok ; = ear” 3 Paks \ = al* —D gt Hee ast) =o n+ok Kt) +r = tin) = £2 aneWA\2) Recusronce : T[n)= Tlh/n) +t) TU) = T(r) tt TOM) = 10g) +* 1 (few) - T (Bz) ++ SW) = T (Be) + Gtir- 4b yk L T (Be)+* = +n + lega™ T+logs” Lat ux “ossurre > n= Th= = 2K 2 k= logo™ > Tin\F z 2 Ler oo Tih) = 69h) = < 3 (ign) Reusvtonce ! L\@ 1 Th\= 27 (r/a\+4 ar(s) = 2 T (2) +2, Br (/y7) = 227, ny) +2 DT (Ms) = 247 (yt ‘nt t (Bea) = ak r/o > ee > tin= 2% 1 (mor ee 4g") = kit 22) ke = gkyget = 2d Assume ns 3% 2 k= foga™ Hew @2t, SF 2 ain) = 9.2 SO 1 at ARE an tae 5 an-t Steg 2 ahah 7 fae > Ffh)= Ogln)= aryGL tile tht) 400) wv le —S Oe ee > ag = 12) + 6(rt) +Ee(m) =Tlo)-+ O44) + O)t. . . +6(n) =c+0 T1124. AIM =c+e( fax) = c+6 (2%) Fee & AP spayen vont Th )= 27 (") + lee n= 2% 3 Mew bsqy Lt) = 2M )FmH* Z = or/ sate oo ulna 2°7(TBere we) 61(%)= 2+(%e)er (08 Wade ore as Tin\= 2* Ti +e (7) =mn-tLokn = mtn beqyn <2 hogan fife) = 0 (nteg7y] atn)= art Yak lee n= 3k 27 h)= VT(M2)12* 4, 3 R= fea 27(h)e PT(“AP) A : beat 2 ed ) Pies 2 1(Bal+n (4548S. a ‘ = ak pan (4-2) = 2 OAS aod eat ) = Liban +3(r-2') = 3n-3 9%) ategyny Sam —3.2 7003.9 ogan = 32.293 frm = tn] Ae\e om creer as Reeserarce 2 Tins 3T (ny, 3t(") = oT (pre 3°T(%2) = 97 (ngs) +3* kt T(t) = gy (rqx)t3k* > T= ak ("™) 4 3h* = nt (1-343 vate) = pe 3k-t/e abs =3% 6 Assume > = Anta ale Grated >> k= fogs = fren fog? -*)/2 = Qn tn-bfa = Br /> A = ¢ gf DS Thy olga The) = 2 (MADER - sgumpue amen pion WY Th) zotn tea)>| Recursive Tree Methsol_ os ‘A owcunsion tre is gorenated Y PUCLELSLLEC algeructhrr& . “His pictoual seopresetcter. Of SULUIELE methoct Th. season tree, bach nsce seopresests C oat, of sg Subprallen, Semeushere ta the seb Sf MeCsslve ctien i oe - "We sur Costs ix each Lesel of tre te obtunr a Set ef en Level costs en ale Coe coats 6 determing total cost ofale Levels of setocsisr | Recursion Troe forr Merge Gert ERO SET Fras eciginak problem, use hose cont 9 ae probleme each sf sige (nja) £m 2urning Hire TOA ; Gch of the size n/r problems has O cost of cre. plus tuse Subpreblems Lach, costing Tl) Gost of gisele) ——— ae tracing the execution. of the Cn NS ig 5 OMe oye / SN Tin/2) i 2) ath) a) top) TOM) fart ef contrg —7 : Geng see) lo Th\= 27(Me\rer Hoge 217K) + Me poncling until the prsler. $13€ seduces te t tGontinue ef ——_-F Ga or on Cn fo Jp ore ft AL Gabo yo ec C£ EL Ve e¢op, Peawreanee. T) = BT Vat en of == y yee yy a xn | Pe” yv » Yet 4 ° 2 Ai ? => t= beg > [rhd=~ fogs 1, Recusstence- Fin) = 2T (PA) +t / AL >= 4totut. - Oe > if Sy. Let gat ee tL : AL > ahd. 1D gittas eee Oe fe m(Pee Kecusesion. (letiect) ter\= UT (Lt )an nm —_— te SS aml) 2(mh) fo 0%) ey NA ulmiy uo La ase, SH a) y Teta = O(n) Trl ntamdtint. - . + fog tines an(t+ 2+. disg,r tH aon (geste) gen 2 En = ant) (.enin ; oP Receumenee Retati for * am arm) +eln®) © x Be on ye er clos U™.. fe rye — ty reg TES TON) _ em) a) 1) , In ng 5 DER Height = Logam. Levee abet t Fae a Tonle ont Lene th o™. -- +4 beg i a 26g = ont re | ein) ye fe Tile Paulo lm) = 2646(n) = OO, Te)= 27 —_™ eer) grey 1% — 213 L™N eng) TlAKg) fe) tee) TY) 47/9 een) jp) tt) 2 TE ots . e 0) Thn)= npang tint Bane - - +) L- sit) = mfr es ige(aye d=* of . = on f/1-25t \= an Tatt—2lt Hew n= 3 of SCrL _ “ gere => C= Logs = Of n.3- 2 fogsn. fogxr - Tete 2a Egg Logan 3 ‘ = Rote > <3rn FOIE3N my = Ger) wer vng APesstere Metned wp Reawserce ; Tnd= TIA) + TL) +O T : , ae wa — ig : foasyy ae ~ ace ny S Y Yy 2% 7% >on (s i | t 7 : : tog(n!)\ Bub : otn tog) if (2% i Bm)EmM%™ / \ 4, (2%)= 2% 3 fro) = Hyg se Tha nanan t+. - -thogan tres = Ontayr)_ for approach tS Use = Baseclen masters theorem Golkbosle setoing erocuseunces, Sf the foum- Piny= at (oo) +46) | 7 OYt byt we constorls = “4 & cay reptotically posttwe =A mayrt be an srteger ) but us vires, memesuzatter of 3 cones > Req Teeter _! a Let art &b>t be constants , fet fin) be o finctior, ancl Tin) * be definecl an Ven— negative (ntegeren by S@cwarance _ mor atirs,\+£ln)_|, where use Con saplaw, r/o My [r/eler yb) ata) con le tourclecl asymptotically or S cose - Tp $(n)20 Ipteg oo ®) fore sorre cratont EO) thon, + FN. etnies) yen This © (n*8foq)7) yy fi= Tr (lea * 8) fore gone constant €>6, ore # » Soe ont SL & oh Su Haertly Loxge TM, use have. a fCV%b) fir) yee TIN = fla) = (5) tine UT(MA)ET a ' n *9* = pore on Herve. anh, b= 2s f(ny=n- ! oe Som od elo. So) Case~f & aauisfiecl. Ss WH>so (nfoao™) = 0(n™ stind= @(nle96?)qind= UT (MA) tne or4 » b= 2 F fin\en™ 1 = ——$ | florian = LR fevdoge . | | 7 lea = neon! = on™ CK G@se-2 & sotisfiect 2 T= 6 (rn &ase n WW= 6 im. an #7) - 3 lg) T= ar (mjytr Fog = neat 1” 3b Bath 1 b-% = f(rd= ae 4) | P_ Pal > << @e D6 satisfied | | fase) <= FO) > Heys on? uemy? < en? | > c= 4st gorye re 9 § (n= Y > qind= of) a>, Uy, te oe ye FT (Wa +7™ | omen £2? (ren “* : ogy bei : Wey aN D 2 T(n)= é ‘= 27 (yrs , Assign 2 -r(n je at(n %) 4 fog st Using Master. Metheg Th)= 270A) +1 aso Fi n= 2m 2 Yn= on tet T(2™) = SC) 3 727) = slrye) s(m)= 28 (/p)\+4 Hee a=2, b=2 4 f(rd=t /, sm begs = pn eae” (9,7 = ) I mom (Flr) St )= eller" ) Tid = arin”) +t hog3r / a=3 : we 3m = 3 on Tia = 37 (37%) + og 3 — ©) Lee T(3™) = sm) 2» (3%) = 5 (rs) Poctting walues in eg @) [Sm= 35() + 20933" 1 eve, = 3, b=3 F(m)=™ 3 F(m)e mm > m bsg = ro fogs =e AS [fr)= ro og (cose - 2) Slm\= 6 Crm logy Log ™) = @ (rm fog mm) Sin) = @ Liog yn L925") __ | 7in\= 67 (40 Hew az ) b=, foam ‘ rp 996% = oy 294 an %=t% ont? f (mle mn = mt Hee fm) We ne 7 ee Cater e) = 1 Bb" +E Laf(™)= af(%,)= ing © & ane af(%) 2:2 heat emit =) Fine em] | & “Tin = (arts YL 7 . 4) pow a=2 yb= Ay t(ny=et jp ntegs) = Cha, = net. jose 2S sects frect ‘hire beget) | pa . fin= O(n fog po) = 8) \ on sas, -E) is at) = (IDL ' e| TO) = at (™%) +7 —— Zl asd, be 3, fire nlogr i pea nae ant lot aad, 3 conclitt Or. 1S “caustic Since potyreenial sale ee" Clore ve ao a) nflogn. = begrl< & [Tt)= g (n @85™: _ bogni“}= 8 6 (nsegnhd TO) = ar(m™may+ fog &) @ | Here A= 3, bY “fondo nlogn @ ay gb>e 4 peaatere metredt con be app tiect Fimo rn £090" en PGuR= Leg 3teg = ners: ‘Cone 3 & citiefiect ) (om) = “a. (n ORE) = B (no Fett) ushere x02 fo (FCA CLO a! genie 9% ju 3(-g) £09 fra) § x Bon bogn (.¢ a)! flou= nf, 97, [l= 6 Cf) = va (ntegTTih)= 7 (00 Heo 2 baa, fe oo | gia ) which satisfies case—S of raster thesr@™ = Neus use check , of (™)< of) > Ff) Co. | ¢Gn)= 2D F%)* £c#* | apt om 2D CF FCA [m= 6G@))=6 (nat 2)- 6TH) »FMIL Tonle yiofrz0ert j Tin25T(7 whet is Tm) me let Timl= aE™ TOte aoa ge above eq becomes =) T= wlr-t)- ETO?) Ly ocP= Batt 6x 2 Minar = 3x 2 be see Pe J xte Fx 6 = WSxt6=0 PR > x (x-B) -2(e-B)= 0 > (x-B)0C®) =6 > fe=al et Tx=2] Fin prginal Heauscrcerce usith help 6F tws Ost to selse above & qin= 1K +G%2™ = Ge+a2 —@ Talking the initial condlitisr » Tin)ar fer n=0 etl, WE hoe THO =. 84a:2° YP ata=0—-© Putting n=1, the gs Tht)= t= 4 Btk Cn 2% | ae 2 3224629 : z a ' D> gat2o=t @ | Seboing tHe eg” @) &O@ we get <1=t Lor=-t Put value of Ct ber ir eg” © , we get qos 4. 37461)2" 2 an%_2™ > [7m= o md eS(escen Medecny he x qin)= aT (7/2) 49 = Blac bea 4 Ss beg ita ne but fln)=n® ase -@) 8 sats frecl (F@) =n? yn) i) g@= oa (939 - €) whe E=L = otn**) ' DT) O(n v gy. TH = Ton/10)+™ J Hee a=k, b= t% Fa oe = mnBb,y ante t ol FOE TIM era Sy fmle7= mm G96 HE ~ ‘ ffm)= (7 Log + £ Gx) (mr) = es (m Boge + e)-©) SBF ao = 4 Mog = de afl) < of) > Vos cima: _ (@¢ -3 eatisfiel) - gc [> —ain)= 6 C£n)) = etre ol YL th= 46T (M47? fk) “Al pew a= 16 )b=4 farm . nits nie > f= Te peat 2 fie = (ne &* “a. (nisae*+€) —@ g of() Lent > 1649 got [2 62 (se. on 3 is exit) ainys OM?) (ep Ae = 2r("%)W mete t Hore = 2) b= 4 3 $(n)e Vr = 2 teal wn eaee = mba = ne ce F082" feg,4 : f(m)= mth anm, fog (@se-%) fine & (mfOHe™) venich sedisfi2s nck conch tren =e (n* fog) Fitm)= © Wm fogn)_) ) qin)= @ (9 fog i 2097) = 6 (n 891" £09) Ee. i -eae _ 8g Techaues po wigs cn debt cm - vpyotcle 7 COC ere + Dyno, Prt , : epponning _pook broking, + Bronch. @ Bouncl Sate as eacty echnidyle . conquest, (DAO utatten. preblere by dividing & wt dousn Spprsach! aa jxicle 4c goR9€% cer qubpreblerrS az uses. ty S focusl VE re svucitee? | qside 1 FE dlavicles preblem te oubpreblems that axe sénilen to | |geginal but smoiilerr rr size - « onquere He subpreblers by eebotng ther seocuatively . Hf they cde sin eneugh-) pad sstve then’ tr Straight ferusarcl proonest 2 ae celuction ts orginal problem « bine 1 create Sy e|gmbire + Gobutinns cer tn novet) seopectectiy ocecece® On unstonte of a problem to ere CFL proste, srmolese i saree prebler urti€ castonces oe L [enough tg sot |e size of probler pi deol ite [x -subpreblens ther Ge Computing tre * . “Hd = £ GO aay & salt IS atest TCI) AFCO) 1 E yt Tre complexity ef reong eo R conquree algortthrn® 2 nonesee Eb ome Jere ind =f TL? pant -) P t flr) ErIL |” as corstnts- n & das gis as cl L at(Yb) tn is He powerc oF b nae assure “T(1) is Known he Preo'cl \Algeuithe DAC (P) fee smal (p) ther jot K Pp) oe Divide p (rte sroollex jratarces PP - Pic» Kb f of these gubproblens Apply DAC 8 each febusin cormbir® (DAE (P4), PAC Pad y- % ‘Preblore of SEL) x. Civile & @nquore) 12 ile an Boon ae aa Goodies) Gai ) ~ Buick Soret o orto subproblend Filenace, Nomiew—0 (2) let paren) e [ place foer de orginal proble )Binasuy Seaseth weth kneuen (nstorce of disde & cenquer panaclignr ¢5 binary se But this technique enly fuserdxs fer aboceck tse oe Appreach : — Seach the nniddee Clornort , f net CF x= afed] + E;thore search Loft ex Sught half (of x rem capt Bey # Got B ofl] t TEM Set G&el= MID-L ete set Beg = MID+2 uy MID = | Beg +Gnel| i ae 5) Ifo Purp = Len thew loc = MID ese Loc = Nutt 6) ext SL let us select He entPul ST j82.)104, 227) 498,131, 292 ,1BL- A] 15,-6 0, 92%, 130 I eS 8 Suppose Clem £6 be geaccchecl & i) 15 1 he ua MID 4D i 3 preaees yas ENPAES Cit found) cash , We neecl 3 5 Tine, G@raplextty. : Te analyse excferrmance EF berosuy S to @epucte rah ne of patton suquired fer sucessful soos. Tind= (TO) sFret | Lorna) +fin) ,g mot 4: NOS, « od, b= ngtclet inte $ Lee hoaa Seah a ty be 2 bez we axe dteiding to Fn)= 1-Tnp)tt =F f= Taye] 2 ports(bing master methscly ged, b= 2 A) at, b= 2) fin)=t- _ mba = bash nat flolaO2 t T ) Fa) [2 = Te] nb9 & (ase-2 © sodtisfiecl) . TH a (-m Fog. 3 (n)= © (1-bog rm . Tin)= @ (Logar) 1 WE Successful Search, Best= Olt) y Avg = 0(fogn) ) tuesse = 6(lopn) inauccessfu seascch, Beet = Avg = West = (fegr) Merge Spel basecl on cisitle L-corquest posacligen Mesige sort “6 : art a sequence of 7 elernon tS rt nen -dlecresily Genting Preble : ercleras Ipystle > Davide the n-ebernent sequence to be. serctecl ite 2 sudbsequencé| of Te CLerments each - ety Laing Merge serch L@ngurese oobect Asubsequerd Pours Yy (arebipe 2 Mexee 2 serrtect subsequences £6 procluce 2 certtact sul | exge (A; 4 AY o huxifosu. sisrtage yr) 4 4. ket cet; gemtt a. ushtle (KEP) pysr de cercted! ongusen. r, nm t . afk 4 of jl te . of na Rpts eket) epee gord-eLf1 gedtest 9g [42] 43 he L mt (eee! Efe [43] K 4 26 | 3242] 43]| | | jMewe sont CA,p, 1) (QL & Mgp of Marge Soret Tie Gploxi Thput : A sequence of m numbers steredl tr assay A. d Output 2 An ercleract sequence of 7 Numbers. rege eect. (Aypy in) M sore AL p-- 2] by alisiele L conquer, id. f pxoc j2- then, Qe Lersd/2.] 13. Mege sect (Ap) q) HW. Merge Sort (A gt 20) L 5. Menge (AsPrqy9e) // merges Lr af mT Initia’ colt : Merge sort (A, 4,7) Analysis of Merge Set! Tie @rypdexity, FRuming Tine Tin) of Menge Sb 3 OL) PDisile : Gmputing the muddle takes veblems takes apa) EGrquon : Sebing 2 Sub} “Gombing : Merged m1 Ceonients takes G(N. |-? Bot “(Tins eG) penet Lti)= 2 Trp) t+ etry) pf NIL . eexcern} i — S[Tin= @ (rfleg rl], By vsing mostens 1 2T(rA)+™ _ 2 Sp Seeeuxsiorce eg™ [Tir)= SP) a. FE Ct divide FBG. Cost of Serclt CA Oh an Te hi, Avg & wbswet Gat Of Avichd Merge. com 9 [2 Leg J Best case | Avertag leat (nlegr) Gfniesn) | OGL Ga _ [fo infor Olnlegn) | ofnteg rt] ocr) Bene" EN (ga) Hneesctior 100) | Ofn! eR CR a ot’) (0m) | om) oes 6 PE Min Heap 9B 6 o conpleta birony tree. usith, po Tei of tochirede © Small thon the Bata of ds Bega ‘Hin Heap implies that ere of smallest Clement is at sot of heap). ¢FRED SA2t Amax heap Sc Corplete binadyy Leae use thed: ede i oo ustth. the the val & OSE A% Lange as Catead boat chitetron. st be rye ef af rox ap impltes that ene of laxgest elennt & at x00 4 Ag oleremrts are distinc then swat contains x : fasegest ctern Max heap can. be tmplernentecl Using 07 asa CD JB. 12a s 68 & BB. figlagfaals [8 7 1513] o & @ ® yma (Asory propresetosion.) f Z of vee. 1sf1"' 4 ae pects sg flat etractuseéthat Sotisfves eo [bineste)) heap deka structu9e (5 on areay object thek can be udenseal as cernplete birosty ee cneseficotion of Heap Tree. cessefication. OF Hee} HE 6s of tuss typee Min, Heap = Mox Heap - t The scoot of Hee = a & OX “Pasunt (<) U5 setun Yrs. Let (= 3 sLese chile Co) es sete! ) Posent = 542 2 > (7) * el (() ts setwn (2+ D Lefe = 2c= | Right che Right +241 = 64.57 WTA rox heap? AL verte 1 Y Ald tp men heap AT parent (jag ace 3} Mox-heap ts bastcalty usec fore heap sont algerie ia commonly asecl fore Pm tpraty Won’ min- heop (B® ‘ ts By rraur Vox heap fore £54 of eferner® Be, 3, 15) 27 £) 2 Ay at : A iy a | as > AR > L +» ya 6@O° S55 ~P S) Be A, 2s | fee Les Bee? Le 3 XYa a ee ees ae al | AGerithn forr Heapify Heaptfy (4,i) Le Loft (0) 2) x © Right (2) IF Lé heap-sie TAI & ALI AT CI 2 Ther fosgest HL 5) else Losgest —¢ - BF ngnene aise TA] & ALED >A Diag] Fe tron Loxgest ‘f BY HF fosxgest +6 a Ten in ALI © ALlasgest A toy Heapfy (A) (asgest) epee 7 esta nof heaptty Time _Complextly ? Reauonce “a8 fespthy Peer geotect “The. stunning time Of, rox heapify 6 a Sub er giser rade ¢ ts ayy pare = 61) te Fix up sulatienship arerg ALiD, ATLONI Late) L Pius time fe Sun n-Ox heapify er o sus tecl oF 6 gre cikelrer ef rece ¢- ” chikelren's subtree each has size of admost /2%) From the tree, Ix A= Le 104 = 204 =6 gy «(36 At node i=2, Tal ne. of redes ase 6- oS By sucuscunce selection fe) a) fs D (height of heap = lag) [P@)= 12h tL) Sensing using roster methed, 3 rina T (Bhp) Yt (7) = arly) +h) ) Howe Flol=1 ,o= 2) 623% j; nlegt= nfo = 1. feta? lose 2. sacktftect. Tn) =¢e (a fox fogn) = Ota fag) > (Te)= é Ctog,r) | 41 atnl= & (#067) = core b tinl= & (r!90% fog rn) — Gre 2 tin) = @ fe) — G3paee rereplate, bt tree of n-ne des E& [meltt ave Leaf wee frp] nodes axe Ap willel heap ) 2 can Use Moxheapity ¢ faoocay ALL... 72) fs pity a rere mone A be consent wD vax-Heapl AD . 5 Heap st3e [A= fergth TA ws OCD) |p for c= [eerath AY] dousn te 1 a(n) ” max — heapéfy (At) 6 (n 409) sje 2 0 (ng) ; te_ Gr bexity * se, Knaus hoe heaptfy epecabtor pected oltsgr-) But there fn) such cole Se the suunning tine [OCP dog) ; aste. 0 lt wile HeL2 Vol tN 2| Ae Ly 4 pn a /S, PN Aa 6 3 a af xe €) ey 3 a A K 8 2 @) vit # i sofers 1 wrod 5 before rox hoaptty (As) : pow to necle Thfg@) » Loop index Cs Thighs) shou feep (rolex ¢ fo" pert (perotter. 9% Ynfig (ed - £9 e) cupseauert itesceutto™ Bey gps rox heap ofte BUILD- MA* -hoop finshes > eh Heapsemt_ Algorithm. st we, Foe # 8801 ewe oon Bulding 7" heap fren arog 9 at We us soct / Largest overt of asvay ACt- "93 is sterecl at not AL, sith (ners. eres, He asgeat shouscl be eleronts Of tre Oona So we corn achase this by exchorgingBahl a max —heap fem overay F Swap the Xeot Cmax" element) wet the Last etemant Or He Bray , HDiscoocl’ this fast nade by decreaaing the heap S1Be + j- Cage Max -Heapifiy 6m need Seah . br Repeat his process until enty ene rede seorreu 3 Algo : Heap sent (A) 2) Builel —Max_Heap (4) -Oln fog mn) by for = Length won to 2, abet dime forw C= Length [AI down fei tines Lola exchenge ALTE ALC ~ et Ly heop-S'geTAI Heop—sie ATL of , BY Mox_Heapify (A.t ) —0 (log 5 | Tine. Gnplenily [Ruming tie « ofn fog) & A> G3 L2) » AP, yes 5 1S ae wi® ome) Mox- Heopifty (Art,4) Max-Heaptfy (44:3) @ Mex -Heapity (Aty2) o & ® » A [elels[4e L a e? © ® @ Mox- Heapify (Arts) | % Speaiok Types of Trees +) Fie brew tome = A birasey bree in vshich. @ach recle has ecther a Leaf we hos degrwe exactly 2. we aN ~ 40 | ys 7S | we 8 FW Groplete Binary Pet. = A birosty eat im ushich alt Leorses Oe en came Level oral ald intesral necles have degsa2 2. { 0 om a, | 2” Ye 9” topsn gibbon = No.of ef ae aes on. forgent simple path fram rede, Hg oben cuclt © Length of o path from ‘py Height of i A i sot te the necle JO ea of set =3 , wos yogic f= 2a 9” 0 © Level, of o)=2 2 propactes i Jota Gructune te fase pop Be peop 1 & neasely complete binary toca uxtth. foelousing _gouctustiol Property pools ore Full ; excopt possibly | gre ushich- ia fillec fre Lege to otig ht ode (heap) preperty : por ery necle 1 Pasant CD %/% por Fem heop propos & fatows oot? 4 te element of te heap |" Wap, sieob 5 the reer Ascstaay Representation. of Heaps 2 stored 08 assay A pt ae tees alorel 16 [a [2018 7913 12/44 A Rep @nr be Rect of tee (8 Aft a Hoge chulcl of ALC I = ALI JX Ryne chisel of ACEI = A [owed AN PR Lament op ALL = ALLS J wk 7 ° ° [Hep (3 [ATS Bength Tal au © Fria +ty mt] cow fearses eration. er. Heap® */Mainkein/ Restore. the. prox “H@OP prepay © MAX Heapyy. Greate, o rrox-heap fer 7 unordlecocl asuiay : Bulle Max—Heap Ident an avucay in PACE ~ Heap Sect . PrimiTis a clita structume maintaining o Set OF elerents , @ach corthen, asxscatecl Urdue catlecl a ke useclasan The beat Known application fiep At 5, efficient prsruby quotes | Propedies : ~ each element & ascectatecl usttha value . 7 — key woith highest (er lowest) proortty i extracted fist - lel ig [es ba Operations en Pristuty Auous Mox-prisuty quucue suppert the fedleurrg ¢P ee D Theerrt (4,2) — sraesrt fro element x cate set A. This & ueuttencs AEA U {x} I) Maximum (4) — Retusins edenarts of A ustth the fi’) Extract -rrax (a) — Removes £ seotusins the & the Las gest key. > Therese key (Ayx,l<) —Trevease \aluc nios Value Ix, usht O& Lasge ag” x's Note. : 2) Gre application Of rox -priseuty que 6n chosecl Comput - D Min- priscuty quan con fe used in on event -dlrisen Sinulater. at 1S Key to the ascurrecl 46 be attecad ent Key alue S& schedule gobs Min- priorely Queue Supperct the frkleusing ty Trsesct ji) Minimum. li) Extract i) Trerease Key - ox. + Geert driven Simulote | Tema a the queus ase events to fe “sirnuloded, each usith on assscitecl tie 6F ecuseence thot Sees asts key : ‘ Fe events Preat fe cimuletecl th exer of their me of eccusan® bernuse the Simulator Of Gr eset Gr cause wtherr—asents £8 62 |Simutatect inthe future .¥ “poximure (A) > Return oh pp ed “ e Lasrgest Clement of the heap B ict” , ‘pte gone. complexity 6 rrax heap takes OA) tire gy Heap a: uf a a \y 3 Heap - max (4) sotuas + ee oock MaxlA) 9 Extracts the Langeat ofemert of te heap HA gf heap- 3° AKL — 2) 1 emo ‘hoop wrdefio! = ots) i ox Alt — of) iy ACL Trerend? sty je Ten eet js. ALi ek —t PAO Se aLenent (ALT = tegted 5. do exchorge ALT? AL pacer (0 = fea 5 Ce paert (i) ere . biol = O(f69 n)- Time complexity heap (reread key 0 (dog) for n ~ehemené heop Process Fe 5 ALC te Ss Neus volud ~Thcvernent the En AF max hoop propotty cleean'é, hebol. nyo" strovede a path foursdls te 2064 18 fircl He propor place for rously rereasedl boy(inte. rox heap. @) max =Heap—Thsect (inserts Neus efernent: ie Be takes key a8 irput to be racdect (108 MOK OY LS Ge tke procehoa pret operds the mox-heap by odeling 8 oe, Ores Leaf usher key iS —o?- . > ten i calls heop~Cerease key 10 set the key oF hs news rede to ds cewcect Cabs & maintains heap preperty Hox —heap — tnseset: (Ay keg) 2. heap —size AL & heap - size TALH. 2. A [heap -size [AL] ¢-~o= 3. Heap. Trereose —key (A, hoop —si3e key) & B~ ~~ PR fs > AN AX ARS 3 4. A, is a uf i Tnsert \alue : £5 The sesteracl heap containing- — Strode by wrsercting 08 rreusly addeot efernent - Ve pm BR D% is € oe g uy, G IR 9 ATS ats satisfies Peep property @ 1890) Summary : L Max-Heapi © hogr) L Buifel es ap oO SN ) L. Heap Ser Om Sgn loot Heap raed 3 (fog) ) Heap —Extract Max oO Cfegn) bd 2 Olegry © pee ere Kj 53 | at iat Heap Moxtmnur O4e | aa Aj poxt™ 0 of Clerrents = sen Clements tna heap heght AD | ininure re ef elements = gh ROE, fe | ape = 2427497 ke = ia foo = a aos Cros” lenin) He Level 4 that 1 elements has height [2 aes gous that ight n ee A tp, aberse provlern , ght [leg mJ ah on Cah > akin gabe a Dre login £44 im, heap might the element fol | g| orew! rox ip mg tasgest srroblest element Fost 23 oseuming that all elements coe clistincts 7 | alan Max -Heap, smoltest element. susie tr Raf omc tewninad rocles «| “Diyile & Grasorl” |. Vouy imperctore strategy 0 Computet suerce : > pivide the prebllern (rte Ssrollere ports |2 Troleperdené4y sehse the posts 2 Gmbire these sobutions te get ovenll schudton |b tdea 4: Dasidle arcray inte twe rohoes , poacsstvely re Lee & might Folves , | den 2; Posutttion assay inte Herr that ase. Grol arcl. eterna ‘ " %, there eas (ele corte the two sets > Guick Z ~ then, retge 6496 Folivsess “Fuse easy steps” : Quick Sort _ | Te sett an arog” |. Tf numbese of elements |The asa @ ssretedt 6. This & the piveé vollue - ie Pick on. Slement Uv & : 2. Pasditien 6- {23 wie te digjgint subsets ) 64 = fall values rev] ard 52 = fall vous xP}. A Rebwin Auuck seret (54), ¥ » Quick sexet (52) | * 9 suidk 8 alse cabled o& postition ~ exchenge see Sis a eeocling olyerithrn, ushese wart —Case Punning tire O(n) (Oncl best cose ancl aXsg Case Stunning tere & OM beegn) Fk “1 ene of tre fastest Sorting algoutin 6G 0e%1, ten metunn hakr ri Vv >| Like merge seit, quick gest (6 bavect on Dusecle B congnins Freer, " Hew, there 0 B-step DAC procas por senting. 0. CP “e Disicle: The eviay ALp...21 6 posctttienect inte 2 | eed Alp: gil 2 ALgi.. 21 Se ee ATp- 9) 0 less then oe apad to ALat: 2. | salen ig farrpectecl ob poste ofthis pootitioning prscecluse | Morguos + use sub-osctay ACp.. G1 2 Alatt tose soot | by Secussive Calls 49 quick sore . Combine: Since Subsrtay ase sorte tn place , ne usec (5 needeed a tecombine tem + Grtive array ALp...2] & now sorted | & oe bbe + prvet Value 6 6 o @ 7 FS og \ select pr tL b * ° & . 4a St a tien S Bo. ot) @ (ea ea Tonal on Ue Lb & Quick seect G1) &5y 1s 0 1% 26 ar 43 57) 65 (5 61 92) 'L 2) w Se sosted |S (0 1 26 at 49 57 65 35 6 92) 3 Pasuition takes place th quickest rh 3 methsds |i) Find the pot ,f the plvot Cemat & first dlement ten & | fhe userst case, |i) FF prot element & middle element than cb is best case . 1) Tf pivot Clement ¢s chosen ony element of arvray , then b6& | te average mse. Posie Idea ae if. Pick ere herent (nthe ascrcuy j ushich (es@o be pivst 12. Make are. piss Srevgh wruy, collec He postition step , seaxnargé the antn nm > t 6 Has pre nkace . > le Crabtest don the poset ase te tts fofr Ly erties Leger trenthe Pivot are te its Suight 13. Recuxsively all quick sort 1s the fort ofthe ascray-| os nth 2 | Agent ¢ wcokeeoet ( AiP) sc) pan ier. Bacpestion anny 1) wi seoct (A,get) 0) ec amplexity OF ikegt 3 frie employ ee. | se Postition. A quick sex dep & this r ten |, algertithra suns app as § Burning time Ht uurbalencect for peetOnrs) oe > FF pasationigy © Bsuctition (A,p, 99) D) x2e€Abud a» oe p-t » j'ep te xt W) ‘de of ALG IS % 5) cert 8 exchorge ALI Atql 4) exchorge ALi > ALPE] J) Tire coraplenity of merge sent | 3m begin Mcizmert & exchargecl. uotth- self AGI GAL gd surdemtzecl deters > Running time of alse ently ceporels er-the Yp- anels on cehet ez posedtionng (3 balencecl deperds en. ushth element Ce usecl re, pri often merge. sestt: {ous o& (as@dten. SO pF [nbatorce, @ con Sue | Best Case Penforrnence— eb Alggesttm oluaays chegsed best piset onel splits eee an holf ot | @ch sccoustsion : 9 700) = Tit) = 0) ze - censtont tine, FO 5b element na Fee NLj2 seenyesie pus Rineaet teres f6° po seater i sank ion as o| Ftp ar(un)ton)_] Gave tanoaente Menge: Bee) ps a By using masterr theese) (ose 2 tt hos te stutter Fineom degn) [ fuse sites Of aster ae Oe Fesel oF Thus equal balorer i f Secuion. aces cdymptotally actors age" : | pe ay jn r ee Vi an fog 4 L A AL 4 A Dn Total = Cileg™) | Running time perce (5 on gr) [Bolarced. Pasutioning : Aug case susning “time \closer to beat cose than the Wert COLE Suppose for exornple , posditioning adgssutter. alusceg® proctuces a 9-2 properdiore.e split use then phic he HeneHGE of week seer (& much a ttin= Tlarhe)t Te + en n 3m | baie sows BE Yolo) ~ ov i te oEp Soy hoe sy oH wi ln) Seasses pick 6 tn leg) on beg yo Tin) ¢ en fg wgr +n) | Boundooyy cenclition of- tree ot clepth. fogyd™ = Olfegr) & ther (ovsels have ast at mest cr: Recursion terminates at depth fog w—r = B( fog) pint cost of quickaort (e. O(ntegn) to, y Wah JL proportional DAE at ee eu Leweb, of Sees sor (his seers gute unbectorcect uicheapel punk wn Of eg) dime caymptetically te someas if split woe sight cleusn the micelle- Gerst Cse Perrpeuaance _ vin always crosse te worst pivot 3 5 . A gece ee 7 pleet sere sub-asxay 6 emp > TiN ho fornsec TIN)= TON-1) +6(N) = Tnea)+ OD) +600) = TIE Dos 46in) = Tho) +0 ("(#)) = cro +4) 4ee eee Wile eC 8 secwrrwee fo ranng dust pobors, | Sie)= Th. ote y we 2a) Wert COSE Ocouss A FF replete, sertecl fen ie ee 3 abrenclyy ' , BLY 9 | 2) F dertas 070 3/3/3/38)3 ‘ (oat cose) > Avene! 2 set mance. : Fe average case, pascittion procluct® Co pux of Goscl 2 bool! spaes - pore thot tre. goool & baol spats ablesnvode. Levels in the ree. J — 6m) 1 m | 0 RA ert | eB ty (&eDY a) fe \ Geaxt Os (Genet spit (2) Bool speit “Th figla) ) the position, ue peek costs ve Eprocuces & ‘pap 'sp&t + 2 Tee subruey oft cugaion vee & very well baboncedt - th fig single fosel of 9% Fe eeong Sasi xe of size TE ests UE Epon or gecel’ split © 2-Sub OCH gore hs & Ca lake. cerabination- of back gphit (followed! by goscl opt produces 85ub Oy (-D/at Br-D>r at embirect pesdiitler- at oF | aoray of size Or) $ 6 9 D= © oo . / Laced cost bol =pht con be absenbecl. inte alr) of geoct split | endorizecl Outch Se a ] beck onalyzing quickserct (5 te assume that te (vot [Oe cine I cequonet lek us assure G neue wee ee te pick He posse _chesse & sondern ‘alert of te yp seamence SE meena we odd pondomization te garuthre. perder to ebleun geoct ’ pacrage - cose paper aver abl inputs - — v ALPA AL 08 pivet, we ux0l use OW 4 wai atte of oso UN Ment, from the comey a [p-- el poset Blernent (5 cae Lipo en except Ge pert