;k fo#/n izfrfØ;k ,dksf.

klkO;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh fnlwu ;sÅ

ykxY;k- ekuoh thouklaca/kh izpfyr vlysY;k #< fopkjkauk Nsn
ns.kkÚ;k tksgku gMZj o fOgdks º;k rRoKkaP;k Økafrdkjh fopkj
iz.kkyhdMs fopkjoarkaps y{k vkd`"V gksÅu bfrgklkdMs
osxG;k n`"Vhus ikg.;kph xjt izrhr gksÅ ykxyh- bfrgklys[kukr
dYiusyk LFkku vlkos- rks dsoG xq<oknh uOgs rj jatd vlkok gk
fopkj ^jksekWafVd* bfrgkl ys[kdkauh iqjLd`r dsyk- izkFkfed
L=ksr lk/kukapk vH;kl d#u] dsoG ;q/ns vxj eksB;k ?kVukaps
uOgsrj jk"Vªkaps bfrgkl fyfg.;koj jk"Vªh; o`RrhP;k xVkus Hkj
fnyk- rj eqG L=ksrlk/kukaph fpfdRld Nkuuh d#u ,sfrgkfld lR;
’kks/kwu dk<.;koj y{k dsanzhr dj.kkjk bfrgkldkjkapk ,d XkV
iq<s ljlkoyk- ,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh bfrgklkP;k
lkg;~;dkjh ’kkL=kapk vH;kl xaHkhji.ks gksÅ ykxyk] ;keqGs
bfrgklkP;k lk/kukaph ’kkL=h; i/nrhus fpfdRlk d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k
?ksrk ;srks ;kph tk.kho vH;kldkar fuekZ.k >kyh-

bfrgklkdMs ikg.;kpk gk uok n`"Vhdks.k #tfo.;kps o

bfrgklfo"k;kP;k i/nr’khj v/;;ukps egRo izfrikfnr dj.;kps eksykps
dk;Z ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkP;k izkjaHkh dkGkr teZuhrhy cfyZu fo|
kihBke/khy bfrgklrTKkauh dsys- R;kaP;kiSdh ifgyk egRokpk
bfrgkldkj ckFkkZsZYM fucwj ¼Barthold Niebuhr½ gk gks;- gk
tUekus MWfu’k] ijarq izkphu jksepk bfrgkl gk R;kP;k v/;;ukpk
fo"k; gksrk- 1810 lkyh cfyZu fo|kihBkr jkseP;k bfrgklkoj
R;kus fnysyh Hkk"k.kkauh 'kkL=h; bfrgkl ys[ku i/nrhpk ifjp;
vH;kldkauk d#u fnyk- jksepk bfrgkl vH;kl.;klkBh R;kuh fyOgh

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lkj[;k izkphu jkseu bfrgkldkjkapk ekxksok u ?ksrk] izkFkfed
L=ksr lk/kukapk ’kks/k ?ksryk- R’k lk/kukaP;k vk/kkjs jksepk
bfrgkl] R;kaP;k laLFkk] R;kaP;k leL;k ;kapk vH;kl dsyk-
R;kP;k v/;;u i/nrhps egRo cfyZu fo|kihBkrhy vH;kldkaP;k eukou
fcacys- v’kk izdkj uhcwjus vk/kqfud bfrgklys[kukpk ik;k r;kj
dsyk- ,sfrgkfld lR;kpk 'kks/k ?ks.;kps egRo izfriknu dj.kkjs
R;kps ,d fo/kku izfl/n vkgs- rks Eg.krks] ^In laying down the
pen, we must be able to say in the sight of God, I have not
knowingly or without earnest investigation written anything
which is not true *gs R;kps fo/kku izR;{koknh bfrgklys[kukps
ekxZn’kZd rRo cuys-

fyvksiksYM jkads ¼1795&1886½ uhcwjP;k fopkjiz.kkyhus

izHkkfor gksÅu º;k ekxkZoj HkDdei.ks ikoys Vkd.kkjk] izR;
{koknh bfrgklys[kukph eqgwRkZes< i/nr’khji.ks jkso.kkjk teZu
bfrgkldkj fyvksiksYM jkads gk gks;- oLrqr% R;kP;k v/;;ukph
lq#okr vfHktkr xzhd o jkseu okM~e; o /keZ’kkL=kiklwu >kyh-
R;kuarj rks vkoM Eg.kwu bfrgklkP;k vH;klkdMs oGyk- o;kP;k
rsfolkO;k o"khZ] 1818 lkyh bfrgklkpk f’k{kd Eg.kwu O;kolkf;d
thoukr R;kus inkiZ.k dsys vkf.k 1825 lkyh cfyZZu fo|kihBkr
bfrgklkpk izk/;kid Eg.kwu jtw >kyk-

izkjaHkh bfrgklkr jkadsyk Qkj #ph uOgrh- uhcwjP;k

jkseP;k bfrgklkus ek= R;kph erifjorZu >kys- uhcwjps ;kn`"Vhus
rks _.k ekU; djrks- ;k lqekjkl R;kus fofo/k xzaFkkaps okpu
dsys- R;kr xzhd o jkseu bfrgkldkj] okWYVj

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LdkWVP;k ,sfrgkfld dknacÚ;k rlsp gMZj] xFks ;kaP;k
fy[kk.kkps ifj’khyu dsys- ;krwu R;kph bfrgkl fo"k;d Hkwfedk
iDdh >kyh- fofo/k izdkjP;k xzaFkkps v/;;u dsY;kuarj R;kus
dk<ysyk fu"d"kZ R;kpk iq<hy fo/kkukr Li"V fnlrks % I found
by comparison that truth was more interesting and beautiful
than romance, I turned away from it and resolved to avoid all
inventions and imagination in my works and stick to facts.”

jkadsP;k uO;k bfrgklys[ku i/nrhpk ifjp; History of the Latin

and Teutonic People º;k R;kP;k ifgY;k xzaFkkus d#u fnyk- º;k
xzaFkkrhy vk’k;kis{kk R;kyk fyfgysyh izLRkkouk o xzaFkkyk
tksMysyh ifjf’k"Vs fo’ks"k cksydh Bjyh- R;kr R;kph
bfrgklkckcrph /kkj.kk rks Li"V djrks- iwohZ fyfg.;kr vkysY;k
bfro`Rrkais{kk ,sfrgkfld O;Drhaph dkxni=s rlsp
bfrgklxzaFkkapk okij djrkauk ys[kdkps O;fDreRo] R;kps fopkj]
R;kus ,sfrgkfld ekfgrh dksBwu feGfoyh] ;kph Nkuuh dj.ks gs
jkads egRokps ekurks- R;kus vkiY;k xzaFkklkBh dks.krh lk/kus
okijyh ;kph ;knh rj rks nsrksp] R;kf’kok; R;kaph fo’oluh;rsP;k
n`"Vhus fpfdRld rikl.kh d’kh dsyh ;kphgh ekfgrh nsrks- rlsp
nq;~;e lk/kukaph fo’oluh;rk d’kh ikMrkGwu ikfgrh vkf.k
R;kapk okij dksBs o dka dsyk rsgh Li"V djrks- dYiuk o xq<okn
R;kT; ekuwu iqjkO;krwu ts lR; gkrh vkys rsp n’kZfo.ks rsp
n’kZfo.ks gs rks bfrgkldkjkps ifo= drZO; ekurks-

jkadsP;k ladfyr fy[kk.kkps lqekjs 54 [ka.M vkgsr- R;kr

fo’ks"k mYys[kuh; Eg.kts History of the Popes ps rhu [kaM The

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German History at the time of Reformation gk ikp [kaMkpk
xzaFk] ;kf’kok; Hisotry of France, The Origins of the wars of
Revolution vkf.k o;kP;k 83 O;k o"khZ fygk;yk ?ksrysyk
Universal History º;k izpaM xzaFkkps lgk [kaM gs gksr-

O;kid Lo#ikP;k º;k bfrgklys[kuk brds R;kps nqljs egRokps

dk;Z Eg.kts vkiY;k bfrgklfo"k;d fopkj iz.kkyhpk izlkj o izpkj
dj.;klkBh R;kus 1833 iklwu ;qjksikr vusd fBdk.kh vk;ksftr
dsysY;k dk;Z’kkGk] R;krwu uoksfnr bfrgkldkjkauk dsysys
ekxZn’kZu vkf.k vkiY;k fopkj iz.kkyhP;k izlkjkps dk;e O;klihB
Eg.kwu 1859 lkyh lq# dsysys ,dk bfrgklfo"k;d fu;rdkfydkps
izdk’ku gs gks;- bfrgklys[kukpk o la’kks/kukpk mfpr ekxZ
nk[kfo.ks] bfrgklkP;k v/;;ukr gks.kkÚ;k pqdk nk[kfo.ks vkf.k
vpwd dkVsdksj la’kks/kukP;k ekxkZpk ifjp; d#u ns.ks gh R;kph
mfí"Vs gksrh-

fyvksiksYM jkads ;kus bfrgklkP;k v/;;ukckcr o ys[kukckcr

iq<hy eqyHkwr rRokkaoj Hkj fnyk-

1½ dks.kR;kgh ,sfrgkfld fo"k;koj fy[kk.k djrkuk R;kfo"k;h

fyfgY;k xsysY;k xzaFkkauk nq;~;e LFkku vlkos- R;k xzaFkkps
ifj’khy djrkuk rks dks.kh] d/kh o dks.kR;k ifjfLFkrhr
fyfgyk ;kph rikl.kh d#up R;krhy fo/kkus] brj iqjkos iMrkGwu
ikfgY;kuarj xzkº; ekukohr-

2½ nq¸;e bfrgklxzaFkkis{kk ewG L=ksrkaP;k vH;klkoj Hkj |

kok- ,sfrgkfld O;Drhaph] ,sfrgkfld ?kVus’kh lacaf/kr vlysY;k

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O;Drhaph dkxni=s] i=O;ogkj] R;kaP;k ledkyhukaph dkxni=s gk
eksykpk iqjkok gks;-

3½ v’kk iqjkO;krwu ts lR; vH;kldkP;k gkrh iMsy] R;kpkp QDr

bfrgklys[kdkus fy[kkukr djkok- ,sfrgkfld lR;kps fp=.k gs
R;kps ,deso mfí"V vlkos-

4½ ,sfrgkfld fy[kk.kkr lanHkZ] rGVhik] lanHkZxzaFklwphauk

Qkj egRo vkgs- dkj.k R;krwu eqG vk/kkjkaph okpdkyk ekfgrh
gksrs- vkf.k fo/kkukaP;k lR;arsph rikl.kh dj.ks lqdj gksrs-

5½ ,sfrgkfld lR;kps ladyu dsY;koj ys[kdkus bfrgkl fyfgrkauk rks

oLrqfu"Bi.ks] rVLFk o`Rrhus fyfg.ks vxR;kps vkgs- R;kr
vkRefu"Bk ;sÅ nsÅ u;s] dkj.k vkRefu"Bk MksdkoY;kl ,sfrgkfld
lR;kyk ck/kk fuekZ.k gksrs-

6½ HkwrdkGkps ;FkkFkZ n’kZu ?kMfo.ks gs vH;kldkps drZO;

vkgs- R;keqGs bfrgkl fyfgrkauk R;krwu mins’k dj.;kpk] cks/k
ns.;kpk vxj ewY;ekiu d#u ;ksX; v;ksX;kpk fu"d"kZ ys[kdkus
dk<w u;s- vls dsY;kl fy[kkukr vkRefu"Bkr ;srs- xrdkGkrhy ?
kVuk L=ksrlk/kukrwu t’kk fun’kZukl vkY;k] R;kaps rlsP;k rls
fuosnu dj.ks ;k mfí"Vkiklwu fopfyr gksÅ u;s-

fyvksiksYM jkadsus iqjLd`r dsysY;k º;k izR;{koknh

bfrgklys[ku i/nrhoj uarjP;k dkGkr leh{kdkauh dkgh vk{ksi ?
ksrys- oLrwfu"Bsoj vokLro Hkj gh ys[ku i/nrh nsr vlY;keqGs
fy[kk.kkr jVkGi.kk ;srks- f’kok; iw.kZ oLRkqfu"B bfrgklklkj[;k
fo"k;kr v’kD; vkgs- dsoG fyf[kr iqjkO;kP;k vk/kkjs bfrgkl

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fygk;Pkk >kY;kl rks izkeq[;kus jktdh;] jktuSfrd o y"djh
fo"k;kckcr jkfgy] R;keqGs] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ;klkj[ks ekuoh
thoukps brj egRokps iSyw nqyZf{kr jkgrkr- vls rs vk{ksi vkgsr-
ts MYC;w FkkWelu ;kauk jkadsyk dsysyk ‘’kkL=h;
bfrgklys[kukpk nkok leFkZuh; okVr ukgh- ,MoMZ dkj ;kaukgh
‘’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u ,sfrgkfld iw.kZ lR; gkrh ;srs gh
jkadsph Hkwfedk ekU; ukgh- pkyZl~ chvMZ] ns[khy
^,sdkf.klkO;k 'krdkrhy ,d lokZf/kd i{kikrh bfrgkldkj* Eg.kwu
jkadsph laHkkouk djrkr-

xwp ;kauh ek=] bfrgklys[kukr izkFkfed o ledkyhu L=ksr

lk/kukaoj jkadsus fnysyk Hkj] ,sfrgkfld lk/kukaP;k rikl.khph
R;kus iqjLd`r dsysysh 'kkL=h; i/nrh] lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;klkBh
R;kus okijysys ra= vkf.k bfrgklys[kukr lR;n’kZukpk R;kus
/kjysyk vkxzg gs bfrgkl ys[kui/nrhyk jkadsus dsysys
ekSfyd ;ksxnku gksrs] vls er ekaMys vkgs- º;k n`"Vhus jkadspk
mYys[k ^vk/kqfud bfrgklys[ku ’kkL=kpk tud* vls dsyk
tkrks- bfrgkl iw.kZr% HkkSfrd 'kkL=klkj[kh Kkuk’kk[kk ulyh
rjh] R;kpk vH;kl 'kkL=h; i/nrhus d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ksrk ;srks-
fdacgwuk rlk ?ks.ks gs bfrgkl vH;kldkps drZO; vkgs] bfrgkl
gh ,d Lok;Rr Kku’kk[kk vlwu frP;k v/;ukph fuf’pr mfí"Vs vkgsr
o fof’k"V fu/kkZfjr ra= vkgs] vls vkxzgkus izfriknu d#u jkadsus
bfrgklkyk nSooknkP;k o xw<oknkP;k pkSdVhrwu ckgsj dk<wu
R;kyk 'kkL=h; Kku’kk[kspk ntkZ izkIr d#u fnyk gs ukdkjrk ;sr
ukgh-

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vkWxLV dkWErpk izR;{kkKkuokn %& teZuhe/;s fyvksikYM
jkad T;k dkyko/khr bfrgklys[kukr 'kkL=h; v/;;u i/nrhps egRo o
oLrwfu"Brk v/kksjsf[kr djhr gksrk- R;kp lqekjkl teZuh toGP;k
QzkUle/;s vkWxLV dkWEr ¼ August Comte½ gk fopkjoar
ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkckcr egRokps fl/nkar izfrikfnr gksrk]
vkf.k R;k vuq"kaxkus bfrgklys[kuklaca/kh dkgh izes;s ekaMhr
gksrks- R;kus ekaMysys fopkj ^ikWf>kVhfo>e* Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkrkr- Positive Philsophy of History gk 'kCniz;ksx
izFke dkWEr ;ksu dsyk vkf.k bfrgklkfo"k;hps izR;{kKkukps
rRoKku ekaMwu jkadsP;k izR;{kn’khZ bfrgklys[ku i/nrhr uO;k
fopkjkph Hkj ?kkryh-

vBkjkP;k 'krdkr HkkSfrd 'kkL=kapk vH;kl ’kkL=kK eksB;k

izek.kkoj djhr gksrs- o ’kkL=h; i/nrhapk okij d#u HkkSfrd
txkrhy O;ogkjkaps rksoj vlysys vKku nwj djrk ;sbZy vlk fo’okl
foKkukP;k txkr fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk- ’kkL=h; v/;;u i/nrhaps
egRo fopkjoarkaP;k eukoj fcacys gksrs- ;kpk izHkko ekuoh
O;ogkjkaps v/;;u dj.kkÚ;k rRoKkaojgh iMr gksrk- R;kiSdh ,d
vkWxLV dkWEr gk gksrk- dkWEr gk O;olk;kus xf.krTK vlyk
rjh izfl/n+ Qszap fopkjoar lsaV lhekW ;kaP;k gkrk[kkyh R;kpk
lfpo Eg.kwu R;kus dke dsys- R;kdkGkr ’kkL=h; Kkukus
izHkkfor gksÅu rks ekuoh thoukpk fopkj d#u ykxyk o R;krwu
R;kP;k ^ikWf>fVfo>e*pk mn; >kyk-

1830 rs 1854 P;k njE;ku ekuokP;k fodklkpk l[kksy vH;kl

’kkL=h i/nrhus d#u dkWERkus nksu izpaM xzaFk izdkf’kr

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dsys- The Course of Positivist Philosophy gk lgk [kaMkr o
System of Positivist Politics gk pkj [kaMkr izdkf’kr >kys ;k
xzaFkkrwu R;kus vkiY;k izR;{kKkuizkIrh laca/khph mfí"Vs o
eqyHkwr rRos fo’kn dsyh- ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkpk 'kkL=h;
i/nrhus vH;kl dsY;kl R;kP;k rhu voLFkk fnlwu ;srkr- ifgyk VIik
ekuokP;k jkuVh voLFkspk vlwu R;kdkGkr R;kP;k cq/nhpk
fodkl >kysyk ulY;keqGs uSlfxZd ’kDrhaP;k O;ogjkaps] R;kP;k
HkkorkyP;k HkkSfrd txkps lapkyu djrkr v’kh R;kph /kkj.kk
gksrh- ek= Hkksorkyps tx tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk R;kP;kr
gksrh- fodklkP;k nqlÚ;k voLFksyk dkWERk vk/;kfRed
Hkwfedspk VIik Eg.krks- º;k dkGkr Hkksorkyps fo’o rkfRod
Hkwfedso#u letwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru ekuokus dsyk- ijarq º;k
fparuij Hkwfedsrwu fo’okP;k lapyukps eeZ rks letwu ?ksÅ
’kdyk ukgh- frljk VIik gh ekuokP;k ckSf/nd fodklkph ifj.kr
voLFkk vkgs- º;k VII;kr laiw.kZ fo’okps] R;krhy ewyHkwr
rRokaps rkfRod Hkwfedso#u lkdY;kus vkdyu dj.;kpk iz;Ru
cktwyk lk#u] l`"Vhrhy ,sddk ?kVdkps Lora= ’kkL=h; i/nrhus
vkdyu d#u ?ks.;kpk] R;kaP;krhy vkarfjd vU;ksU;laca/k
myxMwu rs rdZfu"Bi.ks letwu ?ksÅu R;kP;krhy vkarfjd ,sD;kps
o fu;fersps lw= letwu ?ks.;kpk ekuo iz;Ru djrks- gh ’kkL=h;
Kkukph] vuqHkofl/n iz;ksxka}kjs ewyHkwr lR;kps vkdyu
dj.;kph voLFkk vkgs- º;k i/nrhus HkkSfrd txkP;k O;ogkjkekxhy
fuf’pr fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srkr- gs tx fuf’pr fu;ekuqlkj pkyr
vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs- o v’kk fu;ekapk ’kks/k ykxyk dh R;kapk
mi;ksx ekuoh lektkP;k fodklklkBh djrk ;srks- gh dkWERkP;k

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^ikWf>fVo* Eg.kts ‘’kkL=h; i/nrhus fpjaru lR;kps vkdyu d#u ?
ks.;kP;k rRoKkukph cSBd vkgs-

fgp Hkwfedj ekuoh lektkP;k v/;;ukyk ykork ;srs vls

dkWEr izfriknu djrks- ’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u T;kizek.ks
fo’okP;k lapyukekxhy dk;e Lo#ih fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srkr]
R;kp i/nrhpk okij d#u xrdkyhu ekuoh thoukps v/;;u djrk ;sbZy]
vkf.k R;klaca/kh loZlkekU; fu;e ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srhy] R;klkBh
xrdkyhu ?kVukaps ’kkL=h; i/nrhus fo’ys"k.k d#u o R;kaP;krhy
vkarfjd laca/k ’kks/kwu dk<wu ekuoh thoukckcr loZlkekU;
fu"d"kZ dk<rk ;srkr] v’kh R;kph Bke Hkwfedk vkgs- v’kk v/;;u
i/nrhps ukedj.k rks ^lk;Ul vkWQ lks’kkWykWth* vls djrks- gk
'kCniz;ksx d#u rks bfrgkl o lekt’kkL= ;kak ,desdkuthd vk.krk-
bfrgklkP;k vH;kldkus dsoG xrdkfyu lR; ?kVukapk ’kks/k yko.ks
,o<sps bfrdrZO; u ekurk- R;k ?kVukaekxhy vkarfjd lq=
‘’kks/kwu dk<kos] R;krwu loZlkekU; fu;e ‘’kks/kkosr] ekuoh
O;ogjkaps fu;eu dj.kkÚ;k ewyHkwr lq=kaapk 'kks/k ykoyk rj
R;k vk/kkjs Hkfo";kr ekuoh thoukyk fn’kk nsrk ;sbZy- Eg.kts
ekuoh O;ogkjkfo"k;h ‘’kkL=h; Kku ekuokP;k fodklklkBh
Ik;kZ;kus ekuoh lektkP;k izxrhlkBh midkjd Bjsy v’kh
^ikWf>fVo>e* ph rkfRod Hkwfedk vkgs- dkWErP;k
fopkjiz.kkyhpk rRdkyhu oSpkfjd txkoj [kksy ifj.kke >kyk-
ekuoh thouk’kh fuxMhr vlysY;k Kku ’kk[kkaaP;k v/;;ukph
mi;ksfxrk v/kksjsf[kr >kyh-

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 vkWxLV dkWErP;k oSpkfjd Hkwfedspk vafxdkj
bfrgklys[kukP;k {ks=kr ,dksf.kkP;k ’krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr
fy[kk.k dj.kkÚ;k gsUjh FkkWel cdy º;k bafXy’k bfrgklys[kdkus
dsyk- nksu [kaMkr fyfgysys History of Civilization In England gk
R;kpk ^ikWf>VhfoLV* Hkwfedso#u fyfgysyk izfl/nxzaFk
gks;- R;kus baXyaMP;k laLd`rhfo"k;d tkLRkhr tkLRk ekfgrh
izkFkfed L=ksr lk/kukrwu ladfyr dsyh- R;kph fpfdRld Nkuuh
d#u lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ksryk- ;klkBh la[;k’kkL=kpkgh R;kus okij
dsyk- ekuoh lektkckcrps lR; tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh la[;k’kkL=pk
okij dj.kkjk rks ifgyk bfrgklys[kd gksrk- ekuoh O;ogkjkr
dks.krsp nSoh vxj xw< rRo ukgh- i/nr’khji.k rikl.kh dsY;kl R;kr
dkgh fuf’pr fu;e fun’kZukll ;srkr- ekoh thoukps fu;eu dj.kkjh
rRo vn`’; vlyh rjh vukdyuh; ukghr- vkf.k R;kapk myxMk
>kY;kl Hkfo";krhy ekuoh thoukckcr vkMk[ks cka/k.k v’kD;
ukgh v’kh R;kph fu%lafnX/k Hkwfedk vkgs- ;kp n`"Vhus
^MksG;kauk fnl.kkÚ;k ?kVukapk vH;kl gk ekuo tkrhpk [kjk
bfrgkl ukgh- R;krhy ewG izokgkapk] izo`RRkhapk ckSf/nd
’kkL=h; i/nrhus dssysyk vH;kl gk [kjk bfrgkl vkgs- vls fo/kku
rks djrks-

ojhy foospukpk efrrkFkZ vlk dh ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkP;k

iwokZ/kkZr uhcwj o jakds º;k bfrgkl vH;kldkauh rRdkyhu
xw<oknh bfrgklys[ku i/nrh ukdk#u ,sfrgkfld ys[kuklkBh ewG
L=ksr lk/kukaP;k vH;klkoj o ‘’kkL=h; i/nrhpk okij d#u ,sfrgkfld
lR;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;koj vkf.k rs lR; oLrqfu"B jhR;k ekaM.;koj
Hkj fnyk- rlsp ,sfrgkfld L=ksrkrwu lR; ’kks/kwu dk<.;kP;k
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’kkL=h; i/nrh] izfrikfnr dsY;k- bfrgklkpk vH;kl rso<;kiqjrk lhfer
vlkok vls ikWf>Vho rRoKkukpk iqjLdrkZ dkWEr ekuhr ukgh-
rj ekuoh O;ogkjkP;k ’kkL=h; v/;;ukrwu gkrh vkysY;k lR;kP;k
vk/kkjs R;kckcr dkgh lkekU; fl/nkar ’kks/kwu dk<rk ;srhy vlk
Bke fu"d"kZ R;kus dk<yk- º;k R;kP;k rRoKkukpk izHkko
ekuO; ’kkL=kaP;k v/;;ukoj >kyk- ekuoh thoukP;k izokgkekxhy
ewyHkwr lw=s ’kks/kwu dk<.;kpk iz;Ru vH;kld d# ykxys- R;kr
dkYkZ ekDlZ] vukZYM VkW;Uch ;kapk varHkkZo gksrks-
v’kkp izdkjps ’kkL=h; Lo#ikps v/;;u vkS|ksfxdj.k] gqdwe’kkgh]
olkgr] lkezkT;okn b- fo"k;kaps gksÅ ykxys-

vkWxLV dkWEr o R;kP;k vuq;k;kauk bfrgkl gs ekUkO;

’kkL= vlY;keqGs rs ’kaHkj VDds ’kkL= ekurk ;s.kkj ukgh] o
HkkSfrd ’kkL=kaP;k v/;;ukph iw.kZr% ’kkL=h; i/nrh bfrgkl
v/;;kukyk ykork ;s.kkj ukgh ;kph dYiuk gksrh- Eg.kwu rs
bfrgklkyk ’kkL= Eg.kr ukghr- ijarq fufj{k.k] fpfdRld fo’ys"k.k]
lR;klR;kpk fu.kZ; º;k i/nrhloZ Kku’kk[kkaP;k & bfrgklkP;k
ns[khy] v/;;ukr okijrk ;srkr o R;k vk/kkjs loZlkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<rk ;srkr v’kh R;kaph Hkwfedk vkgs- vls d#u rs bfrgklkyk
lektkP;k 'kkL=kpk ntkZ nsrkr- folkO;k 'krdkrhy ds- vkj- ikWij
lkj[;k ikWf>fVfoLV fopkjoarkauh xrdkyhu ?kVukaP;k
lR;’kks/kukps] R;klkBh ’kkL=h; i/nrhapk okij dj.;kps rRo ekU;
dsys vkgs- ijarq ekuoh thou ifjorZuh; vkgs- R;keqGs loZ ?kVuk
leku ulrkr- dky ?kMysyh ?kVuk r’khP;k r’kh vkt ?kM.kkj ukgh
vkf.k Eg.kwu R;krwu loZlkekU; fl/nkar ’kks/k.ks o eq[;r% R;k
vk/kkjs Hkfo";kckcr vkMk[ks cka/k.ks rdkZyk iV.;ktksxs ukgh-
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xrdkyhu vusd ?kVukaP;k v/;;ukrwu Qkj rj dkgh lkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<rk ;srhy] ijarq R;kauk fpjdkyhu Lo#ikps eku.ks o R;k
vk/kkjs Hkfo";kpk fopkj dj.ks v’kkL=h; o pqdhps Bjsy v’kh
R;kaph Hkwfedk vkgs-

folkO;k ’krdkrhy jkWfcu dksfyaxowM o ,MoMZ dkj º;k

O;klaxh fopkjoarkauhgh dkWErP;k ikWf>kVhfoLV
Hkwfedsrhy mf.kok fo’kn dsY;k vkgsr- HkkSfrd ckchapk vH;kl
dj.kkØ;k ’kkL=h; i/nrh ekuoh thoukP;k v/;;uklkBh okij.ks
la;qfDrd ukgh izR;sd ?kVuk gh vuU;lk/kkj.k vlrs] R;kpk rif’ky
fHkUu vlrks vkf.k Eg.kwu dkgh ?kVuko#u loZlkekU; fu"d"kZ
dk<.ks pwdhps Bjsy vls er Idea of History º;k xzaFkkr
dksfyaxowM ekaMy vkgs- What is History º;k izfl/n
xzaFkkar ,MoMZ dkj ;kauh ,sfrgkfld lR; fpjdkyhu Lo#ikps ulrs]
rlsp rs O;fDrlkis{k vlrs- lR; gs cgqvk;keh vlrs- rs loZ vk;ke
izR;sd vH;kldkyk fnlrkr vls ukgh vkf.k Eg.kwu lkekU; fl/nkar
dk<.ks fdaok laiw.kZ lR;kps Kku >kY;kpk nkok bfrgkldkjkus
dj.ks fn’kkHkwy dj.kkjs vkgs vls izfriknu dsys vkgs] rlsp iw.kZr
% oLrwfu"B fy[kk.k v’kD;izk; vlY;kpsgh er iznf’kZr dsys vkgs-

gs loZ vk{ksi /;kukr ?ksÅugh jkads vkf.k dkWErP;k

bfrgklfo"k;d rRoK bfrgklys[kukP;k {ks=kr Økarh ?kMowu
vk.kyh] ,sfrgkfld lR;koj Hkj fnY;kus bfrgklkyk fo’ouh;rspk
HkDde vk/kkj feGkyk] ewG L=ksrkapk vH;klkyk] ladyukyk o
izdk’kukyk pkyuk feGkyh] R;klkBh lgk¸;d ’kkL=kapk okij
gksÅ ykxyk o R;k ’kkL=kaP;k fodklkykgh xrh feGkyh vkf.k ?

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kfVrke/khy ijLijlaca/k mdywu nk[kfo.;koj Hkj fnY;keqGs
bfrgklys[kukr lqlw=rk o vFkZiw.kZrk vkyh] gs loZ
bfrgklys[kukyk izR;{koknh rRoKkukp ekSfyd ;ksxnku gksrs-

vfHktkr ekDlZokn ¼Classical Marxism½

ekuoh thoukP;k okVpkyhpk l[kksy vH;kl d#u R;klaca/kh dkgh

ewyHkwr fl/nkar ekaM.kkjs ts rRoosRrs ,dksf.klkP;k ’krdkr
mn;kyk vkys- R;kaP;kr dkYkZ ekDlZyk vuU;lk/kkj.k LFkku
vkgs- rks ,d dq’kkxzcq/nhpk rRoK o nz"Vk ’kkL=K rj gksrkp]
R;kcjkscj laiw.kZ ekuotkrhP;k dY;k.kpk rGeGhus fopkj dj.kkjk
o R;klkBh vko’;d d`rhpk iqjLdkj dj.kkj d`fr’khy ekuorkoknh
fopkjoar gksrk- R;kus ’kkL=h; i/nrhus ekuoh thoukP;k vusd
’krdkaP;k izokgkpk vH;kl d#u ts eqyHkwr rRoKku izfriknhr
dsys vkgs- R;kyk ekDlZokn v’kh laKk ns.;kr vkyh-
ekDlZoknkus ekuoh thoukps fo’ys"k.k dj.;kpk ,d uok
n`"Vhdks.k txkyk fnyk- R;kP;k º;k rkfRod foospukus oSpkfjd
fo’okl izpaM [kGcG fuekZ.k dsyh- txkrhy ifgY;k lektoknh
Økarhyk R;kP;k RkRoKkukus izsj.kk fnyh- vktgh ekDlZP;k
fu/kukuarj ’krd myVwu xsY;koj ns[khy R;kP;k rRokKkukph
dkl /k#u ekuoh thoukpk vH;kl fopkjoar djhr vkgs- R;kus
izfrikfnr dsysyh eqyrRos ’kkL=h; i/nrhpk HkDde ik;koj
vk/kkjysyh vlY;keqGs] R;kus dk<ysys fu"d"kZ u iV.kkÚ;k
cqf/nok|kaukgh ekDlZoknkyk cxy nsÅu iq<s tkrk ;sr ukgh- rlsp
rks dsoG xrdkyhu ekuoh thoukpk vH;kl d#u Fkkacyk ukgh rj
R;k lanHkkZr R;kus orZekukpk vFkZ ykoy vkf.k Hkfo";krhy

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loZlkekU; ekuokaps thou lq[kh dj.;klkBh ekxZn’kZu dsys-
R;kps ekxZn’kZu fo/kk;d o eqY;kf/k"Bhr vkgs- nqyZf{kr o
’kksf"kr lektxVkaP;k leL;kaps fujkdj.k dj.;kpk o R;kaP;k
dY;k.kpk ekxZ nk[kfo.;kkjk rks izdk’ke; nhi Bjyk- ;k
lanHkkZrhy ^iwohZP;k rRoosR;kauh txkps dsoG vkdyu d#u ?
ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk] ijarq eqík vkgs- rk R;k ifjorZu dj.;kpk !* ¼
Previous Philosophers have sought only to understand the
world, the point is howerver to change it ½ vlk fopkj R;kus
ekaMyk] Eg.kwu R;kyk ;qxizoRkZd Eg.k.ks Bjrs-

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