The document covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics for a science term. In biology, it discusses inheritance, genetics, variation, and natural selection. Chemistry topics include the rate of reaction and periodic table. Physics covers sound, space, and plate tectonics.
The document covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics for a science term. In biology, it discusses inheritance, genetics, variation, and natural selection. Chemistry topics include the rate of reaction and periodic table. Physics covers sound, space, and plate tectonics.
The document covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics for a science term. In biology, it discusses inheritance, genetics, variation, and natural selection. Chemistry topics include the rate of reaction and periodic table. Physics covers sound, space, and plate tectonics.
The document covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics for a science term. In biology, it discusses inheritance, genetics, variation, and natural selection. Chemistry topics include the rate of reaction and periodic table. Physics covers sound, space, and plate tectonics.
Biology Inheritance Inheritance is also known as heredity which is the passing down of characteristics or traits from one generation to generation/parent to offspring.
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation.
Variation is the difference between organisms of the same species.
Chromosomes Chromosomes are thread-like materials found in the nucleus of every cell containing genetic information. (They are 46 in a human body in 23 pairs - sex cells). Genes Genes are sections/lengths of DNA. They are the code for a particular characteristic and are arranged in a particular sequence.
DNA DNA are the chemical substances that are found in the chromosomes. They contain genetic information and determine a person’s characteristics.
Gametes Gametes are the specialised cells used for reproduction in humans. They include the egg and sperm cells.
Variation Variation is the difference between organisms of the same species.
Fertilisation Fertilisation is the fusion of the male and female gametes (sperm and egg cells). It happens in the “oviduct” or the “fallopian tube”.
Natural Selection Natural selection is the process by which organisms, due to advantageous features adapt/ survive and reproduce in their environment despite any change in the environment. Sperm and Egg Cells Sperm cells The Sperm cell is the Male sex cell and the Egg cell is the female sex cell.
➔ Acrosome - Digests the jelly coat of the egg cell for penetration ➔ Nucleus - Fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote. ➔ Mitochondria - Releases energy that powers the sperm cell for movement (swim). ➔ Tail - Swimming and moving into the egg. Egg cells
➔ Jelly-like covering - hardens after one sperm has penetrated to
prevent any other one from penetrating. ➔ Yolk - Serves as food storage
Differences: - Sperm cells have a tail/ egg cells do not - Sperm cells contain acrosome/ egg cells don’t - Egg cells have a yolk/ sperm cells don’t - Egg cells can divide/ sperm cells can’t The male gamete (sperm) determines the sex of a baby because if a sperm containing X chromosome penetrates the egg (always XX), the offspring produced will be a girl (XX) but if the sperm is Y, the offspring will be a boy (XY).
Environment & Variation
-DNA causes variation when a sperm cell and an egg cell fuse together; the zygote that is produced has a new combination of DNA. Different from the ones of the parents. -Environment causes variation in the case where an animal might be bigger because it eats more than the others
-Different sperm and egg cells probably contain different versions of
these genes.
Questions: 1. Why do cells need to copy themselves before dividing? ANS = They need to divide themselves for replacement and growth and they copy themselves so they can have the same basic structure and functions.
2. How does an embryo get a full set of genes?
ANS = They get half of the genes from the egg cell and half from the sperm cells (23 chromosomes each, adding up to 46)
3. How do genes you inherit from your parents get into
your body? ANS = The nucleus copies itself.
4. Explain why many children from the same parents don’t
look the same. ANS = At fertilisation, the egg and sperm cells involved, have unique versions of genes so each zygote formed is different from the other.
5. Why do identical twins look the same when they’re
young? ANS = The environment doesn’t change their characteristics as they’re not as exposed to the environment.
6. Human characteristics controlled by genes
- Blood group - Eye colour - Fingerprint - Genotype 7. Examples of characteristics influenced by both genes and environmental factors. - Hair colour - Skin colour
8. Name characteristics are only influenced by the
environment - Language - Accent
Physics Sound and Space
Sound
Sound is a type of energy that we can hear with our ears. It is
created when something vibrates or moves back and forth quickly. When an object vibrates, it pushes air particles around it, creating waves of pressure in the air. These waves travel through the air and reach our ears, allowing us to hear the sound.
Waveforms Wavelengths are the distance of one whole wave. Example:
Amplitude The amplitude is how big or small a wave is. It refers to how loud or soft the sound is. For example, if the amplitude of a sound is big then the sound would be loud but if the amplitude is small then the sound would be quiet. It determines how loud or quiet a sound is. The maximum distance between a particle's resting position and a peak or trough. ➔ Measured in centimetres (cm)
Frequency Frequency is the number of waves passing a point each second. It refers to how fast a sound is vibrating. Frequency is related to pitch. High-frequency sounds have a high pitch while low-frequency sounds have a low pitch. TO CALCULATE FREQUENCY: THE NUMBER OF VIBRATIONS DIVIDED BY THE TIME TAKEN ➔ Measured in Hertz (Hz) Pitch is how high or low a sound is and loudness is how loud or quiet a sound is. Pitch is determined by frequency and loudness is determined by amplitude.
Reinforcement and Cancellation
➔ Reinforcement is seen when two waves of the same type are combined. One of two things will happen
Space
Formation of the moon
A collision occurred between the Earth and a small planet called Theia. This caused very high temperatures and the Earth’s outer layer melted. The dense iron from the cores of both planets merged to create Earth. The Earth’s gravitational field captured the less dense rocks. These less d 1ense rocks eventually merged to form the moon. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics are pieces of the Earth’s crust floating on the mantle slowly, Continents are located on tectonic plates.
(There’s really nth abt this one)
Chemistry
Rate of Reaction Rate - means how fast or slow something is The formula for the rate of reaction is
Collision theory -
Things you need to measure when finding the rate of reaction
and the apparatus used to measure it ⎯ Solid - Weighing scale/balance ⎯ Liquid - Measuring cylinder ⎯ Temperature - Thermometer ⎯ Gas - Syringe/inverted measuring cylinder ⎯ Time- Stopwatch
Rate curve
It’s fastest at A Slowest at B Finished at C
Factors that lead to the rate of reaction
➡ Temperature ➡ Concentration ➡ Pressure ➡ Surface area ➡ Catalyst Temperature When you increase the temperature it gives average kinetic energy. The reactants will collide together and the reaction will be fast.
Concentration Increasing the concentration means more particles will be present in the same volume. Since there are more particles present there will be more collisions and particles to react with which makes the reaction faster.
Particle Sizes (Surface Area)
There are 3 sizes of particles in the rate of reaction:
Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used, it also lowers the activation energy. They themselves aren’t used in the reaction but they are involved to help speed up the reaction e.g. Sun in photosynthesis and the referee in matches.
Periodic Table Vertical - Groups Horizontal - Periods
Alkali metals (Group 1)
1) They're the most reactive metals group 2) They dissolve in water to produce alkali and alkali are soluble bases 3) If group 1 mixes with water it makes the element hydroxide. Example Lithium + water ➔ Lithium hydroxide/LiOH Sodium + water ➔ Sodium hydroxide/NaOH
Trends of Group 1 As you go down Group 1 ⇨ The reactivity increases ⇨ Softness increases ⇨ Density increases ⇨ Melting and boiling point decreases
Group 2 (Alkaline - Earth metals)
1. Reactivity increases but is not as reactive as Group 1. 2. Softness increases but also not as soft as Group 1 Group 7 (Halogen) 1 They all end with ‘ine; 2 They only exist as di-atomic (F2, Cl2, Br2)
Trends of Group 7 ⇨ Reactivity decreases as it goes down ⇨ Density decreases as it goes down ⇨ Building and melting point increases as it goes down.
F (Fluorine) - Gas - Yellow
Cl (Chlorine) - Gas - Green Br (Bromine) - Liquid - Reddish blue I (Iodine) - Solid - Blackish blue As (Asistine) - Solid - Black (The colour gets darker as it goes down)
— Group 7 is used for either anti-septic or anti-biotic.
(Group 7 is the most reactive non-metal group)
(Group 1 is the most reactive metal group) Group 8 - Rare gases, noble gases, inert gases (unreactive) They are unreactive because they have a complete number of electrons on the outer shell.
