BIO 201 Exam 3 Study Guide

Updated 3/22/22

Disclaimer: Any material covered in lecture may appear on the exam. This guide is meant to
assist you in your study, but should not be considered an exhaustive list of material.

Fungi
● Understand the basic growth forms of fungi
● Understand the basic structure of the fungal mycelium. How is fungi morphology related
to function?
● What traits do fungi share with animals?
● How do fungi obtain nutrients?
● What is the role of fungi in the carbon cycle?
● How do fungi break down lignin and cellulose? Why is this important?
● Understand the types of symbiosis discussed in lecture and know how fungi can
participate in these relationships
● Understand EMF and AMF
● What is a lichen? What are the characteristics of lichens?
● How do fungi reproduce?
● Understand the generalized fungal life cycle

Introduction to Animals and Animal Diversity

● Know the general characteristics of animals
● What is the difference between external and internal fertilization?
● Understand the three types of embryo development discussed in lecture
● Be familiar with the major groups of animals and know the major characteristics of each
(focus on what we covered in lecture)
● What traits are associated with bilateral symmetry? Understand how diploblasts and
bilaterians (triploblasts) differ.
● What is a coelom and which animals have one? What is a pseudocoelom and which
animals have one? What is acoelomate and which animals are acoelomate?
● What are the differences between lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoa?
● What is metamorphosis? What the difference between incomplete and complete
metamorphosis and why is complete metamorphosis thought to be more advantageous?

Animal Form and Function

● Know the four tissue types and the various subtypes within them. What are the primary
functions of each tissue type? Explain how epithelial tissue has sides.
● How does cell size affect surface area, volume, and basal metabolic rate?
● What is homeostasis and why is it important?
● What are the ways by which animals can maintain homeostasis? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of each approach?
 ● Understand regulation
● What is a negative feedback loop and how is it used to maintain homeostasis? Know the
examples given in class
● What is thermoregulation?
● What are the ways by which heat can be exchanged?
● What is an ectotherm? An endotherm? What are the advantages and disadvantages of
each?
● What is a homeotherm? And poikilotherm? What are the advantages and disadvantages
of each?
● How do animals use countercurrent exchange to conserve heat?

Water Regulation
● What is osmoregulation and why is it important?
● What are examples of nitrogenous waste and why must they be excreted?
● Understand how osmoregulation occurs in marine bony fish and freshwater fish. How
and why does it differ between these groups? How does each group gain or lose water
and electrolytes? What is the significance of the gill?
● How do sharks excrete salt? Why is this necessary?
● Understand how osmoregulation occurs in terrestrial organisms. How do they gain or
lose water and electrolytes? What challenges do they face?
● Understand how insects minimize water loss and excrete wastes.
● Understand how terrestrial vertebrates gain and lose water and electrolytes
● Understand how the structure of the mammalian kidney and how it functions. What
occurs in each part of the nephron? How does the structure of the loop of Henle
correlate with its function? What is the role of countercurrent exchange? How can the
body adjust for low sodium or imbalance of water?
● How do desert mammals concentrate their urine to a greater degree than humans?
● How do terrestrial vertebrates conserve water?

Gas Exchange and Circulation

● Understand how ventilation, diffusion, and circulation function together in gas exchange
● Understand pressure and partial pressure. How is partial pressure calculated?
● How do air and water differ as media for respiration?
● What determines the rate of flow in bulk flow?
● What determines the rate of diffusion of gasses?
● What determines the solubility of gasses?
● How do aquatic habitats vary in dissolved oxygen
● Understand organs (or lack of organs) used for gas exchange. In what conditions does
each occur. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
● Understand gill morphology and how gills function in gas exchange. What role does
countercurrent exchange play?
 ● What structures are used for gas exchange/transport in insects
● Understand lung morphology and how lungs function in gas exchange.
● Understand positive pressure ventilation and negative pressure ventilation and know
which organisms exhibit which type. What is the role of the diaphragm?
● Know the ideal gas law and how it applies to ventilation
● Understand avian ventilation. Why is ventilation in birds more efficient than in mammals?
● What is the function of hemoglobin?
● Understand cooperative binding and why it is important for gas transport. Be able to
interpret the Oxygen Equilibrium Curve and what it means for hemoglobin saturation.
● Understand that carbon dioxide is converted (CO₂ + H₂O ↔ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺) and how that
affects pH. Understand the negative feedback loop involving pH and ventilation.
● Know the differences between open and closed circulatory systems
● Know the characteristics of the vertebrate circulation system and heart. Be familiar with
the types of blood vessels and hearts
● Understand how blood moves through the mammal heart
● Understand the cardiac cycle.

Nervous Systems
● What is the function of the nervous system?
● Understand the functions of the CNS and PNS, afferent division and efferent division, the
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
● Know the different types of neurons
● Know the morphology of a neuron. Understand how signals travel along each type of
structure (dendrites, soma, axon). What does each part do?
● Understand what a membrane potential is and how it is measured
● Understand what the resting potential represents and the typical distribution of proteins,
K, Na, and Cl. What is the role of K/Na ATPase and K channels?
● Understand Action Potentials. What happens to the Vm in each of the three phases, how
does the AP propagate? What is the role of voltage-gated channels?
● How does the action of the VG Na channel and VG K channel differ? What role does
each play?
● Why don’t action potentials move backwards?
● What can affect the speed of axon potential propagation
● What is myelination and how does it affect action potential propagation? What is the
Node of Ranvier?
● How do neurol signals pass from neuron to neuron?
● Understand what excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are and how they
become summed or integrated. How does this lead to neuronal integration?
Chemical Signaling in Animals

● What is the purpose of chemical signals? How do neural and chemical signals work
together and how do they differ?
● Know the five different categories of chemical signals (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine,
neural, and neuroendocrine. Know the examples of each that were discussed in lecture.
Understand how chemicals can belong to more than one group
● Know the 3 types of signalling pathway by which chemical signals travel
● Know the 3 chemical classes of hormones and how they differ in solubility
● Understand how chemical signals (including hormones) can bind to receptors and the
role of signal transduction.
● Understand how hormones can trigger different responses depending on the context
● Know the hormones involved in metamorphosis in both amphibians and insects.
Understand the experiments that demonstrate the role of thyroid hormones in amphibian
metamorphosis
● Know the role of cortisol and epinephrine in stress responses. What is the role of the
adrenal gland? How do short-term and long-term responses differ? What are the four
major responses to short term stress?
● Understand how insulin and glucagon function in maintaining appropriate blood glucose
levels. What is the role of the pancreas?
● Understand how antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone function in regulating
water and electrolyte balance. What is the role of the pituitary gland?
● How can hormonal pathways fail?
● How are hormones regulated?

Animal Reproduction and Development

● Know the differences between and relative benefits of asexual and sexual reproduction
● Know the 3 main types of asexual reproduction
● Understand the case study of Daphnia.
● Understand the difference between ultimate and proximate causes
● Know the differences between external and internal fertilization. What are examples of
each?
● Understand sperm competition.
● Understand the 3 types of development and the costs and benefits of each

Terms

Viviparous
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Triploblastic
Diploblastic
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoglea
Mesoderm
Protostome
Deuterostome
Nerve net
Cephalization
Ganglia
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Oviparous
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous
Chaetae
Foot
Visceral mass
Mantle
Molting
Tagmata
Exoskeleton
endoskeleton
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Keystone species
Vertebrae
Cranium
Cartilage
Bone

Fibroblast
Dendrite
Axon
Gland
Basal metabolic rate
Conform
Infux
Efflux
Set point
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Endotherm
Ectotherm
Homeotherm
Poikilotherm
Torpor
Hibernation
Countercurrent exchange

Electrolyte
Osmolarity
Osmotic stress
Excretion
Secretion
Absorption
Reabsorption
Filtration
Isosmotic
Hyperosmotic
Hyposmotic
Osmoconformer
Osmoregulate
Gill
Trachea
Spiracle
hemolymph
Malpighian tubules
kidney
Renal artery
Cortex
Medulla
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Vasa recta
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
cloaca

Operculum
Ram ventilation
Gill lamellae
Trachea
Spiracles
Hemolymph
Lung
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Tidal flow
Flow-through
alveoli
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
sinoatrial node
Artery
Vein
Capillary
systole
diastole
Atrium
ventricle
Atrioventricular valve
Semilunar valve

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Nerve
Voltage
Membrane potential
Equilibrium potential
Resting potential
Threshold potential
Refractory period
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Myelin sheath
Glia
Node of Ranvier
Synapse
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
neuronal integration
Voltage-gated channel
Ligand-gated channel

Hormone
Endocrine system
Gland
Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland
Neurohormone
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Hyporesponsiveness
Feedback loop
Fight or flight

Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Ovum
Sperm
Broadcast fertilization
Spawning
Spermatophore
Copulation
Second-male advantage
Oviparous
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous