CH 11

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9780521740494c11.xml CUAU033-EVANS September 9, 2008 13:42
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C H A P T E R
11
Circular functions II
E
Objectives
PL
To further explore the symmetry properties of circular functions
To further understand and sketch the graphs of circular functions
To solve circular function equations
To evaluate simple trigonometric expressions using trigonometric identities
To prove simple trigonometric identities
To apply addition theorems for circular functions
To apply double angle formulas for circular functions
To simplify expressions of the form a cos x + b sin x
To sketch graphs of functions of the form f (x) = a cos x + b sin x
M
To solve equations of the form a cos x + b sin x = c
11.1 Further symmetry properties y

Complementary relationships π
P –θ
SA
2
sin − =a b
2
and since a = cos π
a –θ
2 P(θ)
sin − = cos θ
2
Similarly b
θ x
cos − =b a
2 y
and since b = sin π
P +θ
2
cos − = sin
2
b π
sin + = a = cos a +θ
2 2
θ P(θ)
cos + = −b = −sin
2 b
θ x
a
297
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-61252-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
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298 Essential Advanced General Mathematics
Example 1
If sin = 0.3 and cos = 0.8, find the values of

a sin − b cos + c sin(−)
2 2
Solution

a sin − = cos b cos + = −sin c sin (−) = − sin
2 2
= 0.8 = −0.3 = −0.3
E
Exercise 11A
Example 1 1 If sin x = 0.3, cos = 0.6 and tan = 0.7, find the values of

11.2
a cos(−)
e sin(−x)
i sin

3
2
+

Addition of ordinates
Example 2
PL b sin
f tan
j cos

2
2
3
2
+
−
−x

c tan(−)
g cos

2
+x

d cos
h sin
2
2
−x
−

M
Using the same scale and axes, sketch the graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 cos 2x for
0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Use addition of ordinates to sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x + 3 cos 2x.
Solution
SA
The graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 cos 2x are shown below.

To obtain points on the graph of y = 2 sin x + 3 cos 2x the process of addition of
ordinates is used.
Let y = y1 + y2 when y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 cos 2x
e.g., at y
x = 0, y =0+3=3
2 2 √ 3 y1 = 2sinx
x= , y = √ +0= √ = 2 2
4 2 2
1
x= , y = 2 − 3 = −1 0 x
2 π π 3π 2π
x = , y =0+3=3 –1
3 –2 2 2
x= ,y = −2 − 3 = −5 –3
2 y2 = 3cos2x
–4
and so on. y = 2sinx + 3cos 2x
–5

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Chapter 11 — Circular functions II 299
Using the TI-Nspire

Check that the calculator is in Radian
mode. Open a Graphs & Geometry
application ( 2) and enter the
functions
f 1 (x) = 2 sin (x)
f 2 (x) = 3 cos (2x)
E
f 3 (x) = f 1 (x) + f 2 (x)
The graph of f (3) x is the heavier line.
Add Function Table (b 2 ) and split
PL
the screen as shown using the Tools menu
(/ 5 2 3) to see that the values
of f 1 (x) and f 2 (x) add to give f 3 (x).
Use the down arrow ( ) to see more x
values.
M
Using the Casio ClassPad
Set the calculator to Radian mode.
1
Enter the functions y = sin (x) and y = .
2
SA
The window settings should be as shown. Tap

$ to produce the graph. Ensure the graph
window is selected (bold border) and tap Analysis,
G-solve, intersect to find decimal approximations
for the solutions. The scroll key moves the cursor
between solutions.

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To find exact solutions, the window is

used.
1
Enter and highlight the equation sin (x) = .
2
Tap Interactive, Equation/inequality, solve and
ensure the variable is set to x.
The answer returned is

x = 2 ∗ constn(9) + ,
6

E
x = 2 ∗ constn(10) + 5 .
6
This may be read as

x = 2m + , 2n + 5 .
6 6
x=
6 6
Exercise 11B
6
,PL
It should be clear that there are 4 solutions to the problem. Hence, the values for each of
m and n will be required which produce a solution in the domain. In this case the values are
m = 0, 1 and n = 0, 1. The solutions are
11 13 23
, ,
6
.
M
Example 2 1 Use addition of ordinates to sketch the graphs of
a y = 2 sin + cos b y = 3 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
1
c y = sin 2 − cos d y = 3 sin + cos 2
2
e y = 4 sin − 2 cos
SA
11.3 Sketch graphs of the tangent function

A table of values for y = tan x is given below. Use a calculator to check these values.
3 3 5 3 7 9 5 11
x − − − − 0 2 3
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
y 0 1 undefined −1 0 1 undefined −1 0 1 undefined −1 0 1 undefined −1 0

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The graph of y = tan x is given below.

y
–π 2 π 3π 5π
2 1 2 2 2
–π π 2π 3π
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1
E
–2
3 5
Note: x =− , , and are asymptotes.
2 2 2 2
Observations from the graph
PL
1 The graph repeats itself every units, i.e., the period of tan is .
2 The range of tan is R.
Exercise 11C
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle.
M

a y = tan 2x b y = 2 tan 3x c y = 2 tan x +
4
d y = 3 tan x + 1 e y = 2 tan x + +1 f y = 3 tan 2 x − −2
2 4
11.4 General solution of circular function equations

The solution of circular function equations has been discussed in Section 10.9 for functions
SA
over a restricted domain. In this section, we consider the general solutions of such equations
over the maximal domain for each function.
If a circular function equation has one or more solutions in one ‘cycle’, then it will have
corresponding solutions in each ‘cycle’ of its domain, i.e., there will be an infinite number of
solutions.
For example, if cos x = a, then the solution in the interval [0, ] is given by:
x = cos−1 (a)
By the symmetry properties of the cosine function, other solutions are given by:
−cos−1 (a), ±2 + cos−1 (a), ±2 − cos−1 (a), ±4 + cos−1 (a),
±4 − cos−1 (a), . . . and so on.
In general, if cos (x) = a,
x = 2n ± cos−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]

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Similarly, if tan (x) = a,
x = n + tan−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ R
If sin (x) = a,
x = 2n + sin−1 (a) or x = (2n + 1) − sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]
Note: An alternative and more concise way to express the general solution of sin (x) = a is:
x = n + (−1)n sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]
E
Example 3
Find the general solution to each of the following equations.

√ √
a cos (x) = 0.5 b 3 tan (3x) = 1 c 2 sin (x) = 2
Solution
= 2n ±
=
3
3
PL
a x = 2n ± cos−1 (0.5)

(6n ± 1)
,n ∈ Z
b tan (3x) = √
=
1
3
3x = n + tan
= n +
6

6
(6n + 1)
−1

1
√
3

(6n + 1)
M
x= ,n ∈ Z
1 18
c sin (x) = √
2
−1 1 −1 1
x = 2n + sin √ or x = (2n + 1) − sin √
2 2

= 2n + = (2n + 1) −
4 4
(8n + 1) (8n + 3)
SA
= ,n ∈ Z = ,n ∈ Z
4 4
Using the TI-Nspire

Check that the calculator is in Radian mode.
a Use Solve( ) from the Algebra menu
(b 3 1) and complete as shown.
1
Note the use of rather than 0.5 to
2
ensure that the answer is exact.

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b Complete as shown.
E
c Complete as shown.
PL
a Enter and highlight the equation cos (x) = 0.5,
M
tap Interactive, Equation/inequation, solve
and ensure the variable is set to x.
b Enter and highlight the equation
(3) tan (3x) = 1, tap Interactive,
Equation/inequation, solve and ensure the
SA
variable is set to x.
c Enter and highlight the equation (2) sin (x) = 1,
tap Interactive, Equation/inequation, solve
and ensure the variable is set to x.
Example 4
Find the first three positive solutions to each of the following equations.
√ √
a cos (x) = 0.5 b 3 tan (3x) = 1 c 2 sin (x) = 2

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Solution
(6n ± 1)
a The general solution (from Example 3) is given by x = ,n ∈ Z
3
5 7
When n = 0, x = ± , and when n = 1, x = or x =
3 3 3
5 7
The first three positive solutions of cos (x) = 0.5 are x = , ,
3 3 3
(6n + 1)
b The general solution (from Example 3) is given by x = ,n ∈ Z
18
7 13
When n = 0, x = , and when n = 1, x = , and when n = 2, x =
E
18 18 18
√ 7 13
The first three positive solutions of 3 tan (3x) = 1 are x = , ,
18 18 18
(8n + 1)
c The general solution (from Example 3) is given by x = or
4
(8n + 3)
x= ,n ∈ Z
Example 3
Exercise 11D
4
PL
When n = 0, x = or
3
4 4
, and when n = 1, x =
√
9
4
or x =
The first three positive solutions of 2 sin (x) = 2 are x = ,
1 Find the general solution to each of the following equations.

√
11
4 4 4
4
3 9
,
√
M
a sin (x) = 0.5 b 2 cos (3x) = 3 c 3 tan (x) = −3
Example 4 2 Find the first two positive solutions to each of the following equations.
√ √
a sin (x) = 0.5 b 2 cos (3x) = 3 c 3 tan (x) = −3
√
3 Find the general solution to 2 cos 2x + = 2, and hence find all the solutions for x in
4
the interval (−2, 2).
SA
√
4 Find the general solution to 3 tan − 3x − 1 = 0, and hence find all the solutions for
6
x in the interval [−, 0].
√
5 Find the general solution to 2 sin (4x) + 3 = 0, and hence find all the solutions for x in
the interval [−1, 1].
11.5 Trigonometric identities

Reciprocal functions
The functions sin, cos, and tan can be used to form three other functions called the reciprocal
circular functions.
1 1
sec = (cos = 0) cosec = (sin = 0)
cos sin
cos
cot = (sin = 0)
sin
1 1
Note: For cos = 0 and sin = 0, cot = and tan =
tan cot
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Example 5
Find the exact value of each of the following.

2 5 7
a sec b cot c cosec
3 4 4
Solution
5
2 1 5 cos 7
a sec = b cot = 4 c cosec
3 2 4 5 4
cos sin 1
3

4
=
E
1 sin 2 −
cos +
= 4 4
cos − = 1
3 sin + =
1 4 −sin
= −1 −1 4
−cos = √ ÷√ 1
Example 6
=
PL
−
1
= −2
1
2
3
Find the value(s) of x between 0 and 2 for which

a sec x = −2
=1
b cot x = −1
2 2 =
−√
=− 2
√
1
2
M
Solution
a sec x = −2 b cot x = −1
1 implies
∴ = −2
cos x
−1 tan x = −1
∴ cos x =
2 ∴ x = − or x = 2 −
SA
∴ x = − or x = + 4 4
3 3 3 7
2 4 i.e. x = or x =
i.e., x = or x = 4 4
3 3
Using the TI-Nspire

Check that the calculator is in Radian mode.
Use solve( ) from the Algebra menu (b 3 1) as shown.

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1
a Enter and highlight the equation = −2,
cos(x)
tap Interactive, Equation/inequation,
solve and ensure the variable is set to x.
1
b Enter and highlight the equation = −1,
tan(x)
tap Interactive, Equation/inequation,
E
solve and ensure the variable is set to x.
The Pythagorean identity

PL
Consider a point, P(), on the unit circle.
By Pythagoras’ theorem:
1
y
P(θ)
OP2 = OM 2 + MP2
M
∴ 1 = (cos )2 + (sin )2 sin θ
x
Now (cos )2 and (sin )2 may be written as cos2 and sin2 . –1 O cos θ M 1
Since this is true for all values of it is called an identity.
In particular this is called the Pythagorean identity.
–1
SA
cos2 + sin2 = 1
Other forms of the identity can be derived.

Dividing both sides by cos2 gives:
cos2 sin2 1
+ =
cos cos
2 2 cos2
1 + tan2 = sec2
Dividing both sides by sin2 gives:

cos2 sin2 1
+ =
sin
2
sin
2
sin2
cot2 + 1 = cosec2

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Example 7
7 3
a If cosec x = , find cos x. b If sec x = − , find sin x where ≤ x ≤ .
4 2 2
Solution
7 4 3 2
a Since cosec x = , sin x = b Since sec x = − , cos x = −
4 7 2 3
Now cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
16 cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
cos2 x + =1 4
E
so
49 ∴ + sin2 x = 1
33 9 √
∴ cos2 x = 5
√49 ∴ sin x = ±
33 3
∴ cos x = ± For P(x) in the 2nd quadrant, sin x is
7
positive
Example 8
If sin =
3
5

PL
and < < , find the value of cos and tan .
Solution
2
∴ sin x =
√
3
5
M
Since cos2 + sin2 = 1
32
then cos2 + 2 = 1
5
9
∴ cos = 1 −
2
25
16
=
25
SA
4
∴ cos = − since < <
5 2
3 sin
∴ tan = − as tan =
4 cos

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Example 9
1 1
Prove the identity + = 2 cosec2
1 − cos 1 + cos
Solution
1 1
LHS = +
1 − cos 1 + cos
1 + cos + 1 − cos
=
E
1 − cos2
2
=
1 − cos2
2
=
sin2
Example 5
Exercise 11E
a cot
4
4
= RHS
PL
= 2 cosec2
1 Find the exact value of each of the following.

3
b cot
5
4
13
c sec
5
6
7
d cosec
5

2
M
e sec f cosec g cot h sec
3 6 3 3
2 Without using a calculator write down the exact value of each of the following.
a cot 135◦ b sec 150◦ c cosec 90◦ d cot 240◦ e cosec 225◦
f sec 330◦ g cot 315◦ h cosec 300◦ i cot 420◦
Example 6
3 Find the values of x between 0 and 2 for which
SA
√ √
a cosec x = 2 b cot x = 3 c sec x + 2 = 0 d cosec x = sec x
−17
Example 7 4 If sec = and < < , find
8 2
Example 8 a cos b sin c tan
−7 3
5 If tan = and < < 2, find cos and sin .
24 2
6 Find the value of sec if tan = 0.4 and is not in the 1st quadrant.
4 3 sin − 2 cos
7 If tan = and < < , evaluate .
3 2 cot − sin
2
8 If cos = and is in the 4th quadrant, find the simplest expression in surd form for
3
tan − 3 sin
.
cos − 2 cot

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Example 9 9 Prove each of the following identities for suitable values of and .
a (1 − cos2 )(1 + cot2 ) = 1 b cos2 tan2 + sin2 cot2 = 1
tan tan + cot
c = d (sin + cos )2 + (sin − cos )2 = 2
tan cot + tan
1 + cot2 cos
e = sec f sec + tan =
cot cosec 1 − sin
11.6 Addition formulas and double angle formulas
E
Addition formulas
Consider a unit circle. y
Let arc length AB = v units
u–v
1
arc length AC = u units (cos u, sin u)
PL
∴ arc length CB = u − v units
Rotate OCB so that B is coincident with A.
The point P has coordinates
(cos (u − v), sin (u − v)).
Since the triangles CBO and PAO are congruent,
CB = PA
Applying the coordinate distance formula
–1
C
(cos(u – v), sin(u – v))

P
y
1
B
u–v
(cos v, sin v)
1
A
A
x
M
x
–1 O (1, 0)
CB = (cos u − cos v) + (sin u − sin v)
2 2 2
= 2 − 2(cos u cos v + sin u sin v)

PA = (cos (u − v) − 1)2 + (sin (u − v) − 0)2
2
= 2 − 2(cos (u − v))
Equating these
SA
2 − 2(cos u cos v + sin u sin v) = 2 − 2(cos (u − v))

∴ cos (u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
Using the TI-Nspire

Use tExpand( )from the Trigonometry
submenu of the Algebra menu (b 3
1) as shown.

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Replacing v with −v
cos (u − (−v)) = cos u cos (−v) + sin u sin (−v)
From symmetry properties
cos (−) = cos

sin (−) = − sin
cos (u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v
Example 10
E
Evaluate cos 75◦ .
Solution
cos 75◦ = cos (45◦ + 30◦ )
PL = cos 45√
=
1
=√ ·
√2
3−1
√ 2
2
√
3−1
◦
√ ×√
√2 2 √
6− 2
2
cos 30◦ − sin 45◦ sin 30◦
3
−√ ·
√
1 1
2
2
2 2
4
M

Replacing u with − u in cos (u − v)
2

∴ cos − u − v = cos − u cos v + sin − u sin v
2 2 2
Applying symmetry properties
SA

sin = cos −
2
and cos = sin −
2
∴ cos − (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
2
∴ sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
Replacing v with −v
sin (u − v) = sin u cos (−v) + cos u sin (−v)
∴ sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v
Example 11
Evaluate
a sin 75◦ b sin 15◦ .
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Solution
a sin 75◦ = sin (30◦ + 45◦ )
= sin 30◦ cos 45◦ + cos 30◦ sin 45◦
√
1 1 3 1
= ·√ + ·√
2 2 2 2
√
1+ 3
= √
2 2
√ √
1+ 3 2
= √ ×√
E
2 2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4
b sin 15 = sin (45◦ − 30◦ )
◦
= sin 45◦ cos 30◦ − cos 45◦ sin 30◦

√
=
PL
=√ ·
√
√
1
2 2
3−1
√
2 2
3−1
√ ×√
2 2
6− 2
4
√
3
−√ ·
√
2
2
1 1
2 2
M
Addition formula for tangent
sin (u + v)
Also tan (u + v) =
cos (u + v)
sin u cos v + cos u sin v
=
cos u cos v − sin u sin v
SA
Divide the numerator and denominator by cos u cos v = 0

tan u + tan v
tan (u + v) =
1 − tan u tan v
Similarly it can be shown that

tan u − tan v
tan (u − v) =
1 + tan u tan v
Example 12
3
If tan u = 4 and tan v = and u and v are acute angles, show that u − v = .
5 4

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Solution
tan u − tan v
tan (u − v) =
1 + tan u tan v
3
4−
= 5
3
1+4×
5
17
= 5 =1
17
E
5

∴ u−v =
4

Note: tan is a one-to-one function for 0 < <
2
rotation about the origin
PL
Derivation of the addition formulas using
The use of matrices to describe rotations about

the origin has been discussed in Section 10.11.
We can use matrices as an alternative method to
derive the addition formulas. Consider, for
example, the point with coordinates
(cos (u + v), sin (u + v)), which can be regarded
as the image of a point with coordinates (cos u, sin u)
(cos(u + v), sin(u + v))
O
y
v
u
(cos u, sin u)
x
M
under a rotation of v c in an anticlockwise
direction around the origin.
The matrix that defines a rotation of v radians anticlockwise about the origin is given by
cos v −sin v
sin v cos v

SA
x cos v −sin v x
i.e.,
=
y sin v cos v y

cos (u + v) cos v −sin v cos u
becomes =
sin (u + v) sin v cos v sin u
i.e., cos (u + v) = cos v cos u − sin v sin u or cos (u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v
and sin (u + v) = sin v cos u + cos v sin u or sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
Similarly, consider a point y

(cos (u − v), sin (u − v)), which can be
regarded as the image of a point with
(cos u, sin u) v (cos (u – v), sin (u – v))
coordinates (cos u, sin u) under a rotation
of v c in a clockwise direction around the u
x
origin. O

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The matrix that defines a rotation of v radians clockwise about the origin is given by

cos (−v) −sin (−v) cos v sin v
=
sin (−v) cos (−v) −sin v cos v

x cos v sin v x
i.e., =
y −sin v cos v y

cos (u − v) cos v sin v cos u
becomes =
sin (u − v) −sin v cos v sin u
E
i.e., cos (u − v) = cos v cos u + sin v sin u or cos (u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
and sin (u − v) = −sin v cos u + cos v sin u or sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v
Double angle formulas
PL
cos (u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v
Replacing v with u
cos (u + u) = cos u cos u −sin u sin u
cos 2u = cos2 u −sin2 u

= 2 cos2 u − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 u
since
since
Similarly, replacing v with u in sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
sin2 u = 1 − cos2 u
cos2 u = 1 −sin2 u
M
∴ sin 2u = sin u cos u + cos u sin u
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
tan u + tan v
Replacing v with u in tan (u + v) =
1 − tan u tan v
SA
tan u + tan u
∴ tan (u + u) =
1 − tan u tan u
2 tan u
tan 2u =
1 − tan2 u
Example 13
4
If tan = and 0 < < , evaluate
3 2
a sin 2 b tan 2

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Solution
4 3 2 tan
a sin = and cos = b tan 2 =
5 5 1 − tan2
4
∴ sin 2 = 2 sin cos 2×
4 3 = 3
=2× × 16
5 5 5 4 1−
24 9
= 8
25 θ
3 = 3
−7
E
9
24
=−
7
Example 14
c
2 sin cos
cos −sin
2
1
2
a LHS =
+
PL
Prove each of the following identities.
= tan 2
1
cos + sin cos −sin
Solution
b
sin
= tan 2 cosec
2 sin cos
cos2 −sin2
+
cos
sin cos
=
2 sin ( + )
sin 2
b LHS =
sin
+
cos
sin cos
sin cos + cos sin
M
sin 2 =
= sin cos
cos 2
= tan 2 sin ( + )
=
= RHS 1
sin 2
2
Note: Identity holds when cos 2 = 0 2 sin ( + )
=
sin 2
SA
Note: Identity holds when sin 2 = 0

1 1
c LHS = +
cos + sin cos −sin
cos −sin + cos + sin
=
cos2 −sin2
2 cos
=
cos 2
2 sin cos sin 2
But 2 cos = =
sin sin
sin 2
∴ LHS =
cos 2 sin
tan 2
=
sin
= tan 2 cosec
Note: Identity holds when cos 2 = 0

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Sometimes the easiest way to prove two expressions are equal is to simplify each of them. This
is demonstrated in the following example.
Example 15
1
Prove that (sec A − cos A)(cosecA −sin A) =
tan A + cot A
Solution
1
E
LHS = (sec A − cos A)(cosecA −sin A) RHS =
tan A + cot A

1 1 1
= − cos A −sin A =
cos A sin A sin A cos A
+
cos A sin A
1 − cos2 A 1 −sin2 A 1
= × =
LHS = RHS
Exercise 11F
=
PL
cos A
sin2 A cos2 A
cos A sin A
= cos A sin A
sin A
=
sin2 A + cos2 A
cos A sin A
cos A sin A
sin2 A + cos2 A
= cos A sin A
M
Example 10
1 By making use of the appropriate addition formula find the exact values for each of the
following.
a cos 15◦ b cos 105◦
Example 11
2 By making use of the appropriate addition formula find exact values for each of the
SA
following.
a sin 165◦ b tan 75◦
3 Find exact values of

5 11 −
a cos b sin c tan
12 12 12
12 3
Example 12
4 If sin u = and sin v = , evaluate sin (u + v). (Note: There is more than one answer.)
13 5
5 Simplify the following.

a sin + b cos − c tan + d sin −
6 4 3 4
6 Simplify
a cos (u − v) sin v + sin (u − v) cos v b sin (u + v) sin v + cos (u + v) cos v

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−3 −5
Example 13 7 If sin = and is in the 3rd quadrant and cos = and is in the 2nd quadrant,
5 13
evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
a cos 2 b sin 2 c tan 2 d sec 2
e sin ( + ) f cos ( − ) g cosec ( + ) h cot 2
4 5
8 If tan u = and tan v = and both u and v are acute angles evaluate:
3 12
a tan (u + v) b tan 2u c cos (u − v) d sin 2u
3 24
9 If sin = and sin = and < < < evaluate
E
5 25 2
a cos 2 b sin ( − ) c tan ( + ) d sin (2)
√
3 1
10 If sin = − and cos = evaluate
2 2
a sin 2 b cos 2
Examples 14, 15
a
√
2 sin −

c tan +

4

4
PL
11 Simplify each of the following expressions.
a (sin − cos )2
12 Prove the following identities,

= sin − cos
tan −
1 + tan

4
= −1
b cos4 −sin4

b cos −

d cos +

3

6
sin (u + v)

+ cos +
+ sin +

3
3

= cos
√
= 3 cos
e tan + = = tan v + tan u

M
f
4 1 − tan cos u cos v
tan u + tan v sin (u + v)
g = h cos 2 + 2 sin2 = 1
tan u − tan v sin (u − v)
1 −sin 2
i sin 4 = 4 sin cos3 − 4 cos sin3 j = sin − cos
sin − cos
11.7 a cos x + b sin x

SA
In Section 11.2 the method of addition of ordinates was used in the plotting of the sums of
circular functions. In this section it will be shown how functions with rule of the form
f (x) = a cos x + b sin x may have the rule written in terms of a single circular function.
First write

√ a b
a cos x + b sin x = a 2 + b2 √ cos x + √ sin x
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
√
= a 2 + b2 (cos cos x + sin sin x)
a b
where cos = √ and sin = √
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
√
Let r = a 2 + b2 and thus
a cos x + b sin x = r cos (x − )

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Similarly it may be shown that
a cos x + b sin x = r sin (x + )

√ a b
where r = a 2 + b2 , sin = √ and cos = √
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
Example 16
√
Express cos x − 3 sin x in the form r cos (x − ) and hence find the range of the function
√
E
with rule f (x) = cos x − 3 sin x, and the maximum and minimum values of the function.
Solution
√ √
a = 1, b = − 3 ∴ r = 1 + 3 = 2√
a 1 b − 3
also cos = = and sin = =
∴
PL √
=−
r
∴ Range of f is [−2, 2]

2
3
∴ cos x − 3 sin x = 2 cos x +

3
r 2
The maximum and minimum values of f are 2 and −2 respectively.
Using the TI-Nspire

M
Use tCollect( ) from the Trigonometry
submenu of the Algebra menu (b 3
2) as shown.
SA
Example 17
√
Solve cos x − 3 sin x = 1 for x ∈ [0, 2].
Solution
√
From Example 16, cos x − 3 sin x = 2 cos x +

3
∴ 2 cos x + =1
3
1
cos x + =
3 2
5 7
x+ = , ,
3 3 3 3
4
x = 0, , 2
3
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Using the TI-Nspire

Use Solve( ) from the Algebra menu (b
3 1) as shown.
The symbol ≤ can be found in the
catalog ( 4), by typing , or by
typing / .
E
Example 18
Express
√
Solution
Let
Then
√
√
PL
3 sin 2x − cos 2x in the form r sin (2x + ).
A slightly different technique is used.
3 sin 2x − cos 2x = r sin (2x + )

3 sin 2x − cos 2x = r [sin 2x cos + cos 2x sin ]
This is to hold for all x.
M
√
If x = , 3 = r cos ... 1
4
If x = 0, −1 = r sin ... 2
Squaring and adding 1 and 2 gives
r 2 cos2 + r 2 sin2 = 4
SA
i.e., r2 = 4
∴ r = ±2
The positive solution is taken. Substituting in 1 and 2 gives
√
3 1
∴ = cos and − = sin
2 2
∴ =−
√ 6
∴ 3 sin 2x − cos 2x = 2 sin 2x −
6
Expand the right hand side of the equation to verify.

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Exercise 11G
Example 16
1 Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
√
a 4 cos x + 3 sin x b 3 cos x + sin x c cos x −sin x
√ √
d cos x + sin x e 3 cos x + 3 sin x f sin x − 3 cos x
√
g cos x − 3 sin x + 2 h 5 + 3 sin x − 2 cos x
Example 17
2 Solve each of the following for x ∈ [0, 2] or ◦ ∈ [0, 360].
√
E
a sin x − cos x = 1 b 3 sin x + cos x = 1
√ √
c sin x − 3 cos x = −1 d 3 cos x − 3 sin x = 3
√
e 4 sin ◦ + 3 cos ◦ = 5 f 2 2 sin ◦ − 2 cos ◦ = 3
√
3 Write 3 cos 2x −sin 2x in the form r cos (2x + ).
Example 18
PL
4 Write cos 3x −sin 3x in the form r sin (3x − ).
5 Sketch the graphs of the following, showing one cycle.

a f (x) = sin x − cos x
c f (x) = sin x + cos x
√
b f (x) = 3 sin x + cos x
√
d f (x) = sin x − 3 cos x
M
SA

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Review 320 Essential Advanced General Mathematics
Chapter summary
Further symmetry properties: complementary angles

sin − = cos
2
sin + = cos
2
cos − = sin
2
E
cos + = −sin
2
Addition of ordinates
y
3 y1 = 2 sin x
2
1
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
π
2
y2 = 3 cos 2x
Graph of tangent function

y
PL
π 3π
2
2π
θ
y = 2 sin x + 3 cos 2x
M
y = tan θ
1 period = π
θ
–π π π π 3π 2π 5π
2 –1 4 2 2 2
SA
General solution of circular function equations
If cos (x) = a, x = 2n ± cos−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]

If tan (x) = a, x = n + tan−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ R
−1
If sin (x) = a, x = 2n + sin (a), or
x = (2n + 1) −sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]
Reciprocal circular functions
1
secant = sec =
cos
1
cosecant = cosec =
sin
1
cotangent = cot = , sin = 0 and cos =
0
tan

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Review
Pythagorean identity
cos2 + sin2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
cot2 + 1 = cosec2
Addition formulas
cos (u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
E
cos (u + v) = cos u cos v −sin u sin v
sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v
sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v
tan u + tan v
tan (u + v) =
1 − tan u tan v
tan (u − v) =
cos 2u = cos2 u −sin2 u

= 2 cos2 u − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 u
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
tan 2u =
2 tan u
PL
tan u − tan v
1 + tan u tan v
Double angle formulas
1 − tan2 u
M
a cos x + b sin x can be written as r cos (x − )
a b
where r = a 2 + b2 and cos = √ and sin = √
a +b
2 2 a + b2
2
It can also be written as r sin (x + )

a b
SA
where r = a 2 + b2 and sin = √ and cos = √

a +b
2 2 a + b2
2
Multiple-choice questions
1 cosec x −sin x is equal to

A cos x cot x B cosec x tan x C 1 −sin2 x
1 −sin x
D sin x cosec x E
sin x
−1
2 If cos x = , the possible values of sin x are
√ 3√
−2 2 2 2 −2 2 −8 8
A , B , C ,
√ √
3 3 3 3 9 9
− 2 2 1 −1
D , E ,
3 3 2 2

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a
3 If cos = and 0 < < , then tan in terms of a and b is
√ b 2
√
a 2 + b2 b2 − a 2 a
A B C √
b a b2 − a 2
a a
D √ E √
b + a2
2 b b2 + a 2
4 The magnitude of ∠ABX is , AX = 4 cm, XC = x cm A
and BC = 2 cm. In terms of x, tan is equal to
E
8 4 4 cm
A B
(x + 2) 2 x
C 8−x D 8+x X
8 x cm
θ
E √
x +4
2
B
5 For
6

2
A 0
< A < and < B <
sin 2A
cos 2A − 1
A cot 2A − 1
B 1
is equal to
D sin 2A − tan 2A

PL
3
2
, with cos A = t and sin B = t, sin (B + A) is equal to
C 2t 2 − 1
E −cot A
D 1 − 2t 2
B sin 2A + sec 2A
E −1
C
sin A
cos A − 1
2 cm C
− x is not equal to
M
7 sin
2 3
A cos (2 − x) B −sin +x C sin x D cos (−x) E sin +x
2 2
8 (1 + cot x)2 + (1 − cot x)2 is equal to
A 2 + cot x + 2 cot 2x B 2 C −4 cot x D 2 + cot 2x E 2cosec2 x
9 If sin 2A = m and cos A = n, tan A in terms of m and n is equal to
m n 2n 2n 2n 2
SA
A B C D E
2n 2 m m2 m m
10 −cos x + sin x, in the form r sin (x + ) where r > 0, is
√ √ 5
A 2 sin x + B −sin x + C 2 sin x +
4 4 4
√ 7 √ 3
D 2 sin x + E 2 sin x +
4 4
Short-answer questions (technology-free)
1 Prove each of the following identities.

tan2 + cos2
a sec + cosec cot = sec cosec2 b sec −sin =
sec + sin
2 Find the maximum and minimum values of each of the following.
3
a 3 + 2 sin b 1 − 3 cos c 4 sin
2
1 1
d 2 sin2 e
2 2 + cos

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Review
3 Find the values of , ∈ [0, 2], for which √
1 1 3
a sin2 = b sin 2 = c cos 3 =
4 2 2
1
d sin2 2 = 1 e tan2 = f tan 2 = −1
3√
g sin 3 = −1 h sec 2 = 2
4 Solve the equation tan = 2 sin for values of from 0◦ to 360◦ .
5 8
5 If sin A = , sin B = where A and B are acute, find
E
13 17
a cos (A + B) b sin (A − B) c tan (A + B)
6 Find
tan 15◦ + tan 30◦
a cos 80◦ cos 20◦ + sin 80◦ sin 20◦ b
1 − tan 15◦ tan 30◦

7 If A + B = , find the value of
a 3 + 2 sin
2
a sin A cos B + cos A sin B
9 Prove each of the following.

PL b 4 − 5 cos
a sin2 A cos2 B − cos2 A sin2 B = sin2 A −sin2 B
sin − 2 sin3
c
2 cos3 − cos
= tan
√
b cos A cos B −sin A sin B
8 Find the maximum and minimum values of the function with rule
b
sin
1 + cos
+
1 + cos
sin
=
2
sin
M
5
10 Given that sin A = and that A is obtuse, find the value of each of the following:
3
a cos 2A b sin 2A c sin 4A
11 Prove
1 − tan2 A sin A 1 + cos A 2
a = cos 2A b + =
1 + tan2 A 1 + cos A sin A sin A
12 a Find tan 15◦ in simplest surd form.
SA
b Using the identities for sin (u ± v), express 2 sin x cos y as the sum of two sines.
√
13 Given f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = 2 3 cos x − 2 sin x, find the coordinates of
a the y intercept b the x intercepts
c the maximum point d the minimum point.
√
Hence sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 3 cos x − 2 sin x
14 Solve for x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
1 1 1
a sin x + cos x = 1 b sin x cos x = −
2 2 4
c 3 tan 2x = 2 tan x √ d sin2 x = cos2 x + 1
3 √
e sin 3x cos x − cos 3x sin x = f 2 cos 2x − =− 3
2 3

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15 Sketch graphs of
x
a y = 2 cos2 x b y = 1 − 2 sin −
c f (x) = tan 2x
2 2
16 It is given that tan A = 2. Find the exact value of tan , given that tan ( + A) = 4.

17 a Express 2 cos + 9 sin in the form r cos ( − ), where r > 0 and 0 < <
2
b i Give the maximum value of 2 cos + 9 sin
ii Give the cosine of for which this maximum occurs.
iii Find the smallest positive solution of the equation 2 cos + 9 sin = 1
E
Extended-response questions
1 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD inside a semicircle, centre O and radius 5 cm.
∠BOA = ∠COD = ◦
is given by
PL
a Show that the perimeter, P cm, of the rectangle
P = 20 cos + 10 sin
b Express P in the form r cos ( − ) and hence
find the value of for which P = 16.
B
A O
c Find the value of k for which the area of the rectangle is k sin 2 cm2 .
d Find the value of for which the area is a maximum.
C
5 cm
θ°
5 cm
θ°
D
M
2 The diagram shows a vertical section through a tent
in which AB = 1 m, BC = 2 m and A
∠BAD = ∠BCD = . CD is horizontal. 1m θ
The diagram is symmetrical about the vertical AD. B
a Obtain an expression for AD in terms of .
b Express AD in the form
SA
2m
r cos ( − ), where r is positive.
c State the maximum length of AD θ

and the corresponding value of . C D
d Given that AD = 2.15 m, find the value of for which > .
1 − tan2
3 a Prove the identity cos 2 =
1 + tan2 √
√ 1 ◦
b i Use the result of a to show 1 + x = 2x − 2 where x = tan 67
2 2
2
1 ◦ √
ii Hence find the values of integers a and b such that tan 67 =a+b 2
◦ 2
1
c Find the value of tan 7 .
2

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Review
4 In the diagram triangle ABC has a right angle at B. A
Length of BC = 1 unit. θ
a Find in terms of h2
i h1 ii h 2 iii h 3 iv h n h1 h3
B C
cos
b Show that the infinite sum h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + . . . =
√ 1 −sin
c If the infinite sum = 2, find .
E
5 ABCD is a regular pentagon with side length one unit.
The exterior angles of a regular pentagon each have B 2π
2 5
magnitude .
5
a i Show that the magnitude of ∠BCA is
5 C A
ii Find the length of CA
cos

5
5
PL
b i Show the magnitude of ∠DCP is
iv Find the exact value of cos

5
5
2
2
ii Use the fact that AC = 2CQ = 2CP + PR

to show that 2 cos = 2 cos
2
+1
5
D
P Q R
E
iii Use the identity cos 2 = 2 cos − 1 to form a quadratic equation in terms of
6 a Prove each of the identities

M

1 − tan2 2 tan
i cos = 2 ii sin = 2

1 + tan 2 1 + tan2
2 2

b Use the result of a to find the value of tan , given 8 cos − sin = 4
2
SA


CH 11

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9780521740494c11.xml CUAU033-EVANS September 9, 2008 13:42

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11.1 Further symmetry properties y

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If sin = 0.3 and cos = 0.8, find the values of

The graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 cos 2x are shown below.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-61252-4

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Using the TI-Nspire

Add Function Table (b 2 ) and split

The window settings should be as shown. Tap

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To find exact solutions, the window is

11.3 Sketch graphs of the tangent function

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The graph of y = tan x is given below.

Observations from the graph

2 The range of tan is R.

11.4 General solution of circular function equations

In general, if cos (x) = a,

x = 2n ± cos−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]

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Similarly, if tan (x) = a,

x = n + tan−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ R

x = n + (−1)n sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z and a ∈ [−1, 1]

Find the general solution to each of the following equations.

Using the TI-Nspire

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Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-61252-4

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The first three positive solutions of 2 sin (x) = 2 are x = ,

1 Find the general solution to each of the following equations.

11.5 Trigonometric identities

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Find the exact value of each of the following.

Find the value(s) of x between 0 and 2 for which

Using the TI-Nspire

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Using the Casio ClassPad

The Pythagorean identity

Other forms of the identity can be derived.

Dividing both sides by sin2 gives:

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1 Find the exact value of each of the following.

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11.6 Addition formulas and double angle formulas

(cos (u − v), sin (u − v)).

Since the triangles CBO and PAO are congruent,

Divide the numerator and denominator by cos u cos v = 0

Note: Identity holds when sin 2 = 0

a cos x + b sin x = r sin (x + )

It can also be written as r sin (x + )

where r = a 2 + b2 and sin = √ and cos = √