Urban Administration: Urbanization

and Governance Framework

Dr. A. K. Singh
Assistant Director

Regional Centre For Urban & Environmental Studies, Lucknow

Urbanisation

India is the
second largest
urban system
in the world,
after China
 Urbanisation Trends- 2050
80.00

70.00 68.70
63.85
60.00 58.97
54.41 54.23
50.00 50.46
46.40 46.93
40.00 39.75 World
37.21
33.89 India
30.00 28.83 30.01
27.67
20.00 21.33
17.04
10.00

—
1950 1975 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
 Decadal Population Growth Trends : 2001-2011 (%)
Total Rural Urban
India - 2001-2011 17.64 12.18 31.80
1991-2001 21.34 17.90 31.20

Classification of Urban Areas : 2001-2011 (%)

Towns 2001 2011 % Increase

Total 5161 7935 54.0

Statutory 3799 4041 6.3
Census 1362 3894 186.0
Urbanisation by States – 2011 (%)
State 2001 2011 Difference
1 Delhi 93.18 97.50 4.32
2 Tamil Nadu 44.04 48.45 4.41
3 Kerala 25.96 47.72 21.76
4 Maharashtra 42.43 45.23 2.93
5 Gujarat 37.36 42.28 5.92
6 Karnataka 33.99 38.57 4.98
7 Uttar Pradesh 20.78 22.28 1.50
8 Haryana 28.92 34.79 5.87
9 Andhra Pradesh 27.30 33.49 6.19
10 Uttar Pradesh 20.78 22.28 1.50
11 Rajasthan 23.39 24.89 1.50
India 27.81 31.16 3.80
 Urban India
 During 2001-2011 about 100 m moved to cities
 Between 2010-30 about 350 m may move to cities
 Likely to double by 2050 – about 700 m
 Every minute 30 Indians added to urban areas
 Need to create 500 new cities in the next 20 years
 Or else, cities in India become slums by 2022
 There are 53 metropolitan cities ; projected to reach 90
 42% urban and 13% total population live in metros
 Mumbai has 18 million population
 It is not countries but cities that are competing
 Urbanization In Uttar Pradesh
• UP’s urban population stood at 190.08 lakhs in 1981,
increasing to 345.06 lakhs in 2001 and, further to
444.78 lakhs in 2011.
• Steady rate of increase was around 3.07 % per annum
in the past three decades.
• In 2011, 22.28% of total population of State lived in
urban areas, which accounted for 11.79% of total
urban population of the country.
• The provisional Census data of 2011 indicates that out
of 4041 statutory towns present in the country, 648
exist in U.P. which is 16% of the total number of
towns. 7
Growth of Urban Population of U.P.

Year Urban Total Urban Decadal Decadal

populatio population population growth of growth of
n ( lakh) as % of total urban total
( lakh) population population population
(%) (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6
1991 259.70 1319.99 19.67 36.63 25.55
2001 345.06 1660.53 20.78 26.82 25.78
2011 444.78 1995.81 22.28 28.75 20.09

Source: Calculated from Census Reports-2011.

8
• Urban livelihoods are overlooked or undermined
by policies, regulations, and practices of
municipalities and urban planners and are eroded
by urban renewal schemes.
• Urban informal groups face threats to their
livelihoods everyday.
• 85% of all urban women workers are informally
employed.
• Urban policies discriminate against them, reduce
their productivity and earnings. Eg., street
vendors removed, home based workers
discouraged, waste recycling goes to big
companies. 9
• What is needed is fair city planning:
• Increased focus in city planning on the livelihood of the poor
• Fair allocation of urban land/space and other resources to
the livelihoods of the poor
• Fair resettlement schemes and measures
• It is especially important to include the voice of women in
urban governance.
• A safe and Healthy living space is urban women’s main
priority
• Every urban dweller should be provided with minimum levels
of safe water and sanitation, irrespective of the legal status
of the land on which he/she is dwelling or possession of
identity proof or status of migration.
• The most important need right now is firstly, incremental in-
situ up gradation and second, a non-eviction guarantee.

10
Inclusive Urban Development
• The concept of inclusive growth and development
has gained momentum in the changing economic
environment and policy regime.
• The term is widely used for inclusion of
weaker ,vulnerable and marginalized population
in growth and balanced spatial development.
• It is really a surprise for those who are keenly
observing the trends of Indian economy as to
how all of sudden the policy-makers have started
thinking of inclusion of the downtrodden people
into the growth process.
• Two things are clear from this change in the
thought process.
• The concept of inclusive city is derived from the
idea that the city belongs to all its inhabitants.
• In tune with Approach Paper for the 11th Five
Year Plan which adopted “Inclusive Growth” as
the key term for the country, the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of
India initiated an agenda for developing
“Inclusive cities”.
• This agency is being supported by the NSUP
project.
•
• The project envisages to provide technical support in
this regard which will cover the areas of:
• Inclusive urban and regional planning systems;
• Inclusive urban infrastructure;
• Integration of informal sector into the formal urban
economies;
• Affordable land and housing to the poor;
• Inclusive city development process for developing
infrastructure and services;
• Inclusive social development and convergence of
programmes;
• Financial inclusion of urban poor through access to
credit, microfinance, etc.; and
• Capacity building and skill development of urban poor
to cater the needs of emerging markets.
• The 12th Plan has focused on inclusive
governance.
• In view of the Eleventh Plan Vision of
Inclusive Growth, and Faster Inclusive
Growth by XII Plan, it is imperative to study
the status of inclusive urban development
and suggesting the policy package for
addressing the emerging issues and
challenges of inclusive urban development in
the country.
• The concept of inclusiveness involves four
attributes:
• Opportunity: Is the economy generating
more and varied ways for people to earn a
living and increase their incomes over time?
• Capability: Is the economy providing the
means for people to create or enhance their
capabilities in order to exploit available
opportunities?
• Access: Is the economy providing the means
to bring opportunities and capabilities
together?
• Security: Is the economy providing the means
for people to protect themselves against a
temporary or permanent loss of livelihood?
Inclusive Infrastructure Development:
• Sustainability
• Social Inclusion
• City-Wide Expansion Consistent with Urban
Growth
• Transparency
• User Participation
• Market Orientation
• Institutional Capacity
• Local Empowerment
• Public-Private Collaboration
• Clear Policy Signals
Access to Water and Sanitation: 2011

Water Outside Premises

No Access to Toilets State %
State % India 28.8
India 18.6 Chhattisgarh 51.3
Chhattisgarh 39.8 Nagaland 47.9
Uttar Pradesh 18.0 Tamil Nadu 46.0
Odisha 35.2 Madhya Pradesh 44.6
Jharkhand 32.8
Odisha 43.1
Bihar 31.0
Maharashtra 28.7 Jharkhand 39.9
Madhya Pradesh 25.8 Andhra Pradesh 32.0
Tamil Nadu 24.9 Karnataka 30.0
 Urban Services – SLB
Water Sewage Household Collection Coverage
Per capita Coverage
Indicator Connection
supply
NRW
of toilets
network level SWM efficiency of of SWD
in premises coverage coverage solid waste network

Benchmark 100% 135 lpcd 20% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Average 53.6 76.6 34.1 71.1 49.5 57.2 77.2 52.9
Andhra Pradesh 37.6 68.9 41.2 77.2 30.7 72.7 87.1 69.3
Bihar 17 29.2 48.1 49.0 25.0 23.8 42.8 33.8
Chhattisgarh 25.8 45.2 64.9 69.2 9.7 20.1 76.2 33.4
Gujarat 77 97.3 20.6 77.4 61.5 79.2 81.3 47.8
Himachal Pradesh 74.4 110.3 29.4 87.6 41.1 23.7 70.8 19.8
Karnataka 64.5 94.1 30.9 70.7 50.6 49.9 72.1 52.7
Kerala 36.9 64.1 29.1 84.5 17.5 16.0 60.4 16.3
Madhya Pradesh 45.7 56.9 45.1 73.7 17.6 26.0 71 55.2
Maharashtra 67.8 80.8 32.1 66.6 54.5 66.3 76.2 63.5
Odisha 25.7 110.7 54.6 56.2 18.3 45.6 68.9 12.6
Rajasthan 66.4 68.7 27.1 68.4 42.4 26.8 76.1 60.5
Tripura 27.9 71.3 72.7 62.4 0.0 52.8 80.7 2.2
Uttar Pradesh 37.3 60.3 26.7 71.8 31.2 26.1 93.5 52.6
 Poverty (In %)
Year Rural Urban Total
1973-74 56.44 49.01 54.88
1977-78 53.07 45.24 51.32
1983 45.65 40.79 44.48
1987-88 39.09 38.20 38.86
1993-94 37.27 32.36 35.97
1999-2000 27.09 23.62 26.10
2004-05 41.80 25.7 37.20
2009-10 33.80 20.90 29.80
Urbanisation of Poverty – 2009-10
State Rural % Urban%
Delhi 7.7 14.4
Haryana 18.6 23.0
Himachal Pradesh 9.1 12.6
Jammu & Kashmir 8.1 12.8
Kerala 12.0 12.1
Meghalaya 15.3 24.1
Nagaland 19.3 25.0
Pondicherry 0.2 1.6
Punjab 14.6 18.1
Uttarakhand 14.9 25.2
India 33.8 20.9
 Percentage of Urban Poor to Total Poor

Year Rural Urban

1973-74 81.3 18.7
1977-78 80.3 19.7
1983-84 78.0 22.0
1987-88 75.5 24.5
1993-94 76.2 23.8
1999-00 74.25 25.75
2004-05 73.22 26.78
2009-10 78.44 21.56
Source: Compendium on Urban Poverty and Urban Slums, Ministry of Housing and Poverty
Alleviation, GOI, New Delhi, 2006.
Towns Reporting Slums Number of Slum Households
India : Census 2011

Indicator No.

Number of Slum Households (in lakh)

Total (Slum) 137
Slum in Million Plus Cities 52
Slum in other Cities 85
Number of Slum Households (in %)
Slum in Million Plus Cities 38.1
Slum in other Cities 61.9

2543 of 4,041 ULBs 38 % of the slum households are in

have no Slums repo 46 Million Plus Cities

Source: Census 2011

 Proportion of Slum Households- 2011
State (%)
Cities (%)
Top 5 States Million Plus Cities
Andhra Pradesh 35.7 Greater Mumbai 41.3
Kolkata 29.6
Chhattisgarh 31.9 Chennai 28.5
Madhya Pradesh 28.3 Delhi Municipal Corp 14.6
BBMP 8.5
Odisha 23.1 Greater Visakhapatnam 44.1
West Bengal 21.9 Jabalpur Cantt 43.3
Greater Mumbai 41.3
Bottom 5 States
Vijayawada 40.6
Chandigarh# 9.7 Meerut 40.0
Gujarat 6.7 Raipur 39.0
Nagpur 34.3
Jharkhand 5.3
Greater Hyderabad 31.9
Assam 4.8 Kota 31.8
Kerala 1.5 Agra 29.8
Source: Census 2011
 Slum Profile - 2011
– Only 2543 ULBs reported slums – 63%
– Slum HHs – 17.4% Cities %
– 38% of slum HHs in 46 metros Vishakapatnam 44.1
Jabalpur 43.3
State % Mumbai 41.3
A.P 35.7 Vijayawada 40.6
Chhattisgarh 31.9 Meerut 39.0
M.P 28.3 Nagpur 34.3
Odisha 23.1 Hyderabad 31.9
West Bengal 21.9
Agra 39.8
Gujarat 6.7
Kolkata 29.6
Jharkhand 5.3
Chennai 28.5
Assam 4.8
Delhi 14.6
Kerala RP-MANU -2503131.5
Bangalore 8.5 24
 Urban Poor – Access to Services
Water Urban Slum
- In Premises 71.2 56.7
- Outside Premises 28.8 43.3
Power 92.7 90.5
Drainage
- Closed 44.5 36.9
- Open 37.3 44.3
- No drains 18.2 18.28
Latrine
- In Premises 81.4 66.0
- Public 6.0 15.1
- Open Defecation 12.6 18.9
 Urban Poverty - Approaches
 National Urban Skill and Health Missions
Mission for the Elimination of Poverty in Municipal
Areas – MEPMA

 Kudumbashree – Kerala

 Rajasthan Mission on Skills and Livelihoods (RMoL)

 Livelihood Generation Initiative – Gujarat (UMEED)

 New Trends in Urban Governance
 Reduced state involvement
 Increased private sector role in infra. and services
 Outsourcing – services and human resources
 Increasing importance of land management

 Importance of environmental issues

 Increased civil society awareness and citizen

demands

 Recognition of importance of social capital

 More citizen centric governance

 Urban Governance Challenges
• Weak policy and public institutions
– No comprehensive urban policy or strategy
• Fragmentation of urban administration
– Multiplicity of agencies
– Lack of professional management
– Delayed and reactive than proactive and guided
– Unresponsive institutions
– Ineffective program implementation
– Demands for service delivery
• State centric governance
– Absence of mechanisms for citizen’s voice
Policies and Initiatives

Lord Ripon’s Resolution, 1882

74th Constitution Amendment Act,1992

JnNURM, 2005

13th Finance Commission Reforms

Policies and Initiatives
 National Urban Sanitation Policy
 Capacity Building for Urban Local Bodies
 National Urban Transport Policy
 Housing and Habitat Policy
 e.Govenance
 National Slum Policy
Policies and Initiatives Aim At
 Promoting decentralization
 Strengthening good urban governance
 Contributing to environmental conservation
 Ensuring urban sustainability
74th CAA - Features
 Provided constitutional status,
 Fixed tem, reservations,
 Ward committees,
 SFC and SEC,
 Functions in 12th Schedule,
 DPC and MPC for integrated planning ,
Implementation status
 Incomplete implementation
 Reservations operational
 Regular elections, SFC constituted but weak
 DPCs and MPCs not effective
 Urban Governance Reforms
State - Mandatory ULB - Mandatory
Implementation of 74th CAA Introduce Accrual Accounting
Repeal ULCA system
Reform Rent Control Laws Introduce e.Governance – GIS,MIS,
Rationalise Stamp Duty 5% etc.
Enact Public Disclosure Law Property tax reforms with GIS
Enact Community Participation Law Levy of user charges –100% O&M
Associate/assign ULB with City recovery over Mission period
Planning functions Earmarking of funds for poverty
Provision of basic services to poor

Optional – State, ULB, Parastatals

Streamline building permission and land development laws
Simplify procedures for conversion of agriculture land
Introduce Property Title Certification System
Earmark 20-25% land to the poor
Introduce computerised registration of land and property
Mandatort rain water harvesting and water conservation in all buildings
Byelaws for reuse of recycled water
Administrative Reforms
Introduce structural reforms
Encourage PPP
 Reforms aim at
• Decentralisation
• Equity
• Transparency
• Efficiency
• Accountability
• Participation
• Sustainability
• Relate to – land and buildings, citizen centricity, finance,
poverty, governance and administration
 13 FC- Accessing Performance Grant
• Constitute State Property Tax Board
• Empowering ULBs to levy PT tax without hindrance
• Constitute Local Body Ombudsmen
• Service level benchmarks
• Fire-hazard Response and Mitigation Plan in metros
• Electronic transfer of grants to ULBs in 5 days
• Qualifications of members of SFCs
• Accounts and audit reforms
• Introduction of a supplement to budget for ULBs/PRIs
Thank You