Lecture # 02
1. Presentation of Data in tabular form
2. Graphical representation of data
3. Histogram
4. Stem -Leaf Plot
5. Box and Whisker Plot
Tabulation:
The process of making tables or arranging data
into rows and columns is called tabulation
Presentation of Data in Tabular form
It is a table that helps to represent even a large amount
of data in an engaging, easy to read, and coordinated
manner. The data is arranged in rows and columns. This
is one of the most popularly used forms of presentation
of data as data tables are simple to prepare and read.
Construction of Tables:
There are four main Parts of table:
1. Title (heading at the top of the table)
2. Column captions and Box head (heading for different columns this
part is called Box head)
3. Row captions and Stub (heading for different Rows this part is
called Stub)
4. Body of the table and arrangement of the data (the entries in
different cells of columns and rows in a table)
Example:
Frequency distribution:
A frequency distribution is a representation, either in a
graphical or tabular format, that displays the number of
observations within a given interval
Types of Frequency distribution
There are three types of frequency distribution.
1. Cumulative frequency distribution.
2. Relative frequency distribution.
3. Relative cumulative frequency distribution.
Question 1:
The height (in cm) of 30 students measured at time
of registration is given by
91,89,88,87,89,91,87,92,90,98,95,97,96,100,101,96,
98,99,98,100,102,99,101,105,103,107,105,106,107,
112.
Make a suitable frequency distribution and all types.
Home Task:
Example 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 (from
recommended book)
Histogram:
A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangles constructed on XY-plane
Question 2:
Draw histogram of question 1?
Stem and Leaf Plot
John Tukey (1977) introduced a technique known
as the stem and leaf display. This technique offers
a quick and novel way for simultaneously sorting
and displaying data sets where each number in
the data set is divided into two parts, a stem and
a leaf.
A stem is the leading digit of each number and
leaf is the rest of the digits.
Question 3:
A teacher asked 10 of her students how many
books they had read in the last 12 months.
12,23,19,6,10,7,15,25,21,12
Prepare a stem and leaf plot.
Splitting the Stems:
If the leaf becomes too crowded it might be useful to split each stem
into two or more components.
Thus, an interval 0 – 9 can be split into two intervals of 0 – 4 and 5 – 9 ,
Similarly, a 0 – 9 stem can be spit into five intervals 0 – 1 , 2 – 3 ,4 – 5,
6 – 7 and 8 – 9
Example:
Stem Leaf
0 0 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 8 9 9 9
Splitting the stem
Stem Leaf
0(0) 0 0 1 2 3 3 4
0(5) 5 5 7 7 8 9 9 9
0(0) means all the data with the interval 0 – 4
0(5) means all the data with the interval 5 – 9
Practice:
Example 2.7, 2.8, 2.16
Exercise 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.13, 2.14, 2.30 (b(i)),
2.31, 2.34 (a),
