Cogito Chemistry

March 28, 2024

IB Chemistry HL

1 [M18/HP2/TZ2/Q3] The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.

(a) (i) Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n
= 1, 2, 3 and 4. [1]

(ii) Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to
n = 2 in the emission spectrum. [1]
(iii) Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 1015 s−1 for its conver-
gence limit.
Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using
sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. [1]

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(iv) Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to

the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet. [1]

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Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

(b) Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.
(i) Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, Na to Cl. [1]

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(ii) Outline why the ionic radius of K+ is smaller than that of Cl–. [1]

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(c) (i) Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor.

Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electronic configuration of copper
in the 4s and 3d orbitals. [1]

(ii) Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to
alkali metals. [2]

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Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

2 [N12/HP2/TZ0/Q1]
(a) State the full electron configuration of iodine (Z=53). [2]

(b) Deduce the Lewis structure of ICl3 and ICl2– and state the name of the shape of
each species. [4]

(c) Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens. [3]

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(d) Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chlo-
ride solution and with sodium iodide solution. [2]

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3
Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

3 [N14/HP2/TZ0/Q8] A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24,

magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56%
respectively.
(a) (i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to
two decimal places. [2]

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(ii) Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving
your reasons. [2]

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(b) Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability. [3]

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Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

(c) A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.

200,000
Ionization energy / kJmol − 1

160,000

120,000

80,000

40,000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Electron removed

(i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th elec-
trons. [1]

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(ii) Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and
11th electrons. [2]

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Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

(d) (i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium ox-
ide. Describe how the ions are formed, and the structure and bonding in
magnesium oxide. [2]

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(ii) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form a covalent compound, carbon dioxide.
Describe what is meant by a covalent bond. [1]

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(iii) State why magnesium and oxygen form an ionic compound while carbon
and oxygen form a covalent compound. [1]

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6
Cogito Chemistry
March 28, 2024
IB Chemistry HL

(e) (i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in CO2.[1]

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(ii) Sketch the orbitals of an oxygen atom in CO2 before and after hybridization,
on an energy level diagram, including the electrons that occupy each orbital.
[3]

(iii) Define the term electronegativity. [1]

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(iv) Explain why oxygen has a larger electronegativity than carbon. [1]

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