Different types of refrigerants with

properties, designation, selection, and

applications.

ME-6I
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION SHIVAJIRAO S. JONDHALE
POLYTECHNIC,
Ambernath (E)

MICRO PROJECT

Academic year: 2023- 2024

TITLE OF PROJECT

Types of refrigerants with properties,

designation, selection, and applications

Program: Mechanical Engineering

Program code: ME6I

Course: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Course code: (22660)

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 Member details

Name of member Roll Enrollment Seat no.

Sr no. no
no.

1.
Kunal Patil 1108 2101470096

Name of Guide

MR. AMOL SIR

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Kunal Patil, Roll No. 1108 of 6th
Semester of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Institute,
ShivajiRao .S. Jondhale Polytechnic, Ambernath (E) (Code:
0147) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
Subject – Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (22660) for
the academic year 2023- 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Ambernath Enrollment No: 210147096

Date: ………… Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Sign of Student

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 INDEX

[Link]. Content Page no

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
1.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs
2.
Natural Refrigerants
3.
Carbon dioxide
4.
Ammonia
5.

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1.0 Brief Description:-
A refrigerant is a substance utilized in a heat cycle to switch heat from
one area and remove it to another. Usually a gas at room temperature.
Found in quite an awful lot the entirety that cools, and every so often in
things that heat, maximum usual air conditioners, fridges, freezers, and
car air conditioners. Traditionally, fluorocarbons, mainly
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been used as refrigerants, however,
they're being phased out due to their ozone-depleting effects. Other
common refrigerants utilized in diverse programs are ammonia, sulfur
dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons which include propane. Most
refrigerants located in giving up of existence devices are ozone-depleting
and global warming-inducing compounds.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemical

substances containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are
used withinside the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing marketers for
foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants. CFCs are
labeled as halocarbons, a category of compounds that comprise atoms of
carbon and halogen atoms. Individual CFC molecules are labeled with a
completely unique numbering machine. For example, the CFC number of
eleven shows the number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and
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chlorine (e.g. CCl3F as CFC-eleven). The first-rate manner to do not
forget the machine is the "rule of ninety" or add ninety to the CFC
number in which the primary digit is the number of carbon atoms (C), the
second digit is the number of hydrogen atoms (H), and the 1/3 digit is a
number of the fluorine atoms (F). The overall number of chlorine atoms
(Cl) is calculated via way of means of the expression: Cl = 2(C+1) - H -
F. In the instance CFC-eleven has one carbon, no hydrogen, one fluorine,
and consequently three chlorine atoms.

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) properties

 non-flammable
 tasteless
 odorless
 chemically stable.
 boiling points close to zero degrees Centigrade.

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) designation

CFCs are categorized as halocarbons, a class of compounds that include
atoms of carbon and halogen atoms. Individual CFC molecules are
categorized with a completely unique numbering system. For example,
the CFC range of eleven shows the range of atoms of carbon, hydrogen,
fluorine, and chlorine (e.g., CCl3F as CFC-11).

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) applications

 refrigerants
 solvents
 degreasing agents in the electronic industry
 blowing agents in the plastic formation
 propellants for aerosol cans.

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Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

HCFCs are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and

fluorine. Industry and the medical network view positive chemical
compounds inside this class of compounds as suitable transient options
for chlorofluorocarbons. The HCFCs have shorter atmospheric lifetimes
than CFCs and supply much less reactive chlorine to the stratosphere in
which the "ozone layer" is found. Consequently, it's miles anticipated that
those chemical compounds will make contributions plenty much less to
stratospheric ozone depletion than CFCs. Because they still include
chlorine and feature the capability to damage stratospheric ozone, they're
considered simplest as transient replacements for the CFCs. Current
global legislation has mandated manufacturing caps for HCFCs;
manufacturing is against the law after 2020 in advanced international
locations and 2030 in growing international locations.
HCFCs are much less stable than CFCs because HCFC molecules
incorporate carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen, while connected to
carbon in organic compounds consisting of these, is attacked via way of
means of the hydroxyl radical withinside the lower part of the
environment referred to as the troposphere. (CFCs, due to the fact they
incorporate no hydrogen, and, therefore, no carbon-hydrogen bonds,
aren't destroyed via way of means of the hydroxyl radical.) When HCFCs
are oxidized withinside the troposphere, the chlorine launched usually
combines with different chemical substances to shape compounds that
dissolve in water and ice and are eliminated from the ecosystem via way
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of means of precipitation. When HCFCs emerge as destroyed in this
manner their chlorine does now no longer attain the stratosphere and
make a contribution to ozone destruction.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) properties
 nonflammable
 chemically stable
 nonreactive

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) designation

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being advanced as replacements
for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that burn up stratospheric ozone. The
depletion of stratospheric ozone can also additionally increase the depth
of ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface, which can be related to
global, destructive human health effects. The extra tropospheric lability
of HCFCs, that is because of the presence of C-H bonds, reduces HCFC
migration to the stratosphere; HCFCs should, therefore, reason much less
depletion of stratospheric ozone than CFCs. HCFCs below improvement
encompass HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane)

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) applications

 domestic and industrial refrigeration
 air conditioning
 aerosols
 medical inhalers
 fire extinguishers.
Natural Refrigerants
Natural refrigerants are materials that exist clearly withinside the
environment. With 0 ozone depletion potential (ODP) and really low or 0
global warming potential (GWP), they may be taken into consideration as
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the definitive option to the environmental harm because of artificial
refrigerants. The maximum significant herbal refrigerants utilized in
HVAC/R programs these days are carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744),
hydrocarbons including propane (R-290), isobutane (R-600a) and
propylene (R-1270), and ammonia (NH3, R-717). Other natural
refrigerants are water (H2O, R-718) and air (R-729), used handiest for
unique programs, or sulfur dioxide (SO2) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl),
that are not used.
they're materials that arise immediately in nature. The maximum usually
used ones are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons
(propane or isobutane). These materials have were used as refrigerants till
the Thirties earlier than fluorinated gases (f-gases) have become extra
common in refrigeration systems. Fluorine is a halogen and nowadays we
recognize that those halogenated gases grow the greenhouse effect.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744) is a colorless fluid, heavier than air in
ordinary situations and odourless at low concentrations. Being a non-
flammable and non-poisonous substance, it's far categorized as A1 in line
with ASHRAE Standard 34.
The impact of R-744 on the ozone layer is null, having an ODP value of
0. As regards its global warming effect, its GWP is 1, that's the reference
fee for evaluating the direct effect of different refrigerants. However, it
can be taken into consideration that R-744 does now no longer make a
contribution to weather change, as is received as a derivative from
business techniques and could in any other case be emitted into the
atmosphere.
Other benefits of the usage of R-744 as a refrigerant encompass the truth
that this is broad to be had available in the marketplace at a completely
low price. Additionally, R-744 has an exquisite coefficient of the thermal
switch and extraordinarily low viscosity.

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Carbon dioxide properties
 harmlessness to the biosphere
 non-flammable
 non-toxic
 zero ODP
 GWP of 1

Carbon dioxide applications

CO2 can only be used withinside the conventional and very efficient
refrigeration cycle while heat discharge temperatures are lower than the
critical temperature

Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are odorless natural compounds product of not anything
extra than carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are flammable and non-
poisonous substances, and consequently, their protection category is A3.
Its ODP of zero and extraordinarily low GWP price suggest they're
innocent of the ozone layer and in phrases of worldwide warming.
Propane (R-290), isobutane (R-600a), and propylene (R-1270) are the
maximum common hydrocarbons presently utilized in HVAC/R
applications.
Hydrocarbons perform at standard running pressures and feature
wonderful thermodynamic properties, main to excessive energy
efficiency. For instance, the latent heat of vaporization of hydrocarbons is
sort of times better than that of the maximum common HFC refrigerants
(R-134a, R-404A, and R-507): this indicates a better cooling/heating
impact for the identical refrigerant mass flow.
The fundamental challenge of the usage of hydrocarbons as refrigerants
comes from their excessive flammability. This requires a careful layout of
the machine and compliance with precise necessities for flammable
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refrigerants described with the aid of using standards. Hydrocarbons are
technically possible for small and medium-sized refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications, in addition to chillers. Applications consist of
home fridges, beverage coolers, vending machines, commercial
refrigeration, delivery refrigeration, small air con systems, chillers, heat
pumps, and water heaters.

Hydrocarbons properties
 natural
 non-toxic refrigerants that have no ozone-depleting properties
 low global warming potential

Hydrocarbons applications
 Domestic refrigerators and freezers.
 Bottle coolers.
 Ice cream freezers and commercial freezers.
 Commercial refrigerators.
 Beer coolers.

Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3, R-717) is an alkaline and colorless chemical compound
at atmospheric pressure. Being a mildly flammable and poisonous
substance, it's miles labeled as B2L. R-717 is likewise corrosive,
however, its sturdy odor makes it smooth to detect. Regarding
environmental impact, it does now no longer have any dangerous impact
on the ozone layer and global warming while launched into the
atmosphere, for that reason its ODP and GWP values are 0. R-717 is
extensively available in the marketplace at a completely low price.
Working at standard working pressures, its right thermodynamic
properties, consisting of the excessive latent heat of vaporization, places
it a few of the refrigerants with maximum electricity performance for
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each medium and coffee temperature operation. However, the toxicity
and flammability of R-717 have restricted its use in public places. Many
advances had been made currently to minimize dangers to human health,
consisting of the improvement of hermetically sealed systems or leak
detection systems. R-717 has especially been used in commercial
refrigeration for plenty of years, but its use is being prolonged to different
applications, consisting of commercial refrigeration as a secondary fluid.

Ammonia properties

 colorless gas
 pungent smell
 It is lighter than air
 its density being 0.589 times that of air

Ammonia applications

 dairies
 ice creams plants
 frozen food production plants
 cold storage warehouses
 processors of fish
 poultry and meat

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 Shivaji Rao S. Jondhale polytechnic, Ambernath
Academic Year 2023-2024
Teacher Evaluation sheet for Micro project
Course : Mechanical Engineering
Semester: Sixth
Name of student: - Kunal patil

Title of the project: types of refrigerants with properties

Cos addressed by the Microproject: types of refrigerants with
properties. Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by
doing the project Practical Outcome: students understood the
concepts.
Unit Outcomes: students understood the concept of refrigerants
Outcome in affective domain: students can participate effectively in
group work. Students also learn many things in Excel, word, etc.
habit of keeping record of event. Collect relevant material, data from
primary and secondary sources Comments/suggestions about
teamwork/ Leadership/interpersonal communication (if any).
Consistency in work, good to co-ordination and involvement in
team,

Name and designation of the faculty Member:

(Lecturer): Amol sir

Signature:

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