Microcontroller

8051
 Contents:
Introduction
Block Diagram and Pin Description of the 8051
Registers
Memory mapping in 8051
Stack in the 8051
I/O Port Programming
Timer
Interrupt
 Why do we need to learn
Microprocessors/controllers?
▪ The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.

▪ Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable

devices, are controlled by them.

▪ A designer should know what types of components he needs,

ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
 Different aspects of a
microprocessor/controller

▪ Hardware : Interface to the real world

▪ Software : The order how to deal with inputs

 The necessary tools for a
microprocessor/controller
▪ CPU: Central Processing Unit
▪ I/O: Input /Output
▪ Bus: Address bus & Data bus
▪ Memory: RAM & ROM
▪ Timer
▪ Interrupt
▪ Serial Port
▪ Parallel Port
 Microprocessors:
General-purpose microprocessor
▪ CPU for Computers
▪ No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
▪ Example：Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s board

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

 Microcontroller:
▪ A smaller computer
▪ On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
▪ Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
▪ CPU is stand-alone. RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are separate timer are all on a single chip
▪ designer can decide on the • fix amount of on-chip ROM,
amount of ROM, RAM and RAM, I/O ports
I/O ports. • for applications in which cost,
▪ expansive power and space are critical
▪ versatility • single-purpose
▪ general-purpose
Embedded System
▪ Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that
application.

▪ An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do

one task only.

▪ In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is

typically burned into ROM.

▪ Example:
Printer, keyboard, video game player, LCD, Micro Wave Oven etc.
Three criteria in Choosing a
Microcontroller
1. Meeting the computing needs of the task “efficiently and cost
effectively”
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports
and timers, size, packaging, power consumption.
• easy to upgrade.
• cost per unit.

2. Availability of software development tools

• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,
technical support.

3. Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

Features of 8051

▪ RAM is 128 bytes

▪ 2 Timers
▪ 32 I/O pins
▪ ROM is 4K bytes
▪ 1 serial port
▪ 6 Interrupt sources
 Block Diagram
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for

On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
code RAM Timer 0 Inputs

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
8051 Hardware Features
▪ 8 bit CPU with registers A (accumulator) and B.

▪ 16 bit Program counter (PC) and Data pointer (DPTR).

▪ 8 bit Program status word (PSW).

▪ 8 bit stack pointer (SP).

▪ Internal ROM of 4K.

▪ Internal RAM of 128bytes.

▪ 4 register banks each of eight registers.

▪ 16 bytes which can be addressed at the bit level.

▪ 80 bytes of general purpose data memory.

▪ 32 I/O pins, arranged as four 8 bit ports P0-P3.

▪ Two 16 bit timer or counters T0 & T1.

▪ Full Duplex serial data receiver/transmitter (SBUF).

▪ Control registers TCON,TMOD,SCON,PCON,IP AND IE.

▪ Two external and three internal interrupt sources.

▪ Oscillator and clock circuits.

Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD0)
P1.2 3 38 P0.1(AD1)
P1.3
P1.4
4
5
8051 37
36
P0.2(AD2)
P0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 (8031) 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14)
(T1)P3.5 15 26 P2.5(A13)
(WR)P3.6 16 25 P2.4(A12)
(RD)P3.7 17 24 P2.3(A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
Pins Descriptions of 8051

▪ Vcc（pin 40）：
– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
– The voltage source is +5V.

▪ GND（pin 20）：ground.

▪ XTAL1 and XTAL2（pins 19,18）.

XTAL Connection to 8051
▪ Using a quartz crystal oscillator
▪ We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.

C2
XTAL2
30pF

C1
XTAL1
30pF

GND


Pins of 8051

▪ RST（pin 9）：reset
– It is an input pin and is active high（normally low）.
▪ The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
– It is a power-on reset.
▪ Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the
microcontroller will reset and all values in registers
will be lost.
▪ Reset values of some 8051 registers.
Power-On RESET Circuit
Vcc

10 uF 31
EA/VPP
30 pF X1
19
11.0592 MHz
8.2 K
X2
18
30 pF
9 RST
Pins of 8051

▪ /EA（pin 31）：external access

– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
– The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is
stored externally.
– /PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.
– For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
– “/” means active low.
▪ /PSEN（pin 29）：program store enable
– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the
ROM.
Pins of 8051
▪ ALE（pin 30）：address latch enable
– It is an output pin and is active high.
– 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
– The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address
and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373
latch.

▪ I/O port pins

– The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
– Each port uses 8 pins.
– All I/O pins are bi-directional.
Pins of I/O Port
▪ The 8051 has four I/O ports
– Port 0 （pins 32-39）：P0（P0.0～P0.7）
– Port 1（pins 1-8） ：P1（P1.0～P1.7）
– Port 2（pins 21-28）：P2（P2.0～P2.7）
– Port 3（pins 10-17）：P3（P3.0～P3.7）
– Each port has 8 pins.
▪ Named P0.X （X=0,1,...,7）, P1.X, P2.X, P3.X
▪ Ex：P0.0 is the bit 0（LSB）of P0
▪ Ex：P0.7 is the bit 7（MSB）of P0
▪ These 8 bits form a byte.

▪ Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction).


Hardware Structure of I/O Pin
▪ Each pin of I/O ports
– Internal CPU bus：to communicate with CPU
– A D latch to store the value of this pin
▪ D latch is controlled by “Write to latch”
– Write to latch＝1：write data into the D latch
– 2 Tri-state buffer：
▪ TB1: controlled by “Read pin”
– Read pin＝1：really read the data present at the pin
▪ TB2: controlled by “Read latch”
– Read latch＝1：read value from internal latch
– A transistor M1 gate
▪ Gate=0: open
▪ Gate=1: close
D Latch:
A Pin of Port 1

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1)

Internal CPU D Q P1.X

bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin
Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 1 to the pin Vcc
Internal CPU D Q
1 P1.X
bus P1.X pin
0 M1
output 1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X

Read latch Vcc

TB2
Load(L1) 2. output pin is
1. write a 0 to the pin ground
Internal CPU D Q
0 P1.X
bus P1.X pin
1 M1
output 0
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
Reading “High” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1

TB2 external pin=High
1. write a 1 to the pin MOV Load(L1)
P1,#0FFH

1 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
Reading “Low” at Input Pin

Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1

TB2
1. write a 1 to the pin Load(L1) external pin=Low
MOV P1,#0FFH
1 0 P1.X pin
Internal CPU bus D Q
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q

TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
Other Pins
▪ P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
– P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.

▪ P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not connects to Vcc

inside the 8051.
– P0 is open drain.
– Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X.

▪ However, for a programmer, it is the same to program P0, P1, P2

and P3.

▪ All the ports upon RESET are configured as output.

A Pin of Port 0

Read latch
TB2

Internal CPU D Q P0.X

bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

TB1
Read pin
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc
10 K

P0.0

Port
DS5000 P0.1
P0.2
8751 P0.3
8951 P0.4 0
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
Port 3 Alternate Functions
P3 Bit Function Pin

P3.0 RxD 10
P3.1 TxD 11
P3.2 INT0 12
P3.3 INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 WR 16
P3.7 RD 17
RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:

Register Reset Value

PC 0000
ACC 0000
B 0000
PSW 0000
SP 0007
DPTR 0000
RAM are all zero.
Machine Cycle and Clock Cycle
• 12 clock cycles make one machine cycle.

• Ex: If we use a 12 MHz oscillator, each clock cycle will have a

time period of 1/12MHz. Twelve of these make one machine
cycle so 12 x (1/12 MHz) = 1 microsecond. That’s the time of 1
machine cycle.
Registers
A
B
R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1
R2 PC PC
R3
R4 8051 16-bit Register
R5
R6
R7

8-bit Registers of the

8051
Register Banks
▪ RAM locations 00 to 1FH (32 bytes) are 4 Register banks, each
with 8 bytes named R0-R7.

▪ An instruction using a register bank may be performed with less

code and faster than other instructions (1 byte vice 2).
Ex: MOV R0,A
▪ Internal registers are made part of RAM for direct access and bit
manipulation.

▪ These registers are manipulated either through the instruction set

or directly for processor control.

▪ Accumulator (Acc or A)
– Primary register for byte operations such as math and logical
operations.

▪ B Register (B)
– Used along with the Accumulator for multiplication/division.
– These are 16-bit results, A is the low byte, B the high byte.
Program Status Word (PSW)
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

CY: Carry Flag Set on addition carry or borrow

& Bit Boolean Accumulator.
AC: Aux Carry Flag Set if add result is NOT BCD.
FO: Flag 0 User general purpose.
RS1 & RS0: Reg. Bank Select 2 bits to select Reg. Banks 0-3.
OV: Overflow Flag For signed arithmetic when
+127 or -128 is exceeded.
P: Parity After each machine instruction, the
parity bit is updated for even-parity
the accumulator.
▪ Stack Pointer (SP)
– Points to the address of top of the ‘stack’.

– Addresses and data are ‘pushed’ onto the stack and ‘popped’
off, last-in, first-out (LIFO).

– The stack is incremented prior to pushing.

– The reset value of SP is 07F which would over-run the

register bank area. (its incremented before use to 08H)

– If the SP is not reinitialized register banks 1 (maybe 2 and 3)

might not be available for use.
▪ Data Pointer (DPTR)

– 16-bit register used to address external RAM.

– The 16-bit address is placed on Ports 0 and 2.

 Memory mapping in 8051

▪ ROM memory map in 8051 family

4k 8k 32k
0000H 0000H 0000H

0FFFH
DS5000-32

1FFFH
8751
AT89C51 8752
7FFFH
AT89C52

from Atmel
Corporation from Dallas
Semiconductor
▪ RAM memory space allocation in the 8051

7FH

Scratch pad RAM

30H

2FH

Bit-Addressable RAM
20H
1FH
18H
Register Bank 3
17H
10H Register Bank 2
0FH
08H (Stack) Register Bank 1
07H
00H Register Bank 0
Stack in the 8051
▪ The register used to access the stack is called SP (stack pointer)
register.

▪ The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bits wide, which means
that it can take value 00 to FFH. When 8051 powered up, the SP
register contains value 07.
8051 Addressing Modes
▪ Immediate: Operand is constant contained in instruction
Ex: ADD A,#31H (or) MOV R4,#40H
(or) MOV P1,#55H
We can use EQU directive to access immediate data
as shown below
NDAYS EQU 31
...
ADD A,#NDAYS

▪ Register: Operand is register

Ex: ADD A,R0
MOV R6,A
▪ Direct: Used to access data stored in RAM or registers of 8051.Here the
contents of a memory location can be transferred to a register or vice versa.

Ex: MOV R0, 40H

(or)
MOV 56H, A
▪ Register indirect: Here the operand is memory cell whose address is
contained in register.
Restriction is that only 8-bit registers R0 and R1, and 16-bit register DPTR
may be used.

Examples:
MOV A, @R0
The above instruction moves the contents of RAM location whose
address is held by R0 into A
▪ Indexed addressing mode:
This addressing mode is widely used in accessing data elements of
look-up table entries located in the program ROM space of the 8051.

It uses “MOVC A,@A+DPTR” for this purpose.

The 16-bit register DPTR and the register A are used to form the
address of the data element stored in the on-chip ROM.

Uses MOVC instead of MOV. The “C” means code.

 8051 Arithmetic Instructions
Instruction Mnemonic Meaning

increment INC A|reg|dir|indir|DPTR oper++

decrement DEC A|reg|dir|indir oper—

add ADD A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A+oper

add with carry ADDC A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A+oper+C

sub. with borrow SUBB A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A-oper-C

multiply MUL AB B,A = A*B

divide DIV AB A = A/B

B = A%B

decimal adjust DA A A(hex) = A(dec)

 8051 Logical Instructions
Instruction Mnemonic Meaning

bitwise AND ANL A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A&oper

ANL dir,A|imm
dir=dir&opr

bitwise OR ORL A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A|oper

ORL dir,A|imm dir=dir|opr

bitwise XOR XRL A,reg|dir|indir|imm A=A^oper

XRL dir,A|imm dir=dir^opr

clear CRL A A=0

complement CPL A A=~A

rotate left RL A

rot left w carry RLC A

rotate right RR A

rot right w carry RRC A

swap SWAP A A[0:3]<->

A[4:7]
8051 Copy and Transfer Instructions
Instruction Mnemonic Meaning

move MOV A,reg|dir|indir|imm A = oper

MOV reg,A|dir|imm reg = oper
MOV dir,A|reg|dir|indir|imm dir = oper
MOV indir,A|dir|imm indir = oper
MOV DPTR,imm16 DPTR = imm16

push PUSH dir oper on stack

pop POP dir oper of stack

exchange XCH A,reg|dir|indir A <-> oper
XCHD A,indir A[0:3] <-> oper[0:3]
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
Instruction Mnemonic Meaning

clear bit CLR bit bit = 0

set bit SETB bit bit = 1

complement CPL bit bit = !bit

Jump if bit JB bit,target jump to target

if bit=1

Jump if no bit JNB bit,target jump to target

if bit=0

Jump if bit JNB bit,target jump to target

then clear if bit=0,
clear bit
 Byte Jumps
All byte jumps are relative to the program counter

▪ CJNE A, add, radd compare the contents of the A register with the
contents of the direct address; if they are not equal,
then jump to the relative address; set the carry flag
to 1 if a is less than the contents of the direct
address; other wise, set the carry flag to 0.

▪ CJNE A, #n, radd compare the contents of the A register with the
immediate number n ; if they are not equal,
then jump to the relative address; set the carry flag
to 1 if A is less than the number; other wise, set the
carry flag to 0.

▪ CJNE Rn, #n, radd compare the contents of register Rn with the
immediate number n; if they are not equal, then
jump to the relative address; set the carry flag to 1 if
Rn is less than the number; other wise, set the carry
flag to 0.
CJNE @Rp,#n, radd compare the contents of the address contained
in register Rp to the number n; if they are not
equal, then jump to the relative address. If the
contents of the address in Rp are less than the
number, set carry flag to 1 other wise, set it to 0.

DJNZ Rn, radd Decrement register Rn by 1 and jump to the

relative address if the result is not 0; no flags
are affected.

JZ radd Jump to the relative address if A is 0.

JNZ radd Jump to the relative address if A is not 0.

 UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS
All jump ranges are possible

▪ JMP @A+DPTR Jump to the address formed by adding A to the

DPTR.

▪ AJMP sadd Jump to absolute short range address sadd.

▪ LJMP ladd Jump to absolute long range address ladd.

▪ SJMP radd Jump to relative address radd.

▪ NOP Do nothing and go to the next instruction;

In all the above instructions no flags are affected and they are
executed as they are.
CALLS AND SUBROUTINES
• Calls use Short or Long range Addressing

• ACALL sadd Call the subroutine located on the same page as the
address of the op-code immediately following the
ACALL instruction.
Push the address of the instruction immediately
after the call on the stack

• LCALL ladd Call the subroutine located any where in

programming memory space.
push the address of the instruction immediately
following the call on the stack

• RET pop 2 bytes from the stack in to the program

counter
 TMOD Register:

▪ Gate : When set, timer only runs while INT(0,1) is high.

▪ C/T : Counter/Timer select bit. If “0” used as timer for time

delay generation

▪ M1 : Mode bit 1.
▪ M0 : Mode bit 0.
 TIMER / COUNTER PROGRAMMING
Timer programming
Mode1 Programming
Characteristics and operations of mode 1:
• It is a 16- bit timer; therefore , it allows values of 0000 to FFFFH to be loaded
into the timer’s registers TL and TH.

• After TH and TL are loaded with a 16-bit initial value, the timer must be
started . This is done by “SETB TR0”for timer 0 and “SETB TR1” for timer 1.

• After the timer is started, it starts to count up. It counts up until it reaches its
limit of FFFFH .When it rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, it sets high a flag bit
called TF (timer flag). This timer flag can be monitored. When this timer flag
is raised, one option would be to stop the timer with the instructions “CLR
TR0” for timer 0.
• After the timer reaches its limit and rolls over, in order to repeat the process the
registers TH and TL must be reloaded with the original value, and TF must be
reset to 0.
Steps to program in mode 1

• Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (timer 0 or timer 1) is
to be used and which timer mode (0 or 1) is selected.

• Load registers TL and TH with initial count values.

• Start the timer.

• Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) with the “JNB TFx, target” instruction
to see if it is raised .Get out of the loop when TF becomes high.

• Stop the timer.

• Clear the TF flag for the next round.

• Go back to step 2 to load TH and TL again.

Finding values to be loaded into the timer:-
With crystal frequency - 11.0592 MHz
Steps:-
• Divide the desired time delay by 1.085s.
• Perform 65536-n,where n is the decimal value we got in step1.
• Convert the result of step 2 to hex: yyxx H.
• Set TL=xx TH=yy
Example:
Assume that XTAL = 11.0592MHz what value do we need to load into the
timer’s registers if we want to have a time delay of 5ms.

Solution:

Since XTAL = 11.0592MHz, the counter counts up every

1.085s.This means that out of many 1.085 s intervals we must make a 5ms
pulse. To get that , we divide one by the other.

We need 5ms / 1.085 s =4608 clocks. To achieve that we need to load

into TL and TH the value 65536-4608 =60928= EE00h. Therefore, we have
TH= EE and TL = 00.
Create a square wave of 50% duty cycle on the P1.5 bit. Use
Timer 0 to generate the time delay.

MOV TMOD, # 01 ;Timer 0, mode 1(16-bit mode)

HERE: MOV TL0, # 0F2H ;TL0=F2H,The low byte
MOV TH0,#0FFH ;TH0=FFH, the high byte
CPL P1.5 ;toggle P1.5
ACALL DELAY
SJMP HERE ;load TH,TL again
;------------- delay using timer 0
DELAY: SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN ;monitor timer flag 0 until it rolls over
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
RET
In the above program notice the following steps
• TMOD is loaded.
• FFF2H is loaded into TH0-TL0.
• P1.5 is toggled for the high and low portions of the pulse.
• The DELAY subroutine using the timer is called.
• In the DELAY subroutine the timer 0 is started by the “SETB
TR0” instruction.
• Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock, which is
provided by the crystal oscillator. As the timer counts up , it
goes through the states of FFF3, FFF4, FFF5, FFF6, FFF7,
FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, and so on until it reaches FFFFH.
One more clock rolls it to 0,raising the timer flag (TF0=1).At
that point, the JNB instruction falls through.
• Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction “CLR TR0”. The
DELAY subroutine ends. and the process is repeated.
Notice the to repeat the process , we must reload the TL and
TH registers, and start the timer again.

FFF2 FFF3 FFF4 FFFF 0000

TF=0 TF=0 TF=0 TF=0 TF=1

Mode0
• It is exactly like mode1except that it is 13-bit timer instead of
16-bit.

• 13 - bit is counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF in

TH-TL.

• When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFF, it rolls over to

0000 and TF is raised.
Mode2
Characteristics and operations of mode2
• It is an 8-bit timer ; therefore , it allows only values of 00 to
FF H to be loaded into the timers registers TH.

• After TH is loaded with the 8 bit- value , the 8051 gives a copy
of it to TL. Then the timer must be started. This is done by the
instructions “SETB TR0” for timer 0 and “SETB TR1” for
timer 1.This is just like mode1.
• After the timer is started, its starts to count by incrementing the
TL register. It counts up until it reaches its limit of FF H. When it
rolls over from FF h to 00, it sets high the TF (timer Flag). If we
are using timer 0 ,TF goes high; if we are timer 1 , TF is raised.
• When the TL register rolls from FFH to 0 and TF is set to 1,
TL is reloaded automatically with the original value kept by
the TH register .To repeat the process, we must simply clear
TF and let it go without any need bye the programmer to
reload the original value. This makes mode2 an auto-reload, in
contrast with mode1 in which the programmer has to reload
TH and TL.
Steps to program in mode2
• Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (timer 0
or timer 1) is to be used , and the timer mode ( mode 2) is
selected.
• Load the TH registers with the initial count value.
• Start the timer.
• Keep monitoring the TF with the “JNB TFx, target”
instruction to see whether it is raised. Get out of the loop when
TF goes high.
• Clear the TF flag.
• Go back to step 4, since mode 2 is auto- reload.
Example:
Assume that XTAL= 11.0592MHz , find (a) Generate a square
wave with a time delay of 5ms on pin P1.0

MOV TMOD,#20H ; T1/ mode2 / 8- bit/ auto-reload

MOV TH1,#EEH ; TH1=EEH
SETB TR1 ; start the timer 1
BACK : JNB TF1,BACK ; stay till timer rolls over
CPL P1.0 ; comp. P1.0 to get hi, lo
CLR TF1 ; clear timer flag 1
SJMP BACK ; mode2 is auto-reload
To achieve the large time delay

Find the frequency of square wave generated on pin P1.0.

Solution:
MOV TMOD,#2H ; timer 0, mode 2(8-bit,auto reload)
MOV TH0,#0 ; TH0=0
AGAIN: MOV R5,#250 ; count for multiple delay
ACALL DELAY
CPL P1.0
SJMP AGAIN
DELAY: SETB TR0 ; start the timer 0
BACK: JNB TF0,BACK ; stay until timer rolls over
CLR TR0 ; stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ; clear TF for next round
DJNZ R5, DELAY
RET

T = 2 ( 250 * 256 * 1.085 s ) =138.88 ms and frequency = 72Hz)

 Counter Programming
It is similar to timer operation except the source of the frequency. In counter
programming the C/T pin = 1.It gets pulses from outside of 8051 which are counted.

Example:
Assuming that clock pulse are fed into pin T1, write a program for counter 1
in mode 2 to count the pulse and display the state of the TL1 count on P2.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#0110000B ; counter 1,mode 2,C/T=1 external pulses
MOV TH1,#0 ; clear TH1
SETB P3.5 ; make T1 input
AGAIN: SETB TR1 ; start the counter
BACK: MOV A,TL1 ; get copy of count TL1
MOV P2,A ; display it on port 2
JNB TF1,BACK ; keep doing it if TF=0
CLR TR1 ; stop the counter 1
CLR TF1 ; make TF=0
SJMP AGAIN ; keep doing it.
 SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMING:

Programming the 8051 to transfer data serially:

1. The TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the
use of timer 1 in mode 2(8-bit auto-reload) to set the baud rate.

2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set the baud rate for
serial data transfer (assuming XTAL=11.0592MHz).

3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial
mode 1, where an 8-bit data is framed with start and stop bits.

4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1.

5. TI is cleared by the “CLR TI” instruction.

6. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into the

SBUF register.

7. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of the instruction

“JNB TI,xx” to see if the character has been transferred
completely.

8. To transfer the next character , go to step 5.

SBUF : Serial Buffer Register

It is an 8 bit register.

Data is moved to SBUF register to be Transmitted serially.

Data to be stored in 8051 is received into SBUF register and

stored in the memory.
SCON Register
SCON(Serial Control Register) Loading

• Program the mode (start bit, stop bit, data bits length).

• Only Mode 1 (8-bit 1, stop bit 1, start bit is of interest, as

others are obsolete.

• Receive enable REN.

• RI and TI – Receive & Transmit Interrupt flags.

Find the TH1 value corresponding to baud rate
Example: With XTAL=11.0592 MHz, find the TH1 value needed to
have the following baud rates. A) 9600 b) 2400 c) 1200
Solution:
With XTAL=11.0592MHz,we have:
The machine cycle frequency of the 8051=11.0592MHz/12=921.6kHz, and
921.6kHz/32=28,800 Hz is the frequency provided by UART to be used by
timer 1 to set baud rate.
a)28,800/3=9600 where -3=FD (hex) is loaded into TH1
b) 28,800/12 =2400 where -12=F4(hex) is loaded into TH1
c) 28,800/24=1200 where -24=E8(hex) is loaded into TH1
Notice that dividing 1/12th of the crystal frequency by 32 is the default
value upon activation of the 8051 RESET pin. we can change this default
setting.
Example:
Write a program for the 8051 to transfer letter “A” serially at
4800 baud, continuously.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit data,1 stop bit, 1 start bit
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
AGAIN: MOV SBUF,#”A” ;letter “a” to be transfer
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait for the last bit
CLR TI ;clear TI for next char
SJMP AGAIN ;keep sending A
Example:
Write a program to transfer the message ”YES” serially at 9600
baud,8-bit data, 1 stop bit. Do this continuously.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ; timer 1, mode 2
MOV TH1,#-3 ; 9600 baud
MOV SCON,#50H ; 8-bit data,1 stop bit, 1 start bit
SETB TR1 ; start timer 1
AGAIN: MOV A, #”Y” ; transfer “Y”
ACALL TRANS;
MOV A,#”E” ; transfer” E”
ACALL TRANS
 MOV A,#”S” ; transfer ”S”
ACALL TRANS
SJMP AGAIN ; keep doing it
; Serial data transfer subroutine
TRANS: MOV SBUF,A ; load
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ; wait for last bit to transfer
CLR TI ; get ready for next byte
RET
Importance of TI Flag
• The byte character to be transmitted is written into the SBUF
register.

• It transfers the start bit.

• The 8-bit character is transferred one bit at a time.

• The stop bit is transferred. It is during the transfer of the stop bit
that the 8051 raises the TI flag (TI=1),indicating that the last
character was transmitted and it is ready to transfer the next
character.
• By monitoring the TI flag, we make sure that we are not
overloading the SBUF register. If we write another byte into
the SBUF register before TI is raised, the un-transmitted
portion of the previous byte will be lost. In other words when
the 8051 finishes transferring a byte, it raises the TI flag to
indicate it is ready for the next character.

• After SBUF is loaded with a new byte, the TI flag bit must be
forced to 0 by the ”CLR TI” instruction in order for this new
byte to be transferred.
Programming the 8051 to receive data serially:
1. The TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the
use of timer 1 in mode 2(8-bit auto-reload) to set the baud rate.

2. TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set the baud rate
(assuming XTAL=11.0592MHz).

3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating the
serial mode 1, where 8-bit data is framed with start and stop bits.

4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1.

5. RI is cleared with the “CLR RI” instruction.

6. The RI flag bit is monitored with the use if the instruction

”JNB RI,xx” to see if an entire character has been received yet.

7. When RI is raised, SUBF has the byte. Its contents are moved
into a safe place.

8. To receive the next character, go to step 5.

Example:
Write a program for the 8051 to receive byte of data serially and
put them in P1. Set the baud rate at 4800,8-bit data and 1 stop
bit.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit data,1 stop bit, 1 start bit
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
HERE: JNB RI, HERE ;wait for character to come in
MOV A, SBUF ;save incoming byte in A
MOV P1,A ;send to port P1
CLR RI ;get ready to receive next byte
SJMP HERE ;keep getting data
Importance of RI flag bit

• It receives the start bit indicating that the next bit is the first
bit of the character byte it is about to receive.

• The 8 bit character is received one bit at a time. When the

last bit is received, a byte is formed and placed in SBUF.

• The stop bit is received. It is during receiving the stop bit

that the 8051 makes RI=1,indicating that an entire character
byte has been received and must be picked up before it gets
overwritten by an incoming character.
• By checking the RI flag bit when it is raised ,we know that a
character has been received and is sitting in the SBUF register .
We copy the SBUF contents to a safe place in some other
register or memory before it is last.

• After the SBUF contents are copied into a safe place, the RI
flag bit must be forced to 0 by the “CLR RI” instruction in
order to allow the next received character byte to be placed in
SBUF . Failure to do this causes loss of the received character.
Interrupts :
 Interrupt Programming
Interrupt Vs polling
Steps in executing an interrupt
1. It finishes the instruction it is executing and saves the address of
the next instruction (PC) on the stack .

2. It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally(i.e,

not on the stack).

3. It jumps to a fixed location in memory called the interrupt vector

table that holds the address of the interrupt service routine.
4. The micro controller gets the address of the ISR from the
interrupt vector table and jumps to it.It starts to execute the
interrupt service subroutine until it reaches the last instruction
of the subroutine which is RETI.(return from interrupt).

5. Upon executing the RETI instruction, the micro controller

returns to the place where it was interrupted. First, it gets the
program counter (PC) address from the stack by popping the
top two bytes of the stack into the PC. Then it starts to execute
from that address.
 Interrupt Vector Table for 8051

Interrupt ROM location PIN

Reset 0000 9
External hardware interrupt 0003 P3.2
0(INT 0)
Timer 0 interrupt (TF0) 000B

External hardware interrupt 0013 P3.3(13)

1(INT 1)
Timer 1 interrupt(TF1) 001B

Serial Com interrupt (RI 0023

and TI)
Redirecting the 8051 from the Interrupt Vector Table at Power
Up

ORG 0 ; wake – up ROM reset location

LJMP MAIN ; by-pass interrupt vector table
----- the wake –up program
ORG 30H
MAIN:
----- END
 Enabling and Disabling an Interrupt
Ex: Show the instructions to (a)enable the serial interrupt, timer 0 interrupt, and
external hardware interrupt1,(Ex1), and (b)disable(mask) the timer 0 interrupt ,
then c) show how to disable all the interrupt with a single instruction.
Solution:-
a) MOV IE,#10010110B ;enable serial,timer 0,Ex1
Since IE is a bit-addressable register, we can use the following instructions to access
individual bits of the register.
b) CLR IE.1 ; mask(disable) timer 0 interrupt only
c) CLR IE.7 ;disable all interrupts
Another way to perform the “MOV IE,#10010110B”instruction is by using single bit
instructions as shown below.
SETB IE.7 ;EA=1 ,global enable
SETB IE.4 ;enable serial interrupt
SETB IE.1 ;enable timer 0 interrupt
SETBIE.2 ;enable EX1.
Programming timer interrupts

TF Interrupt

TF1 Timer 0 interrupt vector TF1 Timer 1 interrupt vector

1 000BH
Jumps to
1 001BH
Jumps to
Example:
Write a program that continuously gets 8 bit data from P0 and sends it to P1
while simultaneously creating a square wave of 200 us period on pin P2.1. Use
timer 0 to create the square wave. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 MHz.
Solution:
----upon wake-up go to main, avoid using memory space
Allocated to interrupt vector table
ORG 0000H
LJMP MAIN ; by-pass interrupt vector table.
------ISR for timer 0 to generate square wave
ORG 000BH ; timer 0 interrupt vector table
CPL P2.1 ; toggle P2.1 pin
RETI ; return from ISR
----- The main program for initialization
ORG 0030H ; after vector table space
MAIN: MOV TMOD,#02H ; timer 0 mode 2 (auto reload)
MOV P0,#0FFH ; make p0 an input port
MOV TH0,#-92 ; Th0=A4H for -92
MOV IE,#82H ; IE=10000010(bin)enable timer 0
SETB TR0 ; starts timer 0
BACK: MOV A,p0 ; get data from p0
MOV P1,A ; issue it to P1
SJMP BACK ; keep doing it loop unless
Interrupted by TF0
END
To create a square wave that has a high portion of 1085us and a low portion of
15us. Assume XTAL=11.0592MHz. Use timer 1.
Solution:
Since 1085 is 1000x1.085 we need to use mode 1 of timer1
------upon wake-up go to main, avoid using memory space
Allocated to interrupt vector table
ORG 0000H
LJMP MAIN ; by-pass interrupt vector table.
------ISR for timer 1 to generate square wave
ORG 001BH ; timer 1interrupt vector table
LJMP ISR_T1 ;jump to ISR
-------The main program for initialization
ORG 0030H
MAIN: MOV TMOD,#10H ; timer 1, mode 1
MOV P0,#0FFH ; make p0 an input port
MOV TL1,#018H ; TL1=18 the low byte of -1000
MOV TH1,# 0FCH ; TH1=FC the high byte of -1000
MOV IE,#88H ; IE=10001000(bin)enable timer 1 int
SETB TR1 ; starts timer 1
BACK: MOV A,P0 ; get data from p0
MOV P1,A ; issue it to P1
SJMP BACK ; keep doing
----timer1 ISR must be reloaded since not auto-reload

ISR_T1: CLR TR1 ; stop timer 1

CLR P2.1 ; P2.1=0, start of low portion
MOV R2,#4 ; 2MC
HERE: DJNZ R2,HERE ; 4x2 machine cycle(MC) 8 MC
MOV TL1,#18H ; load T1 low byte value 2 MC
MOV TH1,#0FCH ; load T1 high byte value 2 MC
SETB TR1 ; starts timer 1 1MC
SETB P2.1 ; P2.1=1, back to high 1MC
RETI ; return to main
END
Programming External hardware interrupts
Activation of INT0 INT1
Low level triggered interrupt:- Normally high
Example:-
Assume that the INT1 pin is connected to a switch that is normally high.
Whenever it goes low, it should turn on an LED. The LED is connected to P1.3
and is normally off.when it is turned on it should stay on for a fraction of a second.
As long as the switch is pressed low, the LED should stay on.
Solution:
ORG 0000H;
LJMP MAIN ;by-pass interrupt vector table
;-----ISR for hardware interrupt INT1 to turn on the LED
ORG 0013H ;INT1 ISR
SETB P1.3 ;turn on LED
MOV R3,#255

BACK: DJNZ R3,BACK ;keep LED on for a while

CLR P1.3 ;turn off theLED
RETI ;return from ISR
------Main program for initialization
ORG 30H
MAIN: MOV IE,#10000100B ;enable external INT1
HERE: SJMP HERE ;stay here until get
interrupted
END
Edge triggered interrupt:-
To make edge-triggered interrupts, we must program the bits of TCON register.
Example:-
SETB TCON.0 --INT0
SETB TCON.2 --INT1

Example:-
Assume that pin 3.3(INT1) is connected to a pulse generator, write a program
in which the falling edge of the pulse will send a high to P1.3, which is
connected to an LED(or bezzer).In other words, the LED is turned on and off at
the same rate as the pulses are applied to the INT1 pin. This is an edge –
triggered version.
Solution:
ORG 0000H
LJMP MAIN
-------- ISR for hardware interrupt INT1 to turn on the LED
ORG 0013H ;INTI ISR
SETB P1.3 ;turn on the LED
MOV R3,#255
BACK: DJNZ R3,HERE ;keep the buzzer on for a while
CLR P1.3 ;turn off the buzzer
RETI
------ main program for initialization
ORG 30H
MAIN: SETB TCON.2 ;make INTI edge-trigger interrupt
MOV IE,#10000100B ;enable external INT1
HERE: SJMP HERE ;stay here until get interrupted.
END
Minimum pulse duration to detect edge-triggered interrupts
 Programming the serial communication
interrupt:
Serial interrupt is invoked by TI or RI flags

Example:
Write a program in which the 8051 reads data from P1 and
writes it to P2 continuously while giving a copy of it to the serial
COM port to be transferred serially. Assume that
XTAL=11.0592.set the baud rate at 9600.
Solution:
ORG 0
LJMP MAIN
ORG 32H
LJMP SERIAL ;jump to serial interrupt ISR
ORG 30H
MAIN: MOV P1,#0FFH ;make P1 an input port
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1 mode 2 (auto –reload)
MOV TH1,#0FDH ;9600 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, ren enabled
MOV IE,#10010000B ;enable serial interrupt
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
BACK: MOV A, P1 ;read data from port 1
MOV SBUF,A ;give a copy to SBUF
MOV P2,A ;send it to P2
SJMP BACK ;stay in loop indefinitely
------serial port ISR
ORG 100H;
SERIAL: JB TI,TRANS ;jump if TI is high
MOV A,SBUF ;otherwise due to receive
CLR RI ;clear RI since CPU does not
RETI ;return from ISR
TRANS: CLR TI ;clear TI since CPU does not
RETI ;return from ISR
END
Interrupt priority in the 8051 upon reset

Highest to lowest priority

External interrupt 0 (INT 0)
Timer interrupt 0 (TF 0)
External interrupt 1 (TF 1)
Timer interrupt 1 (TF 1)
Serial communication (RI+TI)