MODULE 4 Effect on Animals and materials

POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT • Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading

• SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well as
WHAT IS POLLUTION? disfigurement of statues made up of limestone or
Marble
• When Harmful Substances Contaminate the environment • Air pollutants mix with rain water and increase acidity
it is Called Pollution. (Acid Rain) of water body and kill fish.
• Ozone causes crackling of rubber
• It can be defined as any undesirable change in the
physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any Effect on Environment
component of the environment which can cause harm to
life and property. • Visibility
• Pollutants in the presence of sunlight produce
ENVIRONMENT AFFECTED BY POLLUTION photochemical Smog
• Emission of Green House Gases tend to Global
• Air Environment – affected by Air Pollutant Warming
• Water Environment – affected by Water Pollutant • CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion
• Soil Environment – affected by Soil Pollutant
Water Pollution

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION The Contamination of water with undesirable substances

which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.
• Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in which certain
substances (including normal constituents in excess) are POLLUTION SOURCES:
present in concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment. • Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
• Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area
• They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox, CO,VOC); and their contamination cannot be traced to a single
Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc) & Radioactive discharge point
(rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
• Refers to waste water that is discarded from households.
Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a
wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.
• Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly from • Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-
the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2 causing microbes.
• Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction of
primary pollutants e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION • Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
pollutants.
• Radon gas • Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
• Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene processes in industries
• Incomplete combustion produces CO
• Cigarette smoke. SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS AND OILS

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: • Added because of washing clothes, cleaning utensils.

• In industries for washing
Effect on Human health • Add surfactants and soaps to water
• Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
• Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - • Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil
Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases. spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
• Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases • Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the
there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and
coordination. dumping.
• Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous
system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause AGRICULTURAL RUN OFF
Lung cancer.
• It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia. • Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for
• CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water bodies.
in transportation of Oxygen, impairing our • Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms
concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us Ground Water Pollution
confused and sleepy.
• SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other • Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter Still...
lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of • Septic tanks
breath. • Mining
• Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, • Deep well injection
and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or Effects of Water Pollution
kidneys.
• Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc. • Depletion of dissolved oxygen
• Eutrophication
• Pathogen….spreading diseases
Effect on Plants • Bio-magnification
• Genetic deformities
• Pollutants enter through stomata o Blue baby Syndrome
• Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis o Minamata disease
• Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost o Itai-Itai
• Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure PATHOGEN SPREAD
• Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
• Abscission - Dropping of leaf • Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat
• Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf for the mosquito and a host of other parasites and insects
• DEATH that cause a large number of diseases especially in the
tropical regions.
• Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most widely
distributed and causes most damage to human health.
BLUE BABY SYNDROME MODULE 5

• Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by Environmental Management System

decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in
oxygen deficiency in different body parts. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

• Infants are more susceptible than adults. ▪ A management system is a structured framework of
practices and procedures that enables an organization to
• The lips or even the skin start to take on a blue execute its operations in a consistent and sustained
colouration, hence the common name, the blue baby manner.
syndrome/ disease
▪ The management system is intended to be system
MINAMATA DISEASE dependent, not people dependent.

• First detected in 1956 ▪ The system is built on the Plan, Do, Check and Act Model.
• In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in the
industrial production of acetaldehyde. SOME BASIC EMS DEFINITIONS
• Discharged into the nearby bay and was ingested by
organisms. ❑ Environmental Aspect (Cause) – The elements of an
• Fish and other creatures in the sea were soon organization’s activities, products, or services which can
contaminated and eventually residents of this area who interact with the environment.
consumed the fish suffered from MeHg (methyl
mercury) intoxication ▪ It is important to establish, implement and maintain a
procedure to identify the environmental aspects of
ITAI-ITAI activities products and services that you “can control and
…can influence.”
• Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),
• Was the documented case of mass cadmium poisoning ▪ After identifying environmental aspects, you must
in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912. determine those which have or can have significant
• The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the impacts on the environment.
bones and kidney failure. The disease is named for
the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the joints ▪ Examples include air emissions, water discharges, , use of
and spine. raw materials, energy use, use of natural resources, use of
• The cadmium was released into rivers by mining volatile organic compounds.
companies. This Cadmium contaminated water was
used to irrigate rice fields. ❑ Environmental Impact (Effect) – Any change to the
environment whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or
partially resulting from an organizations activities,
Control of Water Pollution
products, or services.
• Treatment of water before leaving in water bodies.
▪ Examples include depletion of natural resources, air
• Restoration of polluted water bodies.
pollution, hazardous waste generation, soil and water
• Ganga Action Plan
contamination.
• River Water Monitoring
PURPOSE OF EMS
Soil pollution
➢ An EMS brings together the people, policies, plans, review
• Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic
mechanisms, and procedures used to manage
matter, fertile
environmental issues at a facility or in an organization.
• Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
• Garbage BENEFITS OF EMS
• Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers,
cloth rags, containers ✓ Helps maintain compliance
• Discharge of Industrial wastes.
• Fly ash from Thermal power plants ✓ Reduce operating costs
• Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
• Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes ✓ Integrate environmental programs into mission

✓ Increase employee involvement

SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
✓ Reduce environmental impacts
• Higher standards of living…generate more waste
• Quantities are enormous CONNECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PEOPLE
• Management is very important
• Sources of solid waste include: Waste from homes, EMS helps each member of the organization understand their role
hospitals, industries, parks, gardens, shops, in the environment, and to see how what they do at the facility affects the
construction and demolition waste environment or It provides for responsibility, ownership, and accountability of
actions and related impacts, or Results? People that are more aware, better
• In each and every action of humans, Solid waste is
trained, more motivated, and more enthusiastic.
generated
BASIC EMS FRAMEWORK PDCA

• Plan

Planning, identifying environmental aspects and establishing goals

• Do

Implementing, includes training and operational controls

• Check

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE Checking, includes monitoring and corrective action

• Waste heap up on roads

• Litter surroundings
• Act
• Foul smells
• Vector breeding
• BURNING produces toxic gase Reviewing, includes progress reviews and acting to make needed changes
EMS COMPONENTS 2. Industrial waste as hazardous waste

1. Environmental Policy • Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous

as they may contain toxic substances
• Issue a policy statement signed by facility manager • Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans,
animals and plants. They are corrosive and highly
• At a minimum, commit to inflammable or explosive
• In the industrial sector the major generators of
– Continual improvement hazardous waste are the metal’ chemical’ paper,
– Pollution prevention pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries.
– Environmental compliance • Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such
• Identifies EMS framework as mercury and cyanide can be fatal

• Publicly available 3. Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste

2. Planning • Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
• Identify aspects and impacts from facility activities, immunization of human beings or animals or in
products, and services research activities pertaining thereto or in the
• Review legal requirements production or testing of biological” -Bio-medical
• Set objectives and targets waste rules ,1998
• Establish formal EMS program • It may include wastes like sharp waste, pathological
3. Implementation and Operation waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste,
chemical waste, and radioactive waste etc.
• Define roles and responsibilities
• Provide EMS training EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
• Establish internal and external communication
mechanisms A:Health hazard
• Establish document control system
• If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate ,
• Establish operational controls
they may create unsanitary conditions.
• Integrate with or establish emergency preparedness • This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
procedures • Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
jaundice, or gastrointestinal diseases may spread and cause
4. Checking and Corrective Action loss of human lives
• In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health
• Conduct periodic monitoring of environmental hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the
performance waste..
• Identify root causes of findings and conduct corrective
B: Environmental impact
and preventive actions
• Maintain environmental records
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and
• Conduct periodic EMS audit putrefaction( decay) may take place .
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate
5. Management Review obnozious (intolerable odour)

• Conduct periodic senior management review of

EMS WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT THE 4R’S
• Revise policies as needed
REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE RECOVER
BOTTOM LINE EMS REQUIREMENTS
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Must have commitment of top managers.
Waste management is the
• An EMS doesn’t exist in isolation.
•STORAGE
• Must be consistent with other management systems (e.g., •COLLECTION
IT) in your organization. •TRANSPORT AND HANDLING
•RECYCLING
• An EMS must be owned by everyone in your organization. •DISPOSAL AND MONITORING OF WASTE
MATERIALS.
WHAT IS WASTE? METHOD OF DISPOSAL
• It is defined as Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, Dumping, Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Landfill, Incineration,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. Composting, Manure pits, Burial
SOLID WASTE WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ?
It is defined as “ non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging Industrial wastes include liquid, solids and gases, we are
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & presently concerned with liquid part, which is commonly known as
sometimes hazardous substances” industrial wastewater. Can cause harmful & hazardous effect to
human, animal, plants, aquatic & microbial life / different life forms
SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE
on the earth.
Agriculture Household
Source of INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Fisheries Commerce and industry
• Agriculture Waste
BROADLY THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF WASTE WHICH AS FOLLOWS • Iron and Steel Industries
• Mine and Quarries
1. Household waste as municipal waste • Food industries
• Complex organic chemical industries
o Municipal solid waste consist of--- • Nuclear industries
• household waste • Textile industries
• construction and demolition debris • Dairy industries
o sanitation residue
o waste from streets
 OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT products, and manufactured products that interfere with the
normal function of your body's endocrine system.
To allow industrial effluents to be disposed of without
danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural CANCER AND HOW IT IS ARE DEVELOPED
environment. To manage water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industries to reduce the threat of water Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
pollution Cancer develops when the body's normal control mechanism stops
working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control,
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT forming new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of
tissue, called a tumor.
REMOVAL OF WASTE WATER CONSTITUENTS
TOXICITY TESTING
PRIMARY TREATMENT
designed to generate data concerning the adverse effects
REMOVAL OF PORTION OF THE SUSPENDED SOLID AND of a substance on human or animal health, or the environment.
ORGANIC MATTER FROM THE WASTE WATER
Acute toxicity testing
SECONDARY TREATMENT
carried out to determine the effect of a single dose on a
REMOVAL OF BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER AND particular animal species. it is recommended that acute toxicity
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (DISINFECTIOS) testing be carried out with two different animal species (one rodent
and one nonrodent). (observed for 14 days)
ACTIVATE SLUDGE PROCESS
Acute inhalation toxicity testing is performed for aerosol-like
WASTE WATER CONTAINING ORGANIC MATTER IS preparations.
AERATED IN AERATION BASIN
Acute toxicity testing for topical preparations. The eye irritation
TERTIARY TREATMENT test and skin irritation test are very important for topical
preparations. Dermal and ophthalmic preparations can be tested
REMOVAL OF RESIDUAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (AFTER using Draize tests.
SECONDARY TREATMENT) USUALLY BY GRANULAR MEDIUM
FILTRATION OR MICRO SCREENS. Skin sensitization tests are carried out using the guinea pig as a
model.

Repeated dose toxicity testing is carried out for a minimum of 28

MODULE 6 days.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK Mutagenicity testing is used to assess submicroscopic changes in

the base sequence of DNA, chromosomal aberrations, and
ENGINEERING RISKS AND FAILURES structural aberrations in DNA including duplications, insertions,
inversions, and translocations.
Engineering leadership calls for attention to the anthropogenic
aspects of a disaster—that is, the negative health or economic Subchronic oral toxicity testing (repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity
consequences of human decisions. testing)
Engineering decisions must rely on both sound science and Chronic toxicity studies are conducted with a minimum of one
quantifiable risk analysis. rodent and one nonrodent species. The test compound is
administered over more than 90 days, and the animals are
To scientists and engineers, at least, risk is a very straightforward
observed periodically.
and quantifiable concept: risk equals the probability of some
adverse outcome. Risks are thus a function of probability and Carcinogenicity testing tests are carried out over the greater
consequence. Consequence can take many forms. In the medical and portion of an animal's lifespan.
environmental sciences, a consequence is called a “hazard.” Risk,
then, is a function of the particular hazard and the chances of a
person (or neighborhood, workplace, or population) being exposed
to the hazard.

RISK PERCEPTION

Risk perception refers to people's subjective judgments about the

likelihood of negative occurrences such as injury, illness, disease,
and death. Risk perception is important in health and risk
communication because it determines which hazards people care
about and how they deal with them.

RISK PERCEPTION IS A FUNCTION OF MANY FACTORS:

• Anticipated Consequences

• Past Experiences

• Confidence

HAZARDOUS WASTE AND TOXIC CHEMICALS

Hazardous, or toxic, waste is the potentially dangerous

byproduct of a wide range of activities, including manufacturing,
farming, water treatment systems, construction, automotive garages,
laboratories, hospitals, and other industries. Toxic waste can harm
people, animals, and plants, whether it ends up in the ground, in
streams, or even in the air.

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances in the

environment (air, soil, or water supply), food sources, personal care