International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Volume: 03, Issue No: 05, May 2017
ISSN: 2455-3778 http://www.ijmtst.com
Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based
DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation Ch.Ashok Kumar1 | S.Jayalakshmi2 | S.Subramanya Sarma3
1PG Scholar, Department of EEE, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru, A.P, India. 2Professor & HOD, Department of EEE, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru, A.P, India. 3 Associate Professor, Department of EEE, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru, A.P, India.
To Cite this Article
Ch.Ashok Kumar, S.Jayalakshmi and S.Subramanya Sarma, “Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation”, International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, Vol. 03, Issue 05, May 2017, pp. 165-169.
ABSTRACT This paper presents an investigation of five-Level Cascaded H - bridge (CHB) Inverter as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) in Power System (PS) for compensation of reactive power and harmonics. The advantages of CHB inverter are low harmonic distortion, reduced number of switches and suppression of switching losses. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier Load (NLDRL). The D-Q reference frame theory is used to generate the reference compensating currents for DSTATCOM while Proportional and Integral (PI) control is used for capacitor DC voltage regulation. A CHB Inverter is considered for shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are obtained through MATLAB/SIMULINK software package.
I. INTRODUCTION unusual faults could also inflict power quality (PQ)
Modern power systems are of complex networks, problems. PQ problem is defined as any manifested where hundreds of generating stations and problem in voltage/current or leading to frequency thousands of load centers are interconnected deviations that result in failure or maloperation of through long power transmission and distribution customer equipment. Voltage sags and swells are networks. Even though the power generation is among the many PQ problems the industrial fairly reliable, the quality of power is not always so processes have to face. Voltage sags are more reliable. Power distribution system should provide severe. During the past few decades, power with an uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth industries have proved that the adverse impacts on sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude the PQ can be mitigated or avoided by conventional level and frequency to their customers. PS means, and that techniques using fast controlled especially distribution systems, have numerous force commutated power electronics (PE) are even non linear loads, which significantly affect the more effective. PQ compensators can be quality of power. Apart from non linear loads, categorized into two main types. One is shunt events like capacitor switching, motor starting and connected compensation device that effectively
165 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
a Ch.Ashok Kumar, S.Jayalakshmi and S.Subramanya Sarma : Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation eliminates harmonics. allows the device to absorb or generate controllable The other is the series connected device, which active and reactive power. has an edge over the shunt type for correcting the The VSC connected in shunt with the ac distorted system side voltages and voltage sags system provides a multifunctional topology which caused by power transmission system faults. The can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes: STATCOM used in distribution systems is called 1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive DSTACOM (Distribution-STACOM) and its power; configuration is the same, but with small 2. Correction of power factor modifications. It can exchange both active and 3. Elimination of current harmonics. reactive power with the distribution system by Here, such device is employed to provide varying the amplitude and phase angle of the continuous voltage regulation using an indirectly converter voltage with respect to the line terminal controlled converter. As shown in Figure-l the voltage. shunt injected current Ish corrects the voltage sag A multilevel inverter can reduce the device by adjusting the voltage drop across the system voltage and the output harmonics by increasing impedance Zth. The value of Ish can be controlled the number of output voltage levels. There are by adjusting the output voltage of the converter. several types of multilevel inverters: cascaded The shunt injected current Ish can be written as, R-bridge (CRB), neutral point clamped, flying (V L - VS ) capacitor [2-5]. In particular, among these I sh = I L - I S = I L - )1( Z th topologies, CHB inverters are being widely used because of their modularity and simplicity. Various The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM modulation methods can be applied to CHB can be expressed as, inverters. CHB inverters can also increase the Ssh = VL I sh )2( number of output voltage levels easily by increasing the number of R-bridges. This paper presents a DSTATCOM with a proportional integral controller based CHB multilevel inverter for the harmonics and reactive power mitigation of the nonlinear loads. This type of arrangements have been widely used for PQ applications due to increase in the number of voltage levels, low switching losses, low electromagnetic compatibility Figure I Schematic Diagram of a DSTATCOM for hybrid filters and higher order harmonic elimination. It may be mentioned that the effectiveness of the DSTATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends on II. DESIGN OF MULTILEVEL BASED the value of Zth or fault level of the load bus. When DSTATCOM the shunt injected current Ish is kept in quadrature with VL, the desired voltage correction can be A. Principle of DSTATCOM achieved without injecting any active power into A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static the system. On the other hand, when the value of Compensator), which is schematically depicted in Ish is minimized, the same voltage correction can be Figure- I, consists of a two-level Voltage Source achieved with minimum apparent power injection Converter (VSC), a dc energy storage device, a into the system. coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution network through a coupling B. Control for Reactive Power Compensation transformer. The VSC converts the dc voltage The aim of the control scheme is to maintain across the storage device into a set of three-phase constant voltage magnitude at the point where a ac output voltages. These voltages are in phase and sensitive load under system disturbances is coupled with the ac system through the reactance connected. The control system only measures the of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of rms voltage at the load point, i.e., no reactive power the phase and magnitude of the D-STATCOM measurements are required. The VSC switching output voltages allows effective control of active strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique and reactive power exchanges between the which offers simplicity and good response. Since DSTATCOM and the ac system. Such configuration custom power is a relatively low-power application,
166 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
a Ch.Ashok Kumar, S.Jayalakshmi and S.Subramanya Sarma : Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation PWM methods offer a more flexible option than the D. Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter fundamental frequency switching methods favored Figure 4 shows the circuit model of a single CHB in FACTS applications. Apart from this, high inverter configuration. By using single H-Bridge we switching frequencies can be used to improve on can get voltage levels. The number of output the efficiency of the converter, without incurring voltage levels of CHB is given by 2n+l and voltage significant switching losses. step of each level is given by Vdc/2n, where n is number of R-bridges connected in cascaded. The switching table is given in Table l.
Figure 2 PI control for reactive power compensation
The controller input is an error signal obtained
from the reference voltage and the rms terminal voltage measured. Such error is processed by a PI controller; the output is the angle 0, which is Figure 4 Circuit of the single cascaded H-Bridge Inverter provided to the PWM signal generator. It is important to note that in this case, of indirectly Table-l Switching table of single CHB inverter
controlled converter, there is active and reactive
power exchange with the network simultaneously. The PI controller processes the error signal and generates the required angle to drive the error to zero, i.e. the load rms voltage is brought back to the reference voltage. C. Control for Harmonics Compensation The Modified Synchronous Frame method is presented in [7]. It is called the instantaneous current component (id-iq) method. This is similar to the Synchronous Reference Frame theory (SRF) method. The transformation angle is now obtained with the voltages of the ac network. The major difference is that, due to voltage harmonics and imbalance, the speed of the reference frame is no longer constant. It varies instantaneously depending of the waveform of the 3-phase voltage system. In this method the compensating currents Figure 5 Block diagram of 5-level CHB inverter model
are obtained from the instantaneous active and The switching mechanism for 5-level CHB reactive current components of the nonlinear load. inverter is shown in table-2. Table 2 Switching table for 5-level CHB Inverter However, the load current components are derived from a SRF based on the Park transformation.
Figure 3 Block diagram of SRF method
Figure 3 shows the block diagram SRF method. Under balanced and sinusoidal voltage conditions E. Design of Single H-Bridge Cell angle θ is a uniformly increasing function of time. Steps to design the single H-bridge cell This transformation angle is sensitive to voltage Device Current harmonics and unbalance. IGBT Loss Calculation
167 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
a Ch.Ashok Kumar, S.Jayalakshmi and S.Subramanya Sarma : Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation Diode Loss Calculation respectively, providing an even power distri bution Thermal Calculations among the cells. A carrier Level shift by 11m (No. of levels) for cascaded inverter is introduced across F. DC-Capacitor Selection the cells to generate the stepped multilevel output The required capacitance for each cell depends waveform with lower distortion. on the allowable ripple voltage and the load current. The rms ripple current flowing into the III. MATLAB/SIMULINK MODELING AND capacitor can be written as follows and the ripple SIMULATION RESULTS current frequency is double the load current Figure 9 shows the MATAB/SIMULINK power frequency. circuit model of DSTATCOM. It consists of five blocks named as source block, non linear load block, control block, APF block and measurements block. The system parameters for simulation study are source voltage of 11kV, 50 Hz AC supply, DC bus capacitance 1500e-6 F, Inverter series inductance 10 mH, Source resistance of 0.1 ohm and inductance of 0.9 mH, Load resistance and Figure 6 H-Bridge converter inductance are chosen as 30mH and 60 ohms respectively. G. PWM Techniques for CHB Inverter The most popular PWM techniques for CHB inverter are 1. Phase Shifted Carrier PWM (PSCPWM) 2. Level Shifted Carrier PWM (LSCPWM). 1. Phase Shifted Carrier PWM (PSCPWM)
Figure 9 MATLAB/SIMULINK power circuit model of
DSTATCOM Figure 10 shows the phase- A voltage of five level Figure 7 Phase shifted carrier PWM output of phase shifted carrier PWM inverter.
Figure 7 shows the Phase shifted carrier pulse
width modulation. Each cell is modulated independently using sinusoidal uni polar pulse width modulation and bipolar pulse width modulation respectively, providing an even power distribution among the cells. A carrier phase shift Figure 10 five level PSCPWM output of 1800/m (No. of levels) for cascaded inverter is introduced across the cells to generate the stepped Figure 11 shows the three phase source voltages, multi level output waveform with lower distortion. three phase source currents and load currents 2. Level Shifted Carrier PWM (LSCPWM) respectively without DSTATCOM. It is clear that without DSTATCOM load current and source currents are same.
Figure 8 Level shifted carrier PWM
Figure 8 shows the Level shifted carrier pulse width modulation. Each cell is modulated Figure 11 Source voltage, current and load independently using sinusoidal unipolar width current without DSTATCOM modulation and bipolar pulse width modulation
168 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
a Ch.Ashok Kumar, S.Jayalakshmi and S.Subramanya Sarma : Modeling of CHB Multilevel Inverter Based DSTATCOM for Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation Figure-12 shows the three phase source voltages, three phase source currents and load currents respectively with DSTATCOM. It is clear that with DSTATCOM even though load current is non sinusoidal source currents are sinusoidal.
Figure 16 Harmonic spectrum of Phase-A Source current
with DSTATCOM
IV. CONCLUSIONS A DSTATCOM with five level CHB inverter is investigated. Mathematical model for single H-Bridge inverter is developed which can be Figure-12 Source voltage, current and load extended to multi H-Bridge. The source voltage, current with DSTATCOM load voltage, source current, load current, power Figure 13 shows the DC bus voltage. The DC bus factor simulation results under nonlinear loads are voltage is regulated to 11kV by using PI regulator. presented. Finally MATLAB/SIMULINK based model is developed and simulation results are presented.
REFERENCES [1] K.A Corzine. and Y.L Familiant, "A New Cascaded Multi-level H Bridge Drive:' IEEE Trans. Figure 13 DC Bus Voltage Power.Electron .• vol. I 7. no. I. pp. I 25-I 3 I. Jan Figure 14 shows the phase- A source voltage and 2002. current, even though the load is non linear RL load [2] J.S.Lai. and F.Z.Peng "Multilevel converters - A new the source power factor is unity. bread of converters, "IEEE Trans. Ind.Appli .• vo1.32. no.3. pp.S09-S17. May/ Jun. 1996. [3] T.A.Maynard. M.Fadel and N.Aouda. "Modelling of multilevel converter:' IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron .• vo1.44. pp.3S6-364. Jun. I 997. [4] P.Bhagwat. and V.R.Stefanovic. "Generalized structure of a multilevel PWM Inverter:' IEEE Trans. Ind. Appln, Vol.IA-19. no.6, pp. I OS7-1069, Figure 14 Phase-A source voltage and current Nov.!Dec .. 1983. Figure 15 shows the harmonic spectrum of [5] J.Rodriguez. Jih-sheng Lai, and F Zheng peng, Phase - A Source current without DSTATCOM. The "Multilevel Inverters; A Survey of Topologies, THD of source current without DSTACOM is Controls, and Applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. 36.89%. Electron., vol.49 , n04., pp.724-738. Aug. 2002. [6] Roozbeh Naderi, and Abdolreza rahmati, "Phase-shifted carrier PWM technique for general cascaded inverters," IEEE Trans. Power.Electron., vo1.23, no.3, pp. I 257-I 269. May. 2008. [7] Bhim Singh, Kamal AlHaddad & Ambrish Chandra, 1999, A Review of Active Filter for Power Quality Improvements, IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronics, 46(S), pp.960970 Figure 15 Harmonic spectrum of Phase-A Source current [8] Mauricio Angulo, Pablo Lezana, Samir Kouro, Jos'e without DSTATCOM Rodr'lguez and Bin Wu, "Level-shifted PWM for Figure 16 shows the harmonic spectrum of Cascaded Multilevel Inverters with Even Power Phase A Source current with DST ATCOM. The Distribution" IEEE Power Electronics specialist THD of source current without DST ACOM is conference, 17-21 june 2007, pp.2373-2378. 5.05% [9] B. P. McGrath and D. G. Holmes, "Multicarrier PWM strategies for multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 858- 867, August 2002.
169 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
