resistance of air

floor and also

of the ball.
If there was no opposes the
5.1INTRODUCTION
from previous chapter
that the
describe uniform
rolling ball would never stop. opposing forceh
Similarly, if there werc no friction,.
I isclear enough to
is motion,
concept of velocitycase of non - uniform
motion. But in the velocity but also the
concept be no nced for the engine of a
forcc to keep the car in
there
car to
uniform motion. apply
not onlythe conceptof
The opposing frictional
of acceleration is
In fact, what
required.
cause the motion
of bodies ?
In
through some
forces are always present in the
forces or
naturalthat world
to understand this, let us try Cxplains the practical experience
order
basic comon examples, external agencies are necessary to co forcey
resting on ground,
we necd
frictional forces to keep bodies in counter he
Tomove abody
Torpedo can even set
heavy
Now we understand uniform
to push it or kick
In
it. A
these examples, some external He stated this practical
where Aristotle
objects
agency is
rolling.
needed to provide motion.
Similarly in
body external agent or
force
wrong.
experienceof in the fi
of a basic law. To have correct law
order to stop a moving forces and motion, one had to nature
is needed.
Also in the examples the
extermal agency is in
conditions in which uniform motion
no opposing forces like frictional
took imaginpleaceIdeawi;
cORtact with the object. But it is not
necessary
force, air resistance. This is force.didvisou
what Galileo
magnet can attract iron
always. For example, a 5.3.1 THE LAW OF INERTIA
certain distance i.e,
pieces even when it is kept at a
will show their "The inability of a body to change its
there are some forces which state o
distance. of uniform motion or its
influence even though they are at a certain rest or
is called the inertia of the body".
direction
by itsel
Hence an external agency is required for a
Stationary body to set into motion or to stop. That i.e.. Inertia means Resistance to ch¡npp'
body.
agency may or may not be in contact with the In the absence of net external force, the boy
Galileo was the first to show that some external which is in the state of rest continues to be at ra
force is required to change the velocity of a body, and the body which is moving with uniform veloci
but no force is needed to maintain the velocity. continues to move with uniform velocity. The bo
Newton, based on Galileo's ideas laid the cannot change its state by itself . This property is
foundation of mechanics in terms of three laws of called inertia. Due to this property the body
motion. While studying the motion, the bodies are opposes the change of its state.
treated as point masses.
Mass is the measure of inertia. The heavicr
5.2 ARISIOTLE'S FALLACY
The Greck thinker Aristotle (384 B.C - 322 the body, the greater is the force required to chang:
B.C.), held the view that if a body is moving, its state and hence greater is its inertia.
some
external force is required to keep it moving. For 5.3.2 TYPES OF INERTIA
example, an arrow shot from a bow keeps flying
since the air behind the arrow keeps Inertia of abody is of three types:
For our understanding, the pushing it. I) Inertia of rest,
Aristotlelian law of
motion may be stated as follows. An external force 2) Inertia of motion,
is required to keep a body in
motion. 3) Inertia of direction.
But there is flaw in
Aristotle s argument.
Aball rolling on the Inertia of rest
floor
Catemal force of fiction betweenstops
stue
because an it is the inability of a bodyto change its
the ball and the
of rest by itself
Physics :Vol-I (Part-B)) 5

Examples : 4. Anathlete runs acertain distance before taking

Passengers standing in a stationary bus expe a long jump. The velocity acquired due to inertia
rience backward jerk when the driver starts the bus of motion helps him to jump over a long distance.
suddenly. This happens because the feet of the pas c) Inertia of direction:
sengers in contact with the bus comes into motion
but the uppcr part of the body continues to be at Ih is the inability of a body to change its di
rest due to inertia of rest. rection of motion by itself i.e. a body continues to
move along the same straight line unless comp 'led
2 Horse- rider sitting on a horse at rest cxperi
by some external force to change it.
ences backwad jerk when the horse starts suddenly. Examples:
This happens because the lower part of the rider in
1. When a stone tied to one end of a string is
contact with the horse comes into motion but the
upper part of his body continues to be at rest. whirled in a circle and the string breaks suddenly.
the stone flies off along the tangent to the circle.
3. The dust particles on acarpet fall off when it This is because the pull in the string was forcing
is hit with a stick. This is because the beating sets the stone to move in a circle. But as the string
the carpct in motion whereas the dust particles tend breaks, the pull vanishes. Due to inertia of direc
(0 remain at rest due to inertia of rest and hence tion the stone flies off tangentially.
separate.
2. When a car moves along a curve suddenly,
4. When we shake a branch of a mango tree, ripe
the person sitting inside is thrown outwards. This
mangoes fall down. This is because the branch
is because the person tries to maintain his direc
comes in motion and the mangoes tend to remain tion of motion due to directional inertia while the
at 'rest due to inertia of rest. Hence they get de car turns.
tached.
3 The rotating wheels of a vehicle throw out mud,
Inertia of motion: if any, tangentially, due to directional inertia.
It is the inability of a body to change its state 4. When a knife is sharpened by pressing it
of uniform motion by itself. i.e. abody in uniform against a grinding stone, the sparks fly off along
motion can neither accelerate nor retard on itsown. the tangent to the grinding stone, on account of
Examples: directional inertia.
1. Passenger standing in a moving bus experience 5.4 NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF M0TION
forward jerk when the driver stops the bus Statement :
suddenly. This happens because the feet of the Every body continues to be in its state of
passenger in contact with the bus comes to rest
rest or of uniform motion in a straight line un
along with the bus but the upper part of his body less compelled by some external force to act oth
continues its motion due to inertia of motion. erwise".
2. Horse rider on a horse galloping at full, speed Importance of 1" law
experiences forward jerk when the horse stops () It gives the concept of inertia and force, and
suddenly. This happens because the lower part of enables us to define them.
the rider in contact with the horse stops along with (i) From this law it can be concluded that , the
the horse but the upper part of his body continues acceleration of an object is zero if there is no
to move due to inertia of motion. external force acting on it.
3. Aperson jumping out of a speeding train may Definition of Force : "Force is the physical
fall forward. This is because his feet come to rest quantity that changes or tries to change the state
on touching the ground and the remaining body of rest or of uniform motion of a body along a
continues to move forward due to inertia of motion. straight line"

LAWS OF MOTION
 The force is an external effort in the form of a Explanation :
Physics Nolib
push or pull which moves or tries to move a body Consider abody of mass "m"
al rest: stop or trics to stop a body in motion; velocity "v". Let an
direction extof etrnal
changes or trnes tochange the direction of motion it in the force
of a body. he
durveinglocianty,intitservaj
changes from vtoy+ Av
5.5 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION The linear momentum
The second law of motion refers lo the gen "m(v+ Av)". my hang
eral situation when there is a net external force
The change in
acting on the body, It relates the net external force
to the acceleration of the body.
momentum
The rate of
5.5.1 LINEAR MOMENTUM change of momentum AP
The linear momentum of a body is defined According the second law.
to
as the product of the mass of the body and its Fa rate of
velocity. change of momentum
Linear momentum= mass x velocity where Kis
At the
If a body of mass mis moving with a velocity
. its linear momentum p is given by As the time proportionality
interval At ’0, the ter
p=mv
Comes the
Linear momentum is a vector quantity. Its derivative of 'p' W.I.I 'T ie
direction is same as the direction of velocity of the
body. Thus F=K but dp d(mv) dv
dt
The SI unit of linear
dt
dt =m dt
momentum is kgms and The second law can be
the c.g.s unit of linear
momentum is gcms. The wntten as F - Kma
dimensional formula of linear momentum is To make K=1, let us
define unit force as follow
[ML'T] Unit force : Unit force is
unit mass producing unit the force acting
Ifa body of mass mchanges its
u tov, then the velocity from acceleration in its o
change in the momentum of body direction.
is Ap=mv-mu ) If m= 1unit, a = 1
unit. F =lunit, then K=
Momentum and change in momentum both F=ma
have same direction but this is
not always the case.
For example : When Unit of force: SI unit of force is
a stone is "newton.
uniform speed in a horizontal plane byrotated with Definition of newton'":l newton is the forcetu
string, the magnitude of means of causes an acceleration of 1 ms² on a body of masi
direction changes. momentum is fixed but its 1kg in its own direction
5.5.2 SECOND LAW OF MOTION The dimensional formula of force is [MLT

Statement :-" The rate of change of NoteS.I: Force is not always in the direction of moot
Depending on the situation Fmay be along v, opps
of a body is momentum
directly proportional to the V, normal to v or may make Some other angle withv
ant or net external force result every case, it is parallel to acceleration.
takes place in the acting on the body and
acts".
direction in which the force NoteS.2: If v=0 at an instant, i.e. if aboy isSmomentaniy
rest, it does not mean thát force or acceleration
sarily zero at that instant.

LAWS OF MOTION
Physics :Vol-I (Part -B) 7)

tor example: Whena ball thrown npord reaches b) Gravitational units (Practical units)
isDaaimum heihi, v= 0hut the force continues to be its
ephi ong and the accleration i not :ero butg
Ikilogram weight (kg wt.) or Ikilogram
Importance of 2nd law : force (kg ) is the force which produces an accel
eration of 9.8 ms in a body of mass 1 kg in its
1) This law gives us the measure of force and direction. Thus,
the unit force is defined from this law. Ikg wt. or 1kg f= lkg x 9.8 ms = 9.8N
2) This is the real law of motion because both i) 1gram weight (g wt) or 1 gram force
first and third laws can be derived from this law
(1g) is the force which produces an accel
Note 5.3: In the second law, F =0 implies a =0.The second eration of 980 cms in a body of mass gram in
law is obviously consistent with the first law
its direction. Thus,
Note S.4: The second law of motion is a vector law. It is
lg wt. = lgf= 1 gx 980 cm s? =980 dyne
equivalent to three equations, one for each component of
the vectors : Note 5.7: The gravitational units of force are used to ex
dp, press weight of a body. For example, weight of a body of
= ma,.F = ma, mass 5 kg is 5 kgf or Skg wt. These units are, therefore,
called the practical units.
It means that the force is not parallel to velocity of
the body then the force changes the component of velocity Note 5.8: First law can be derived from this law. In the
along the direction of force. The component of velocity expression F= ma if F= 0a =0. The acceleration is zero
normal to force remains constant. means the body may be at rest or of uniform motion in the
Note 5.5: (i) The second law of motion given by F= ma is absence of force, which is first law

applicable to a single point particle. The force F is the net dÙ dv dm

external force on the particle and a is acceleration of the
Note S.9: Ë
dt (mý)
dt
..F=m dt d
particle. dm di
(ii) The law same form (F= ma) is also applicable for i) If m is constant =0 :F=m = ma
dt d
a rigid body and also for a system of particles, where F is Note 5.1O: If , is constant and m is varying (variable mass
the net force on the system and a acceleration of system,
more precisely a is acceleration is centre of mass of system. system) then F dm
(iüi)The second law of motion is a local law : That dt
means acceleration at a point at a certain instant of time is Problem-5.1 Abody of nass I kg is moving with
determined by the force at that point and at that time not velocity 30 ms' due north. It is acted on by a force of
by any history of the motion of the particle.
10N due east for 4 seconds. Find the velocity of the
Note S.6: The internal forces in the system are not included body after the force ceases to act.
in he calculation of net force.
Sol. M l kg, F= 10N due cast ;t= 4s; u =0.
Differentunits of force : F 10
a = = 10ms due east.
a Absolute units : M
Final velocity due cast at the end of 4 seconds,
i) SI unit: Newton (N); i) C.G.S unit: dyne
V=u+at =0+10(4) = 40 ms!.
One newton is the force which produces an
The body has initial velocity 30 ms due north.
acceleration of I ms in a body of mass one kilo
Which is not effected by applied force. At the end of 4
gram in its direction.
One dyne is the force which produces an ac
seconds, its velocity is (40i +30)).
celeration of l cms' in a body of mass one gram, V=(40)' +(30) - 5Oms
30 3
in its direction. Direction of resultant velocity : tan =40 4

1dyne = lg cm?
The resulant velocity makes an angle a = tan
Relation between ne wton and dyne Norh of east
IN =10 dyne.
LAWS OF MOTION
 8

I'nable m S,2
Aven fevihle
supended
end
wih iislower link
and
chain oflength1. just P'rohlem - 5.5 :
from height'h'
on
P
Marbles each
hysic N N

mass
Misrertcally
it
so that cach
is released forcethechain
sec. The halance pan of at
touching the ablk l|
comcsfores, whal
snkcsthetahiu and moment 'part ofingthfall
initially. If
will the calibrated hilne
balancemarbles are in ut
he
hils dropanpned sec omtu
wllererttm taheaiihe read after
Sol. Each marble
part of chain
uniform,the massof y and in l sec no, of he
SolSue chan s
Force e due to marbles hitingwih
mR2gh .fmoment Um
force cx F=
the table, ts total
when this part reaches
erted muzst be qual toweight
Fore duc to moncntum imparted
ofv part resting on table +
Total reading. force due l0 chweageigh (li
M F=mgRt1+mR2gh =mgk
Problem --5.6:A
line. The
fig. Find the variationpurtoficitslesof
and 7s. force acting veonlocity with
Prublem -5.3: The variation of momentumwith time thhe tune
ofonc of the body in atwo body colision is shown. At
whai pocnt the insiantaneous force is marimum.
V(ms)

20
partile at
PA
Sol F= Sol. 10

=slope of P-l graph A 678

bo
slope is Tiaximum atC )
of the
Att=1 S, accelerationnof
the
Prabicm -5.4:Give the magnitude and
straight line from0 to the}s aspar1tisiscle isequal o
d:1
(M
net force acting on
a a drop of rain
direction of the Accel
a=
eration of the
15-0
particle
betunt
at t=lsis
falling down witlh aconstant
bi ecork of mass 10 g speed 3-0 5ms
akie skillfully
floating on water : Force
d) acar
held stationary in the sky acting on the particle
moving with acoustant - ma =lx10 x
arough road velocity of 30 km/h on 5=5x10'N
(ü) At t=4 s,
a=slope of the acceleration given by
t) a is
h kigh-speed
objects, and free electron in space
of electric and far from all straight line
F
Sol.a) As the rain drop is magnetic material
fields. -Vy-y, 15-15 0 fromt=3u
a=0. faling with a
its -=Oms
accelertheation
b) As Hence net force constant speed, 5-3
cok is floating on F=ma 0. =
Force acting on the particle
balanced by the upthrust (equalwatetor, its weight is being = ma = 1x 10
isplaced))As. theHence net force on the corkweight of water (iii) At
x0=0N
is zero, in kite is held is zero. (=7s.acceleration is given b
stationary, net force on the
d, Forceaccoris dance Newton's first
with kite
= slope of the straight line from(=5D!
being law.
friction. But as velociapplty eofd to overcome the -0-15 15-=-5ms
accele)eration. a=0Hence net the car is force of
As no field force on the constant, its
8-5
Force acting on the particie
3

clectr(on,gravnetitatiforce
onal oneleitctisric carImagnet
F=ma=0.ic) is
acting on the = ma =1x]0x-=-5x 10'N
the fore
Zero, Negativ e Sign indicates that o

tbepart
r

°PPosite direction of the motion

Physics :Vol-I (Part-B) 9

Problen 5.7: A pebble of mass 0.05 kg is thrown

Problem-5.9:A bob of mass 0.J kg hung from the ceil
vertically upwards. Give the direction and magnitude ing ofa room by a string 2 mlong is set into oscillation.
of the net force on the pebble. (Ignore air resistancel Thespeed of the bob at its mean position is Ims-'. Then
a) during its upward motion
b) during its downward motion
the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut when the bob
is (a) at one of its extreme positions, (b) at ils mean
c) at the highestpoint where it is momentarily at position
rest. Do youranswers change ifthepebble was thrown
at an angle of 45° with the horizontal direction? Sol. a) We know that at each extreme position, velocity
of the bob is zero. If the string is cut at the extrene
Sol. When a body is thrown vertically upwards (or) it
position, it is only under the action of 'g'. Hence the
moves vertically downwards, gravitational pull of carth bob will fall vertically downwards.
gives it a uniform acceleration a= +g= +9,8 ms-? in the
downward direction. Therefore, the net force on the b) At the mean position, velocity of the bob is l m/s.
pebble in all the threecases is vertically downwards. along the tangent to the arc, which is in the horizontal
As m=0.05 kg anda=+9.8 m/s? direction. If the string iscut at mcan position, the bob
will behave as a horizontal projectile.
.. In all the three case, F= ma =0.05 °9.8 = 0.49N.
Vertically downwards. 5.5.3 IMPULSE
If the pebble were thrown at an angle of 45° with the
horizontal direction, it will have horizontal and vertical Definition of Impulse: The product of force
components of velocity. These components do not af and time that produces a finite change in
fect the force on the pebble. Hence our answers do not momentunm of the body is called impulse.
alter in any case. However in each case (C), the pebble
will not be at rest. It will have horizontal component of .:. Impulse (J) = Force x time = (m a) ()
velocity at highest point.
-X t =m (v - u) =my- mu
Problem - 5.8:Give the magnitude and direction of the t

nel force acting on a stone of mass 0.Ikg, [Neglect air :. Impulse (J) = Change in momentum
resistance throughout].
a)justafter it is dropped fromthe window ofa station SI units of impulse is Ns (newton second) or
ary train
Its dimensiönal formula is (MLT-'] Impulse is
b) just after it is dropped from the window of a train
running at a constant velocity of 36 km/h. a vector quantity. It is in the direction of force.
)just after itis dropped from the window ofatrain Note S.1l :Force, acceleration, change in velocity change
accelerating with I ms in momentum and impulse are always in the same direc
d) Iying on the floor of a train which is accelerating tion.
with I ms, the stone being at rest relative to the train. Note 5.12 : In general the impulsive force is a variable. i) If
Sol. a) Here, m= 0.1 kg, a = +g=9.8 m/s, the force varies with time then according to Newton's
Net force, F = ma =0.1 x9.8 =0.98 N second law of motion,
This force acts vertically downwards.
b) When the train is running at a constant velocity its F dp :. Fdt = dp
acc. = 0. No force açts on the stone due to this motion. dt
The change in momentum is the measure of impulse
Therefore, force on the stone F= weight of stone
= mg =0.I x9.8= 0.98N j. As the force F is variable, on integrating both sides
This force also acts vertically downwards.
c) When the train is accelerating with I m/s', an P
additional force F =ma = 0.] x 1 =0.1N acts on the
stone in the horizontal direction. But once the stone is
dropped from the train, F becomes zero and the net
force on the stone is F = mg=0.l x9.8 = 0.98N, acting
Where P. is the monentum at time ,, P, is the mo
vertically downwards. mentum at tine tL,.
d) Asthe stone is lying on the hornzontal direction
of motion of the train. Note the weight of the stone in i) The area bounded by the force time
graph with ame
this case is being balanced by the nornal reaction. axis measures impulse. This is true for one dimernsioeal
motion.
 vehicles ike
4. The sco0ter, car,
10
are
provided with shock
bus,l Wy
move OVer an uneven road.
exerted by the road. The
absorbers is to increase the
absimorphuelrssiv,e
6Tine
wouldreduce the forceljerk üme Moul of

Note513:l the
rewritethe
above
duringthe
averageforce as
expressSion
(,-)iSE,. rider of the vehicle.
time
5. In a head on collision
at time of impact is small. an
ebetwxepenriencedwyv
damageextretomethley vaerhy
Wecan
, - )- ( -) develops, which causes
-(-)
-4) 6. Bogies offa
: train are
provided
=F(,positive,
..Impalse()force negative or zero
7. An athelete is advised lo wilh the
is
Impulse of amomentum of the body
increases,
eftectofforce.
come to
according to the unchangedunderthe Problem 5.10 : body of nass
decreasesorremains speed 5 m/s. Aforce acts as it for 2kg has an
APPLICATIONS OF
IMPULSE direction of motion. The force-time some time
5.5.4 hands while figure. Find thefinal speed of the bod graph is shy
cricket player lowers his
1. A bal.
catching a cricket hands backward
while F(N)
draws his
Acricketer time
he allows alonger A
catching the ball. By this
1

ball, Thus theplayer has

for his þands tostop theagainst the ball in order to
2.5

to apply a smaller
force
exerts a smaler force on G:HE
stop it. The ball in turn, |(sec)
injured. If he catches the
his hands. sohe is not
momentum is Sol. Areaof OAF=-x2x4=4
ball abruptly, the same change in 2
needs a
brought about in a shorter time which
greater force, hence he gets injured. Area of BGHC=(4+2.5)x0.5 =1.625
When a person falls from a certain height Area of ABGF=2 x4=8
on a cemented floor he is injured more severely. Area of CDEH = 2 x 2.5 = 5
The 1otal change in linca momentum is produced
in asmaller interval of time. Therefore, as explained Total area = Change in momentum=18.625
above,the floor exerts a much larger force. Due to m(v - u) = 18.625 V=
18.625
it, a person is injured more severely. 2
-+5|V=14.25m /s
Oo the other hand, when a person falls on a
heap of sand, the sand yields. The same change in Problem - 5.11 : Aparticle of nass 120g mosing e
linear momentum is produced in much longer time. speed of 750em/s is acted upon hy a variatlt
The average force exerted on the person by the;forceopposie to is direction of motion as shos
heap of sand is, therefore, much smaller and igure. lf ihe velocity of the particle becomes 25lkn
the person is not hurt.
hence along the direction offorce, fund the value of hmt
3. China wares and glasswares are for which force acted.
in paper or straw pieces wrapped Sol. Area of Ft graph =Impulse
F
before packing. In the
eveat of jerk, impact will take a longer = change in momentum
the time to reach
glass/chinawares through
result, the average force exertedpaper/straw. As a -0)-10''x10
1ON

on the china or 14

glasswares is small and chances of their = 120x10(7.5+2.5)

is reduced. breaking
t= 18s

LAWS OF MOTION
Physics :Vol-I (Part -B)) 11 )

Problem -5.12 :A bullet is fired fromgun. The force on

bullet is. F= 600 -2 x 10' newton. The force reduces P'roblem -5. 14:A particle of massm, moving with veloc
ity 'u' makes head on collision with identical stationary
lo zero just when bullet leaves barrel. Find the impulse
imparted to buller particle, which is elastic. The force ofinteraction increases
tomaxinum and then becomnes zero in time 'T'as shown
Sol. F =600-2 x 10'
in groph. What is the maximum value F, of interaction
Fbecomes zero as soon as the bullet leaves the force ?
barel. 0 = 600- 2 x 10' t;600 - 2 x 10't

t=3x 10' sImpulse = Fdt

T
Sol. 1)Force reaches maximum value in
-j(600-2x10°:) dn =|6001-Z x10' time. The impulse of rnaximum force is, = F, x
T

= 600 x3 x 10- 10x9x 104=0.9NS T

Since, impulse =Change in momentum, mu = F
2mu
Problem - 5.13 :Figure shows the position-tinegraph i.e, F, =
T
of a particle of mass 4 kg, then
a) force on the particle for t<0, t>4s, 0 <t<4s ? 5.6.1 NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
b) impulse at t = 0 and t = 4 s. (consider one-dimen We have seen above that Newton's first law of
sional motion only)
motion defines force. The second law establishes a
relation between the external force on a body and
its acceleration. The third law tells us the origin of
4 I(S) external force on the body that causes acceleration
Sol. a, i)For < 0, in the position time graph is at O Third law - Statement : To every action,
which means displacement of the particle is zero. i.c. there is always an equal and opposite reaction."
particle is at rest at the origin. Hence force on the Here, the term action means the force exerted
particle must be zero. by one body on the other body, while the term re
iü) For 0<I<4s, the position time graph OA has a action means the force exerted by the second body
constant slope. Therefore velocity of the particle is con
stant in this interval ie. particle has zero acceleration. on the first one. If F,is
AE the force exerted on body
Hence force on the particle must be zero. A by body B (i.e., action) and E,,is the force ex
ii) For t >4s, the position time graph AB is parallel erted on body B by body A (ie, reaction) then ac
to time axis. Therefore, the particle remains at a
distance 3m from the origin, i.e. it is at rest. Hence force
cording to third law
Ësg=-FA
From the above the third law can be stated as
on the particle is zero.
follows
b) i) impulse at t= 0
We know, Impulse = change in linear momentum, Forces always occur in pairs. Force excrted
Before = 0 particle is at rest i.e. u = 0. on body by another body is equal and opposite
After t = 0, particle has a constant velocity to the force exerted on second body by first one.
3
V=-=0.75 m/s Note 5.14:Newton's third law is applicable whether the
4 bodies are at rest or in motion.
.:. Impuise = m(v-u)=075-0)=Kgn/s Note 5.I5:The third law applies to alltypes of forces c.g
(ü): Impulse at = 4 s; Before t = 4s, gravitational, electric or magnetic forces etc.
particle has a constant velocity u = 0.75 m/s Limitation of Newton's Third law
Afer t=4s, particle is at rest ie. v=0
Impulse = m(v-u) =4(0 -0.75 = -3 kg m/s. a) Newton's third Jaw is not strictly applicable
for the interaction between two bodies separated

LAWS OF MOTION
 12
the orderof
astronomical 3.
Firing a gun.
moves forward (action)
When

The gun
Nol t.
by
larger
distances, of
when the
objects
(reaction)
jet planes
recols
units. strictly oflight. 4. Hlight of and
formrockels."
not apply of speed
b)Itdoes tothat gravitational which appe ars in the
velocitynearer the of hot
movewith where compressed gases escapes
c) It
doesnot
apply
strong.
in the backward direction. The through the
fields ar very reaction:
jet plane orrocket
(haracteristicsof
ctionand
equalin
magnitude
the forward (rcaction)
force. Hence the jet or rocket
Actionand
reaction are
Aperson left on a moves toTWar
)
and
oppositein
direction
reaction don't
act on
the same
5.
awayfrom it by blowing air outfrictionless Sur>ace
of
Action and each other throwing some object in a his mo
2)
hody,therefore
theydonot
cancel
reaction in the
thirdlaw direction in which he wants to directionmove.op osie
Note 5,16 : When a block rests on atable,
and
The lermsaction action comes
3) impression that
andweightci,
(gravitation pull on it) acts
mav give a
wrong
i.e. action is
the cause of
reaction
in the
downwar
due to table acts upwards on it.As bothds
before reaction
cause effect relation implied
and on the same block they do not fom these
acton rfeoactrceson
but there is no and reaction are mutual
third law.,
Action Note 5.17: For a body moving in a
simultaneous.
and one
etal force and centrifugal force tboth act circonulait.r path
This means they always exist in pairs not form action reaction pai. Theg
the other exists.
existsonly as long as 5.6.2 CHANGE IN
4) The force of action
and reaction may appear MOMENTUM
BODY IN DIFFERENT CASES
OF A
contact of the two bodies
due to actual physical
But they are always Consider abody of mass mmoving wit
or even from a distance.
equal and opposite. locity V, and momentum P. Due to acolli
and reaction due to the action of a torce on it suppose its
5) When taken together action
ity changes to V, and momentum changes to
become internal forces.
asmall time interval At.
Illustrations of Newton's Third Law Change in momentum of body = AP=-i
Some of the examples of Newton's third law
=mV, -mV:aP, =|,-=VP+-2:
of motion are given below:
where = angle between P, and P
I. Book kept on a table. Abook lying on a table Case (i) :Consider a body of mass m mOV
exerts a force on the table this may be called the
force of action. The table supports the book. by velocity yi. If it hits a rigid surface (or) a*
the bat
exerting an equal force on the book. This is the comes to rest. Change In momentum of
force of reaction,
AP =P,- =0-(mv)i
2. Walking : While
walking. a person presses =-(mvji; AP =mv
the ground in the backward
direction (action) by linea mo
his feet. The ground pushes the Note 5.18 : From law of Conservatior of
person in
direction with an equal force (reaction).forward
surface/wall
The theoretically, Change in n momentunof
component of reacion in the horizontal direction Caseiii) : In the above case ifthe
makes the person move forward.
with same speed vthen =!

LAWS OF MOTION
 13
Physics :Vol-I (Part-B)

Application - 5.1
sP=X-Ë-[-(m )i]-{(m)i)=-(2m)i I) If a gun fires bullets of mass m each with
AP - 2mv velocity vat the rate of n bullets per second then
Case iäi) : If a body of mass m moving with ve the force requircd to hold the gun without recoil is
locity y. hits a rigid wall and rebounds with speed F n(mv)

v, then 9 =180°, APP-Ë 2) A metallic plate of mass M' is held in mid air
by firing bullets of mass 'm' each with velocity v'
[-(mv, ]-[(mv, )i} |a= m(", +v, at the rate n bullets per second.
Case (iv): A body of mass mmoving with speed v 1) If the bullets drop dead on hitting the plate,
hits a rigid wall at an angle of incidence 9 and the rate of change of momentum of bullets = weight
reflects with same speed v. AP of body is along of metallic plate ie, nmv = Mg
the nornmal, away from the wall ii) If the bullets rebound with same speed on hit
mv
ting the plate, rate of change of momentum of bul
AP
lets = weight of metallic plate ie, n(2mv) = Mg
AP= 2mv cose
my
dm
3) If gravel is dropped vertically at the rate dt
Case( v) : In the above case if gis the angle made
on aconveyor belt moving horizontally, then the
by V, with wall then AP= 2mv sin necessary extra force required to maintain that con
Case(vi) : Projectile motion :
stant speed v of system is F=y*
a) In case of projectile motion the change in dt
momentum of a body between highest point 4) The cross sectional area of the nozzle of a hori
and point of projection is Zontal hose pipe is A. If water gushes out of the
pipe with speed v then, the necessary horizontal
P=(mu cose)i +(mu sine) force on pipe to prevent its recoil is
P =(mu cose)i +0, AP =-(mu sin®)j F p dm)
dt dt v=Av´pwater
b) The change in momentum of the projectile
between the striking point and point of dm
projection is
As=Ap,v
dt

P,= (mucose)î+(mu sin¬ 5) In the above case

i) If water strikes a wall normally with speed v
P, =(mucose)i-(mu sin6)j and drops dead, then
AP =-(2mu sine)j Force on wall = F = Ay2Pwater
Note S.19: Force acting on the body is in the direction of ii) If water strikes a wall normally with speed v
and rebounds with same speed then,
asË AP
change in itsmomentum of body is
Force on wal) = 2Av'pwaier
Note 5.20:In case of collision between two bodies A., Bfor iii) If water strikes a wall normally with speed v
a short time interval At, and rebounds with speed v, then
(AP), =AP ),. F =-F Force on wall = Avpg(V +y)

LAWS OF MOTION
 Problem 5.18 liquid
of
14

waler hitsthe
with
speedv
wall deflectsat
walland
horizontal pipe of uniforn
velocity vthrough a.right
den:sity
Cross - Secti flu%
angled i
Whatforce has to be
exerted hend aysh
momentum
Whenthe "A"withthe in at the
(iv) angle change momentum Pipein equilibrium?
no
makingan
thesame
angle
there is
thereisthe
changein
wallThe
forceonwall
Sol Change in momentum of
hend
wallbut masS
alongthe direcionto bend
perpendcuiar 2Apr'sing passes through the mof
in hard
I0he hin a Ap =P, -P
4 hall M,'x
4/lm/s andrebo.
Prablem.s/6Pormelwihspevd - Armvw2
dSm
afarea
docçexent Am
wha fve momen
sec, componentof
coniertfrhl hanzontal vertical At
ehune, changebut
boalDuring surfaxe)does not by,
hum(paralkel
to changes F=vayPAAL)
onen (nal
tosurfae) At as AL/At- v
F=V2pAv'
.. So the force to be
applied atthe
inosition is 2pAv in the
direction asbendshetrte
Ap.cos60-(-mv, cos45) (Otherwise pipe will move in
opposite
m8 vSH 2+m4v2M/N2 -
m(4/N3)+4) Problem - 5.19 : Assaming the
direction
edet3)x10=10.92 x10* N-s z-direction, aforce F=V;xA is
gravityto be in ne
ikIO'4 in addition to the force of exerted
on
gravity where t
--10.92 x10'N,Normal to velocity of the partiele and A is a
surface positive x-direction. What
constant v.
minimum
mass m be projected so that it speed appartc
Prohlem - 5Ih : 4gardener is watering plants at the continues to.
rait 0.l lure'sec using a pipe of cross-section 1 cm'. undeflected with constant velocity?
What addniaonal force he has to exert if he desires to
IRcreasc the rate of watering iwo times ? Sol. Fl= vAsin 9
Sal F= Ad:(Av'd lf rate of
Here, is angle between ù and A
A watering plant (Av) is moves undeflected if F acts be in The part
doubied, it means amount of water poured /sec is
doubled direction. Hence, veloicty should be in positive
negative
wuch is possibie only if velocity is |direction.
force is lo be made 4 times. doubled. Hence
add1tional force =3times initial force min
ng :
A
=3 Adv =3
A 3x01x0.J 10 = 3x10'N Problem -5.20: Explain why a horse cannot pulti
Problem . and run in empty
5.17: The linear space
asp=a +atnoment
+br. um
varies with mes of u Sol. While to pull acart, a horses pushes the
lowing represents force Which ofparticle
the fot trying
Sol.p =a,+at + br
and time relation
? backwards with acertain force at an angle. The gr
dp F
offers an equal reaction in the opposite drectionont
-a+2bt feet of the horse.
Att=0, F=a The forward component of this reactionis respe
and F varies sible for the motion of the cart. In empty space,there
linearly with time. no reaction and hence a horse cannot pullthecatn
un.

LAWS OF MOTION
Physics :Vol-I (Part-B) 15

5.7.1 LAW OF CONSERVATION OE According to Newton's third law

LINEAR MOMENTUM
FAR FBA
Statement : .From cqual () and (2),
Law of conservation of momentum states hat
PAPA (P -Pp or P +Ps =PA tP
«The total momentum of an isolated system of in
teracting particles remains constant if there is no This shows that total final momentum after col
col
Iison, is cqual to total initial momentum before
resultant external force acting on i"
lision. This proves the principle of conservation of
According to this principle, in an isolatcd sys lincar momcntum
tem in (a system with no extemal force), the vector
Note 5.21:
sum of the linear momenta of all the bodies of the
Total linear mornentum of the isolated system
system is conserved and is not affected due to their during a collision process remains constant
mutual action and reaction. i1 Lawof conservation of linear momentum holds good
Mutual forces between pairs of particles in the in all types of collisions.
fundamental
Svstem can cause momentum change of individual ili) Law of conservation of momentum is a
third law of
law of nature. It is true even when the
particles, but as the mutual forces for each pair are motion is not applicable. (Ex : Collisions among
equal and opposite, the momentum changes cancel elementary particles )
in pairs. and the total momentumn remains uni
iv) The law of conservationof linear momentum is
unchanged. Hence the total momentum of an versal i.e. it applies to both, microscopic as well as
isolated system of interacting particles is conserved. macroscopic systems.
reference. Ob
This principle is an important consequence of v) Linear momentum depends on frame of
different val
servers in different frames would fiad
second and third laws of motion. each would
ues of linear momentum of asystem. But
5.7.2 PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS OF observe that the value of linear momentum
does not
isolated.
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION change with time, provided the system is
momen
OF LINEAR MOMENTUM Thus the principle of conservation of linear
lin
tum is independent of frame of reference, though
COLLISION : Consider an isolated system ear momentum depends on frame of
reference.
mo
comprising of two bodies A and B, with initial approach
bodies collide. The Problem - 5.21 : Two ice skaters A and B
menta P, and P. . Let the two each other at right angles. A has
mass 30 kg and
collision time is very small and equal to At. Sup velocity1 m/s and B has a mass of 20 kg and
velociy
and -lPB after 2m/s. Thev meet and stick together. The final velocity
pose they move with final momentap
of couple is :
collision. collision, 9=
Sol. Let v = Composite velocity after
force
IfFAR iS force on Aexterted by B, FRA 0S angle with the direction of 30 kg
mass

on B exerted by A. Then,
according to Newton's Then from momentum conservation,
50v cos-30 x|
second law,
A 50v sin = 20x2 30 k8
(FAB)X A= change in momentum of Imvs 2m/s
From equations (1 ) and (2),
20 kg
=PA -PA
J(50)' v' =V900+ 1600
of B
(FBA)X At = change in momentum 50v = 50
v= im/s

LAWS OF MOTION
16

H. Recoiting of a gun.When a
bullet is fired from
diection op
The kinetic
energies
Physic8
are in the
a pun, the gun reods ie moves in a masses
m, (:.p=cOstant)
bullet. The
osite to the direcbon of moton of the
fronn the Total energy
rOd velity of the gun can be calkulated of firing =
princple of conservaton of incar monientum. where pis magnitude of
Sippose m mass of bullet, Note 5.25: Ifthe momer
M. nass nf gun, is V, and velocity of velocity of bullet
vety of the builet. bullel relative
\,E veloty of the gun
Before finng, the gun and the bullet both, are
at rest Theretore. total lincar momentum before
According to law ofconservation of le
mV, =-n,V,....2)
finag = 0According to the principle of conserva Substituting (1) in ((2)
hon of lincar momcntum, total lincar momentum
after firng shoud also be zero.
m
m, +m, d Also m=-m
.m,T, +m,i, =0 ..(1) V
m, +m, )
Note 5.26: In the
above case
m,
The negative sign shows that direction of v,
Note 5.27: Kinetic
energy of bullet
V=V, +V.
Is opposite to the d1rection of v,
i.e. the gun
recoils Further, as m.>>m, therefore , v,
relative to gun =
<<k, momentum of bullet
Irelative to
i.e. velocity of recoil of the gun is gun
barTel of the gun is m(ytv)
than the vehocity of the bullet . much smaller Note 5.28:If the
Npte 522: Initial KE of the m,V.e cos inclined
V=
and the ballet are at system is zero, as both the gun m, +m,
rest. Final K.E. of the system =
;r;,b0 Thus K.E of the system increases
(and is not constart). If P.E. is
mechanical energy (-KE+PE)willassumed to be
alsoincrease.
constant, III.
Flight of rockets and jet
As totul energy is
conserved, and jet planes, the fuel is planes. In roci:
powder must have been chemical energy of gun of burmt in the pres
convened into K.E. some oxidizing agent in combust:
Noe 5.23: While
the shoulder. This firing, the gun must be held
tightly to
chamber. The hot and highly compress:
the gun is held would save hurting the shoulder. gases escape through the
ughthy,the body of the
behave as one body. shooler and
When
the gun
exhaust nozzle) with largenarrow opening
velocity. As a
fore, recol velocity ofTotalthe mass becomes large and there of it, the
esccaping gases acquire alar!
Smal! body and the gun backward momentum.
beconnes too an equal
This in turn, imyu
Note : $.24: forward momentum to the rocke
The ratio of accordance with the law of conservaiuu
gun is 1:| magnitudes of momenta of bullet and the linear momentum.
IV. When a
b
Their magnitude of man jumps Sout of aboatt totheshor
velocities are in the inverse ratio the boat is pushed slightly awayfromth
of their
masses V, m shore. The momentum of the boat is equalan
Wi
opposite to that of the man in accordance
the law of conservation monentu
of linear
LAWS
Physics :Vol-I (Part-B) 17

Problem -5.22: Aman of mass mclimbs a rope of length Now as the man climbs up L towards the balloon
Lsuspended below a balloon of mass M. The balloon is (relative to balloon), the balloon will descend a distance d,
stationary wiüh respect to ground (a) iftheman begins to downwards relative to the ground, so that upward displace
climb up the rope at a speed v (relative lo rope) in what ment of man relative to ground will be
dircction and with what speed (relative to ground) will d, -L d, (ie.d, +d, -L) ..6)
the balloon move ? (b) How much has the balloon de Substituting the value of d, from Eqn. (6) in (5)
scended when the man reached the balloon by climbing
the rope m(L d,) -Md,
mL ......{7)
Sol. (a) Given that initially the system is at rest , so ini ie., d,
m +M
mL
tial momentum of the system is zero. In the claiming of ie, the balloon will descend by relative to the
the ropc there is no Cxternal force. m +M
ground when the man clirnbs up adistarceL (relative to balloon).
Therefore final momentum of the system should also
be zero.
Note 5.30: The upward displacement of man relative to
ground will be
ML
d, = L-d, = (8
(m+ M)
Problem -5.23 : Adog weighing 5 kg is standing on a
flat boat so that he is 10 metre fromthe shore. He walks
m 4metre on the boat toward shore and then halts. The
boat weighs 20 kg and one can assume that there is no
friction between it and the water. How far is the dog
from the shore at the end of this time ?
mù +MV=0 [as ( m + M)=finite] Sol. Given that initially the system is at rest so initial
momentum of the system (Dog + boat) is zero.
i.e., MV=-mù .......)
Now as in motion of dog no external force is applied
Furthermore here it is given that to the system final momentum of the system zero.
.......(2)
So, mv, + MV, =0 [as ( m+ M) = Finite)
Substituting the value of ù from Eqn. (2) in (1),
d+
as v =
weget MV=-m(+V)or V= me
(m + M)
..3) or
dt dt
=0
dt

This is the desired result and from this it is clear that or mA; +MA, =0
the direction of motion of balloon is opposite to that of [as Ai = d= displacement)
climbingv)i.e., vertically down. md, - Md, =0 [as d, is opposite to d,l
Note: 5.29: (i) The velocity of man relative to ground i.e., md,= Md, ...)
Mv .(4)
Shore
Boa!
Dog
m +M
ii) In case of motion of two body system if velocity of
m relative to M isV., the velocities of two bodies
relative
to the ground will be respectively Now when dog moves 4 m towards shore relative to
mY,et
boat, the boat will shift a distance d, relative to shore
M
m+ M
and
m +M opposite to the displacement of dog so, the displace
MV=0 ment of dog relative to shore (towards shore) will be
(b) From Eqn. (1), we have mv+ d, =4-d, (:: d +d, =d =4).....(2)
-+M 2 0 substituting the value of d, from Eqn. (2) in (1)
At At
Mx4 20x4
mA +MAi, =0 las At md, = M(4-d) or d, = (m + M) 5+20
=3.2 mn

md, +Md, =0 as Ai =d|

As initially the dog was 10 m from the shore , so
md- Md, =0(asd, is opposite to d,) now he will be 10-3.2 =6.8 m away from the shore.
md, = Md, ...(5)

LAWS OF MOTION
 18

Note 5.31:) The displacement of boat nelative to shore EXPLOSION OF BOMB Physics
(away from the shore () Suppose a shell of
masS
masses "m "m'"
md, Sx4
.0.8 m
into two pieces of
d, S+ 20 move with
mM
Note S32; In case of two hdy system if mis displaced velocities "" and and "m
of ",
The initial
elative to Mby d .the displacement of individual bod
moment u m
total fithneal shell
zero, as it is at rest.
twopieces = mv t The
ics relative to the ghound are
Md
and d, respectively and m,v,
are aluays in opposite directions to cach oer.
According to law of motnera
Probiem -S.24 Al sarfaces
an smooth. Find the horizo.
mtal displacements ef the
h|M
momentum
m,ý,+m,, =0
The two pieces
in opposite directions.move with
conserval\on i

If one same
biock cnd wedçe when the
block shdes down from top no
+X axis
moves along -Xpiece
to bottom.
the other
In case of
bomb axiS.
Sol When the block slides down on the
if Pisstationary
smooth wedge,
the wedge moves backwards. In the
there is no Cxiermal force. F. =0
P, -P (along k-axis)
horizontal direction
:P. =constant
fragments
the
the
energy of explosionmoment
is um of one
frama:
e xploding
x forward distance mu+ MV =0
moved by the block along
L= bakward histance moved by the wedge alongx-axis. E=E, +E,=
x-axis. 2\ m m,
u=-MV;mM
m =M., , = ML Ml cos
E. P(m, +m,)
2m ,mz
M+m M+m
ii) In
m/ cos case of
A, =
M+m M+ m
L can also be
nucleus into two disintegration
of a station
fragments or emission of an a
written as cos particle from a stationary
Problem - 5.25 :Aman of mass M nucleus.
hfrom the
floor in a standing at a height
mass mstraight downgravity free space throws a ball of Recoiling -Particle
with aspeed u. When nucleus
reaches the floor, find the the ball (4)
the floor. distance of the man above (A-4)
Sol. When the man 4V, + (A - 4)) V
recoils with velocitythrows
V
the ball with
velocity u, he remainer =0

mu =MV (ii) Suppose a shell of mass m" at rest

explo
V
M M into three pieces of
with velocities ý, , masses m, m, and m, mo;
time taken by the ball and V, respectively.
to
Distance moved by man inreach the ground t h

çhis time iP tP+, =0

t=v.= h (as the shell is at
Mu rest
Height of man at theM time the ball strikes the
initially)
is H= h+
H=h 1+ m
ground So the third piece moves with the same ma!
nitude of the resultant momentum of the othertWO
pieces but in opposite
direction.
LAWS OF MOTION
 Physics :Vol-I (Part-B) 19

P, =+P; +2PP,ccos P. Problem -5.27 :A body at rest explodes and breaksup

into 3 pieces. Two pieces having cqual mass, ly off
0= angle between P,P, perpendicular to each other with the same speed of
30 m/sec. The 3rdpieces has 3tines the mass of eachof
(7-a)= angle between P,.P the other pieces. Find the magnitude and direction of
P, sin its velocity immediately after the explosion.
tan = Sol. For momentun conservation in each direction of
P+P, cos P.
motion of the smaller pieces, 3Om/s
(iv) Explosion of a shell travelling in a parabolic
3m vcos=mx30|
path at its highest point :(into two fragments) Con
3m vsin = mx30 30m/s
sider a shell of mass Mas a projectile with velocity
These two relations give, (180-0)
uand angle of projection . Suppose the shell tan = 1, and, v = 10/2m /s
breaks into two fragment at maximum height
The 3rd piece of mass 3rn will go making an angle
(m, + m, )ucos 6 (180 0)= 135° relative to either piece of equal masses.

Problem -5.28 : Ashell fired acannon with speed

v m/s at angle with horizontal explodes into three
pieces ofequal masses at the highestpoint of trajectory.
Momentum is conserved just before and just One piece falls do wn vertically while the other retraces
its path. What is speed of the third piece?
after the explosion.
Sol. (4) If 'm' is mass of shell, at highest point, initial
[m, + m, ]u cos# i=m,v, +m,i, momentum =m(vcos0). along horizontal
If the fragments travel in opposite direction given, momentum of one fragment=(-vcos 9)
after explosion then momentum of second along horizontal =0
(m, +m,)ucosei=m, v,i-m,v,i If'v,' is speed of third fragment, from momentum
conservation
ii) If one fragment retraces its path and falls at
m

the point of projection 3 vcos 0

+v,+0= m(v cos), v, = 4vcos 0
(m, + m,)ucosi=-m,ucosi tm,v
Problem -5.29 : Aparticl eof 2m is projected at an angle
ii) If one fragment goes vertically up of 45 with horizontal witha velocity of 20/2 m/s. After
Isec. explosion takes place and the particle is bruken
(m, +m, Jucos®i=m,v,j+ m,v into two equal pieces. As a result ofexpansion one pont
comes to rests. The maximum height from the ground
iv) If one fragment falls freely after explosion (g= 10 m/s' )
attained by the other part is
(m, +m, )ucos@ i=m,.0 +m,v Sol.u,= 20/2 x
1
20m/s; u, =20/2 x= 20m/s
Problem-5.26: Abomb moving with velocity After l s u, = 20 m/s. V,y =u, -gi= 20- 10= 10 ms
401 + 50j+ 25k m/s explodes into pieces of mass Due to explosionone part comes to rest
ratio I : 4. If the small piece goes out with velocity
2007 + 70j- ISk m/s, find the velocity of larger piece 2m(20i +10j)= m.0 +mù V= 40i+ 20;
after explosion. v =20m/s H, =
2g
Sol. Let Sm be mass of bomb. The largest piece will have 20x 20
Height attained after explosion = = 20m
mass 4mn. Using principle of momentum conservation, 2x10

Sm(40i +50j-25k)=m(200i +70j-15k)+ 4mi But height attained before Expiosion = ut -

180j+140k =(45j+ 35k) - 20 x1-xl0x1' =15 mH =15+20 =35m
Which gives 4

LAWS OF MOTION
 5.7.3 VAR
20
verticallyup
ROCKET PROPULSION EM
thrown (GRAVITY CONSIDERED)
of lkg is explodesinto
5.30:A bomb seconds, iu speed
Problen- m/s. Afier5 goesdownwith afler the mass of
100 gm
withspeedOneofmnass400 theother part
just Let m,be the
trhoeckerve
bwoparts.hatwillhappen
to Initially, let us suppOse that
(= 0,
25m/s. W rocket is u. Suppose mits
explosion velocityofbomb the
and v its velocity at that mass at an
moment,
5 sec, 50m/s
Sol.1)After 100-10x5= = lx50
kg ms
explosion-04x25+0.6v'
Veu-gt= before
momentum 50=
initial conservation,l x F
inomentum
From.y'=100m/supwards
standingon a plat
60kg horizontal Att=0, At (=t
boyofmass smooth
Problem- 5.3/:Akgplacedovera k withvelociru m=Mo
m=m
40 massI ground The
form ofmass
throw, a stone of
w.r./the
surface.He angle of45" horizontal
m/sat on (withbov)onthe
W
Where
= 10
displacement of platform
lands on
is
theground m/s') Exhaust velocity =v.
stone
surfaceswhenthe
10/2 Let - (dm/dt) be the mass of
the ofga the
40)v Perunit time and v, the exhaust velocity
45°= (60+
Sol. Ixucos 2usin with respect to rocket. Usually - (dm d) and
Time of flight= T kept constant throughout the jourmey of the n
S=vxT =QIm Now, let us write few cquations which can be
mor
isolatedparticl of mass mis
in the problems rocket propulston At time
Problem- 5.32:An along the x -axis at a
certain of
plane
ing in horizontalground. Itsuddenlyexplodes rocket.
heightabovethe ) Thrust force on the
and
3m instant the
Atan
F, v,(- dm/dt)(upwards)
fragments of masses
/5 cm. The larger fragment, 2) Weght of the rocket, W =
mg (downw
smaller fragmentis aty =+
rocket,
at this instant is at
AP, =0P, =, 3) Net force on the
Sol. As F, =0
F =F- W(upwards)
-dm
m,÷, =-m,y, mg
P, =0.: m, V +m,V, =0;
rocket,
y15 4) Net acceleration of the
4
y, = dy -dm
dv
dt m dt m

Problem - 5.33: Abomb initially at rest at a height of

40m above the ground suddenly explodes into
two dv =(-dm)-gdt
identical fragments. One of them starts moving
vertically downwards with an initial speed of 10 m/s. If -dm
acceleration due to gravity is l0 m's, the separetion
berween lhe fragments, 2seconds after the explosion is
Sol. Initial relative velocity w,10-(-10)=20m/s
Relative acceleration a g-g=0 or v-u=-V, loge --gt
After t=2 sec, relative separation

S,e u t+a t= (20x 2) +0=40m Hence v=u-gt + V, in

LAWS OF MOTION
Physics :Vol-I (Part-B) 21

Note S.33:lIf gravity is ignored and initial velocity of the 5.8 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
rocket u =0, Eq. (i) reduces to
Equilibrium of a particle in mechanics refers
to the situation when the net external force on the
V=vin
particle is zero. According to the first law, this
ii) lf gravity is ignored and initialvelocity of rocket means that, the particle is either at rest or in uniform
is u then equation (i) reduces to motion.
mo If two forces F, and F,, act on a particle,
V=u+y, In
equilibrium requires
*Probien 5.34:Fnel is consumed at the rate of
50kg s'in a rocket. Find the thrust on the rocket ifthe F, =-,
relocis ofthe exhaust gases is 2kms. Ako colculate the ie. the two forces on the particle must be equal
velocisy of the rocket at the instant, whcn iis mnass is re and opposite.
duced to l/1Oth of its initial mass if its initial relocity is Equilibrium under thrce concurrent forces
zero. (neglect gravity) E .5 andE, requires that the vector sum of the
drm forces is zero.
Sol. -50 kgs;u=2 km s'=2x 10' ms-!,
dt
E+E, +E; =0
initial velocity, u, = 0
) The thrust on the rocket, F
F
dm F
F=u = 2x 10' >x 50 = 1x1¡N.
dt
(i) The velocity of the rocket, F F;
v=Vtulog, m
F3
From the above equation, it implies that
=0+2x10' m=
F,+F, +F, =0 F, + F, +F, =0
10

= 2x10° Jog, 10 = 2x10' x 2.303 log,, 10 H,+F, + F, =0

where F, F,, and F, are the components of F
= 4.606x10°
S along x, yand z directions respectively.
In other words, the resultant of any two forces
Problem - 5.35: The first &second stage of two stage
rocket separately weigh 100 kg and 10 kg and contain say F, and E,, obtained by the parallelogram law
81Okg and 90kg fuel respectively. If the exhaust veloc of forces must be equal and opposite to the third
ity of gases is 2 kmn/sec then find velocity of rocket force F,. From the above diagram, the three forces
(nearly)(log 5=0.6990) (neglect gravity) in equilibrium can be represented by the sides of a
triangle with the vector arrows taken in the same
Sol. V=V,+2. 3ulog(m,/m)
Velocity as the first stage is detached = V, sense.
The result can be generalized to any number
V,= 2.3ulog(m/m) of forces. A particle is in equilibrium under the
=2.3x2 x10 x log(1000/ 200) action of forces F,, F,..Fif they can be repre
- 2.3x 2 x 0.699 x10'=3.2 x 10 sented by the sides of a closed n-sided polygon
with arrows directed in the same sense.
Velocity acquired with second stage = V
V=V,+ 2.3u log(m/m) Application-5.2 :
- 3.2x 10+ 2.3x 2x 10'x log(100/10) If 'n' equal magnitude coplanar forces
=3.2 ×I0+ 4.6X 10=7.8x 10 m/s acting at a point simultaneously with the angle

LAWS OF MOTION
 22 Note 5.36:Thevalue off does not depend

nethern
Jength of the massless rope nor on the point at
forces is and keep it applicd.
between any two adjacent horizontal force is
360
COMIMON FORCES IN
in equilibrium
then n=

forces can be represented

by side
5.9 In mechanics we come across many
gravitational force, contact
MECHANICS
Theabove
of a closed
regular polygon taken in an
order. forces like
in string, spring force etc.
te
1. Graitational force : It is force between
force,
NoteS34: part1cle in equilibrium.
keep the two mass particles.
Single force cannot required to kecp
number of cqual forces
Every body in the
universe
i) Minimum cquilibrium is two.
Lhe particle in
Hi)
coplanar forces required
Minimum number of unequal
equilibrum is three.
gravitational force. Also it governs
celestial bodies.
experieça
the motion
to kecp the particle in Contact forces : This force arises due .
cqual or unequal non coplanar
iv) Minimum number of particle in equilibrium is some solid or fluid
forces required to keep the contact of an objcct with
Contact force due to contact of a solid
four. a)
Sote S.35: solids.
translational
Equüibrunm of a body requires not only Eg:lab0ok ix placed ona table. a pair of forces sati
rotational
equilibrium (zero net external force) but also Newton's Il law rise due to contact bctwcen the tabl
equilibrium (zero net extermal torque) as we are going to book.
read in future topics. |f some lorce tendingto move Is appled on theah
Problem - i.36: 4mass of 3kg is suspended by a rope book the contact force acts at some angle to the surtaee.
of length 2m from the ceiling. Aforce of 40N in the table. The conponent of contact forcc normal to suta.
in contact is called nornal force and the componen e
horizontal direction is applied at midpoint P of the force parallel to surface is called friction.
rope as shoNn. #hatis the angle the rope makes with
the vertical in equilibrium and the tension in part of b) Contact force due tocontact of a solid wit
string atached to the ceiling ? (Neglect the mass of the fluids. Ey: Viscous force, air resistance
rope. g= 1om's')
e) Tension in String : If the body is held by
string, the molecules of string near the lower en
exert force on the molecules of object. The resultan
of electromagnetic forces exerted by string on the
object is called tension.
In case of alight, in extensible string, tensio
(T) is constant through out the string.
d) Spring force:It is the restoring force (F)
developed in a spring when aspring is either
compressed or elongated, by an external force.
l In Equilibrium, T, W= 30N F = -Kx. Where x is
Resolving the tension 7, into two mutually perpen elongation.
compression or
ular components, we have There are four fundamental forces in nature.
I; cos,= T, =30N ’ T, sin =4ON Of these, the weak and strong
nuclear
in domains that do not concern us forces appear
4 here. Only the
tan
3
=530 gravitational
and electro forces are relevant in the
context of mechanics.
he tension inpart of string attached to the
ceiling Note 5.37: The different contact forces of
= V30+40*N =50N mechanics
mentioncd above fundamentally arise fromelectrical
i.e. they are forces
electromagnetic
in nature.

LAWS OF MOTION
 Physics :Vol-l (Part -B) 23

Note S.38 : Relative Strengths of Basic Forces between is in a state of tension The molecules of the string
protons near the lower end cxert force on the molccules of
Relative
Basic fore Range the object. The resultant of these clectromagnetic
strength forces is the force cxerted by the string on the object
Gravitaticonal Long range, infinite
101
which is called tension denoted by T. This supports
Weak nuclear Exremely short range the object and prevents it from falling It is directed
<<lfm
Electromagnetic 10 away from the object If the string is weightless
Long range, Infinite
1038 then the tension in thc string is sarne at each and
Strong force Short range. Im
every point of the string If we consider a point A
Note: S.39: The more recent advances in particle physics of the string the tension in the part below A and
suggest that the electromagnctic force, the weak nuclear above A are cach cqual to T and directed away
force and possibly strong nuclear force may all be the same
ype of interaction from A. Similarly the tension at the upper end pulls
the ceiling downward and the ceiling pulls the string
5.10 SOLVING PROBLEMS IN MECHANICS upward. Here also the tension in the string is
5.10.1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM: (F.B.D) directed away from the ceiling.
Newtons laws of motion - Applications :
For solving problems using Newton's laws of TA
motion, free body diagram (FB.D) technique is TA
T
highly useful. This has following steps.
step -1
Decide the system on which the laws are to M
be applied. All parts of the system should move
with same acceleration. Mg
step- 2 (i) To find the tension at the lower end. the free
List out the various forces acting along with body diagram for the object is shown in Fig. The
those to be determined. The internal forces of the
forces on it are (a) pull of the string, T, upward, (b)
system are not considered gravitational force of the earth on the object, Mg,
step- 3 downward.
Draw th. free body diagram considering the As the acceleration of the object is zero, the
system to be a point mass. All the forces acting are resultant force is zero by Newton's second law.
reçresented by the vectors with the common origin
T- Mg =0; 4T'
which is the point mass.
step- 4
Choose axes and write the equation of T= Mg. mg
motion. The direction of acceleration is taken as
the X - axis, Y-axis, Z-axis for the motion of a body
Mg
along a straight line. During the motion in aplane If the string is very light so that we can neglect
its mass compared with the mass of the object
the components of forces along X and
Y-axes are found. Their corresponding accelera suspended, then the tension in the string is same
tions are found. The equations of motion can be every where.
obtained separately. () If the string is of mass m below A, the free
body d1agram at A is shown in Fig. The tension in
(a) Single Object Suspended by a String
Suppose an object of mass M is suspended by the string T is such that
a string from the ceiling as shown Fig. The string T- Mg - mg = 0; T = (M + m) g.

LAWS OF MOTION
 situations:
different
discussperson reaction weighing
by actual
weighing 5.10.2
the Sol. ofthen stringProblem uppercaid is
move Note through
how isreading weight
apparentexerted
Suppose
machine machine APPARENT IN
T,When
=m9.8-49) m(9.8+4.9)
m/s².T,=4.9 When tensionlowered
). downward 5.40
is (M+m)\g-aT= This CCcleration.productthe canacbemaclseram,
T=(M+m\g+a). (Ma+T- tion celerAated ib) 24

found hebuckct Single

T
R A mass mass in first S.37: - : which
is of aLIFT 4914.7 string with lf tension m)g=
lifted
(M the takintgension from of object
relatedweight by of the person is is with the we of by 'a'
the the whichpersonplaced lowered A
=3:1 lifted insame
/ upmass bucket
an pull is
ELEVATOR WEIGHT two cqual mas
to of
mgthe
weighing offers
surlace
= in
an
mass
of
with
same acceleration
acceleration.
up
with cases
with of
acceleration
attached
lkg
acceleration and the
rope bucketto
the
+
m)
a
mas the thin
of
e wel a M sbyuspended
in
persSon.
the contact
of
machine.reaction This
mg.
aelevator
standing
is
m
OF
A
acceleration, What 'asyst
', em force rethseultant string meanpuls led by
up. at
following We
on
acts
R
on
lift. /
MAN 4.9m/s²
the
is one
end
to
tension
the
allowed
is
our
on system force upwaofrd string a
the
shall
the
This given
the The on
a
ratio and
ofa at hands Mg and cqual upper a rope with and
the
mg
us retardation
R,= Ry=mg-
ma a apparent
weight apparent
to its toend of an ac
with (iv) weight in
accelerating more Thus retardation
R= K a an(ii)
apparént
person=0.
mg- an
When than Hence
, mg+
acceleration
mg - When
acceleratio;Again, acc.=0
upwarelevator
d (i) weight ()
acceleration
ma
the the
R
> ma ma = When equal i.c or .. When he
) = apparent
upwards. actual mg = the e
weight
pë
tht
Proceeding or R=AcceleNratet ion
apparent R-mg-0
uniform
motion, In
elevator m(g+a)
elevator direction
downward the of to mg force on
mg -mg R
mg R, weight,weight
*a = mg the the (FBD)
a actual R
person, actualweight
Fractional CIevdtor
or mg or
is x100
x100 = moving persOn personthe of
=0the
upwards
moving mg
R is as
moving of moving weight in is is
when moving is
R the case
change Ra
downward
at
incres %
theperson mg of rest
upwari (i)
FBL downwa / elev (FE
unilo
R=