2/26/2016

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 1

Lesson 12a: Three Phase

Induction Motors
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 2

Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain how a three-phase induction motor operates

 Compute the synchronous speed of an induction
motor and the slip between motor rotor and stator
magnetic field
 Compute the power that crosses that air gap of an
induction motor
 Explain how the parameters of an induction motor
circuit model relate to its performance
 Identify model equations

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 3

Three-Phase Induction Motors

Rotor
Motor Construction
Stator

Stator - magnetic structure Rotor - iron core and conductors

(iron core) and winding that that rotate and drive the shaft of the
create magnetic field. motor. Conductors can be either
Connected to three-phase copper bars (squirrel cage) or
voltages wound coils (wound-rotor)

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 4

Three-Phase Induction Motors

The three-phase voltages Va, Vb and Vc create fluxes that add in space
and time to create a rotating magnetic field without physical motion.

Flux wave rotates at a speed given by:

120  f
ns 
P

Where ns = synchronous speed

f = ac voltage frequency
P = number of poles
(not pole pairs)

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 5

Synchronous Speed
Example 12a-1: Four pole motor operating on a 60 Hz system.
What is the speed at which the magnetic field rotates
120  f P  4 poles 120  60
ns  ns   1800 rpm
P f  60 Hz 4

When supplied from 60 Hz system, ns is multiple of 60

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 6

Induction Motor Operation

For an Induction Motor to Rotate

3-phase voltages produce rotating magnetic field in

stator

Current is induced in rotor by moving magnetic field

Induced current in rotor produces a magnetic field in

rotor

Field in rotor interacts with the field in the stator to

produce torque (rotor "chases" stator field)

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 7

Slip and Slip Speed

To induce current in rotor there must be a speed difference between the
rotor and the rotating magnetic field. This speed difference is called slip
speed

n sl  n s  n r
Where nsl = slip speed
ns = synchronous speed
nr = rotor speed

Define slip as per unit value ns  n r

s
ns

Slip increases as load increases

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 8

Slip and Developed Torque

At start up nr = 0. Assuming ns = 1800 RPM determine the slip

ns  n r 1800  0 Slip is 1 at locked

s s 1
ns 1800 rotor (startup)

At full load torque motor spins at rated speed

Rated speed nr =1750 rpm: typical for 4 pole induction motor
ns  nr 1800  1750 Rated slips vary 0.02-
s s  0.028
ns 1800 0.05 of ns.

Slip at No-load Rotor spins at nearly n , so n =1798 typical for unloaded

s r
4 pole motor
ns  n r 1800  1798 Slip is near zero when
s s  0.001
ns 1800 there is no-load on the motor

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 9

Three-Phase Induction Motors

Advantages
Smooth Power Transfer
Power almost constant in 3-phase
systems

Power pulsates in single phase motors

Simple Construction
No brushes or other high maintenance
parts

Disadvantages
Can not easily control speed

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 10

Induction Motor Torque-Speed

Characteristic
Typical Torque-Speed Characteristic of Induction Motor
Starting
Breakover
Torque
Torque
200
Motor design determines
speed characteristic shape
150

Operating
Tm ( n) 100
range

50
Starting torque is developed
when n=0 rpm. In this case
approximately 100 N-m
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
n

Shape of torque speed characteristic depends on design of

motor

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 11

Slip Speed & Rotor Voltage/Frequency

Difference between speed of rotating magnetic field and rotor called
slip speed
n sl  n s  n r
Where nsl = slip speed

Slip speed increases as load increases and rotor frequency is a function of

slip
s  P  ns
f r
120

Where: ns = synchronous speed

s = p.u slip
fr = frequency of rotor induced
voltage

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 12

Slip Speed & Rotor Voltage/Frequency

With the rotor blocked n=0, s=1
P  ns
fr   f stator  f BR
120
Where: fstator = stator voltage frequency
fBR= blocked rotor frequency

At startup stator voltage frequency and rotor voltage frequency are equal

In operation slip not equal 1, so generally.. f r  s  f BR

Induced V max at s=1 E r  s  E BR
Where: Er = voltage induced in rotor at slip s
EBR = voltage induced with n=0 (Blocked rotor)

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 13

Motor Rotor Circuit Model

Motor has resistance and inductive reactance. XL depends on f so

Rotor reactance in
x r  2  f r  Lr x r  2  s  f BR  Lr x r  s  X BR
terms of blocked
rotor inductance

Rotor current
Rotor Impedance s  E BR s  E BR
z r  R r  j  x r  R r  j  s  XBR
Ir  
R r  j  x r R r  j  s  X BR

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 14

Motor Rotor Circuit Model

Some algebra gives E BR Rotor current depends
Ir 
 Rr  on slip which is related
   j  X BR to motor speed
 s 

Phase angle of Zr depends on slip ( R changes), so impedance angle

and Fp changes with motor slip. This means rotor current magnitude
and phase angle change with slip

Rotor current magnitude Rotor current phase angle Rotor power factor

E BR  
Ir    Fpr  cos(r )
 r  tan 1  BR 
2 X
 Rr    Rr  
   X BR
2

 s   
 s 
Where r = rotor current angle

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 15

Motor Rotor Circuit Model

Rotor Phase
Shift

Rotor
Current
Operating
Operating
range
range

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 16

Induction Motor Air Gap Power

Define power transferred across the air gap in the induction motor
Sgap  E BR  I r
*


Where E BR  E BR 0 I r  I r  - r

In rectangular form Sgap  E BR  I r  cos(r )  j  E BR  I r  sin(r )

With the following components Pgap  E BR  I r  cos(r )

Q gap  E BR  I r  sin(r )
Pgap = active power providing shaft power, friction, windage, and rotor
resistance losses.
Qgap = reactive power that oscillates across air gap
Rotor Fp and the magnitude of the Ir determine gap active power, Pgap
EBR is assumed to be constant because it is proportional to
the flux density which is assumed to be constant

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 17

Active Power Across Air-Gap

Components

Pgap  Pmech  Prcl

Where
Pmech = active power converted to shaft power
Prcl = rotor conductor losses

Prcl  3  I r  R r
2
Total 3-phase rotor losses

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 18

Active Power Across Air-Gap

3  Ir  R r
2
Total gap power Pgap 
s

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 19

Active Power Across Air-Gap

Slip related to the amount of mechanical load on motor.
More mechanical load more active power across gap

Combine power balance equations with definitions of

Pgap and Prcl

3  I r  R r  (1  s)
2
Pmech 
s

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 20

Active Power Across Air-Gap

Rotor resistance effects the amount of mechanical power
developed

Rr Into two parts: rotor loss resistance and the

Divide
s resistance that represents mechanical load

R r R r  (1  s)
  Rr
s s

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 21

Active Power Across Air-Gap

Per phase model of the rotor

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 22

Developed Torque and Mechanical Power

Mechanical power in terms of ns and nr

ns  n r nr nr
s s  1- so 1 - s 
ns ns ns
Substitute into the previous equation for mechanical power

3  Ir  R r  n r
2
Pmech 
s  ns

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 23

Developed Torque and Mechanical Power

Mechanical power related to rotor resistance and current
To find torque divide mechanical power by speed

 
 
 180  R r   E BR
2

Td     N-m
 2   s  n s 
 R 
2

  r   X BR 
2

 s  

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 24

Developed Torque and Mechanical Power

This equation assumes an ideal stator – no losses.

Used to generate torque-speed curves – rotor resistance

effects the developed power and, therefore torque

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 25

Motor Losses Efficiency & Power Factor

Pin = Electric power in to motor

Pscl = Stator conductor losses; Pcore = Core losses;
Prcl = Rotor conductor losses; Pfw = Friction and windage;
Pstray = Stray losses;
Pshaft = Mechanical power output (rated HP);
Pmech= Electric power converted to mechanical power in rotor.

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 26

Developed Torque and Mechanical Power

Power converted

Prcl
Pgap  Total active power across air gap
s Prcl = rotor conductor losses

Portion of active gap power

Pmech  Pgap  (1  s) converted to mechanical power
Pmech = Pshaft+Pfw+Pstray

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 27

Power Balance Equations

Power in must equal power out plus losses
Pmech

Rated shaft power (HP): Pshaft = Pmech – Pfw-Pstray

From stator side: Pgap = Pin – Pscl-Pcore

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 28

Power Balance Equations

Total apparent electric power in Sin  3  I L  VLL
Pin
Find Pin from Fp and Sin values Fp 
Sin

Also, given a motor efficiency at an output level

Po Pshaft
 
Pin Pin

Can find Pin

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 29

Example 12a-2
A 3-phase 60 Hz, 75 Hp, 4 pole motor operates at a rated
terminal voltage of 230 V Under rated conditions it draws a
line current of 186 A and has an efficiency of 90%. The
following losses are measured:
Core losses = 1273 W Stator conductor losses = 2102 W
Rotor conductor losses = 1162 W
Find: a) the input power
b) the total losses
c) the air gap power
d) the shaft speed
e) the motor power factor
f) combined mechanical losses

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 30

Example 12a-2 Solution (1)

a) Find input power

Ans

b) Find the total losses

Losses are the difference between the input and output powers

Ans

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 31

Example 12a-2 Solution (2)

c) Find the gap power

Ans

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 32

Example 12a-2 Solution (3)

d) Find shaft speed

From above

Find synchronous speed

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 33

Example 12a-2 Solution (4)

Ans

e) Motor power factor – ratio of apparent power to active power

Ans

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 34

Example 12a-2 Solution (5)

f) Combined mechanical losses

Ans

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 35

Example 12a-3
A 3-phase 230V, 25 HP, 60Hz, 4 pole motor rotor absorbs
20,200 W when supplying an unknown shaft load. The rotor
copper losses are measured at 975 W when supplying this
load. The friction and windage losses are known to be 250
W. Determine
a) the shaft speed;
b) mechanical power developed;
c) torque developed in the rotor;
d) shaft torque;
e) percent of rated horsepower that the motor is delivering.

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 36

Example 12a-3 Solution (1)

a) Motor speed

b) Mechanical power developed is Pgap less rotor conductor losses

Ans

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 37

Example 12a-3 Solution (2)

c) Compute developed torque in lb-ft

Ans

d) Compute shaft torque with shaft power

Ans

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 38

Example 12a-3 Solution (3)

e) Percent Load

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 39

Full Induction Motor Model

Per phase circuit similar to transformer
Vs = stator voltage (line voltage) Rfe = equivalent core resistance
Rs = stator winding resistance Rr = actual rotor resistance
Xs = stator leakage reactance XBR = actual blocked-rotor reactance
XM = stator core magnetizing reactance
a = N1/N2 ratio of stator to rotor turns

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 40

Full Induction Motor Model

Per phase motor model-rotor quantities referred to stator.

Where: I = stator current I2 = Ir/a2: rotor current referred to stator

1

R2 = Rra2 rotor resistance referred to stator

X2 = XBRa2 blocked rotor reactance referred to the stator

E2 = Esa blocked rotor voltage referred to the stator

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 41

Full Induction Motor Model

Remember, R2 can be written as:

 R  (1  s)  2
R2  Rr a2  a2  r   a Rr
 s 

The power, torque speed and efficiency can now be found

analytically from the model if input, output and model
parameters are known.

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 42

Full Induction Motor Model

Use circuit analysis techniques to determine motor
performance

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 43

Full Induction Motor Model

R2 Rotor R fe  j  X M Parallel
Z2   j X2 Z0  combination of core
s impedance R fe  j  X M values
Z 2  Z0
ZP  Zin  ZP  Z1 where Z1  R1  j  X1
Z 2  Z0
Total motor model impedance (per phase)

V
I1  Stator current E 2  I1  ZP Induced rotor
Zin voltage referred to
stator

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 44

Full Induction Motor Model

E2
I2  Rotor current referred to stator
Z2
Total power relationships
2
Pscl  3  I1  R1 Total stator conductor losses
2
P rcl  3  I 2  R 2 Total rotor conductor losses

P rcl  (1  s) 
Pgap  Pmech P rcl  
s  s 
Note: all power equations are for total three-phase power

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Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 45

Full Induction Motor Model

Pshaft  Pmech  Pfw  Pstray Shaft power is mechanical power
developed less mechanical losses

7.04  Pmech
TD  (lb - ft) Rotor developed torque.
nr Where nr = rotor speed

7.04  Pshaft
Tshaft  (lb - ft) Shaft torque
nr

Finally
3 | E 2 |2 The stator core losses are
Pcore  dependent on the voltage
R fe

Lesson 12a_et332b.pptx 46

End Lesson 12a: Three

Phase Induction Motors
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

LESSON 13 INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL

EXAMPLE
1

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Draw the per phase circuit model of an induction

motor
 Correctly place motor parameters on the circuit model
 Reduce the circuit model and solve of stator and rotor
currents
 Compute the motor power and losses
 Compute motor torques

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

Example 13-1: A 60 Hz, 15 HP, 460 V, 4-pole wye connected induction

spins a mechanical load at 1778 RPM. The motor parameters given in ohms
refered to the stator are:

R1 = 0.18 R2 = 0.20
X1 = 1.15 X2 = 1.23
XM = 40 Rfe = 317

Total mechanical power losses (friction, windage and stray) are 170 W
Find: a.) the motor slip; b.) the motor line current; c.) the apparent power
the motor draws from the system; d.) active power drawn by the motor; e.)
motor power factor; f.) total electric power losses of motor; g.) shaft power
and torque; h.) efficiency

Use per phase circuit model and circuit analysis to find these quantities

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (1)

R1=0.18 Ω Per phase circuit model

X1=1.15 Ω X2=1.23 Ω

R2/s=0.2/s Ω

Rfe=317 Ω

xm=40 Ω
f = 60 Hz Number of poles : P=4 nr = 1778 RPM
Pfw+Pstray = 170 W

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (2)

Find the motor slip

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (3)

Zp

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (4)

Find Zin to find the phase current in the stator
Z1
x1

R1
Zp

265.60
I1 
14.88528.57
7

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (5)

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (6)

Find the power factor and the total power losses

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (7)

Compute the rotor induced voltage

Value almost equal to phase voltage

Find the rotor current

from the value of E2 and
the rotor impedance, Z2

Power loss formula

10

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (8)

11

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 13-1 SOLUTION (9)

12

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Approximate Equivalent Circuit - move magnetizing branch

Stator impedance is usually small so there is little voltage drop across Z1

13

Lesson13_et332b.pptx

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Adjusting the values of R1 and R2 affect TD

Above equation derived from approximate equivalent circuit

TD proportional to V2 Reducing V reduces torques

14

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Lesson13_et332b.pptx

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 13 INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL

EXAMPLE

15

8
 Lesson 14: NEMA Designs and
Induction Motor Nameplate Data
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

lesson14_et332b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 List the characteristics of NEMA Design

motors.
 Identify and interpret motor nameplate
data.
 Use kVA codes to compute motor starting
currents.
 Explain the effects of reduced motor
voltage and frequency on machine
performance.
 Compute the changes in motor speed and
torque when voltage and frequency
lesson14_et332b.pptx 2
NEMA : National Electrical Manufacturers
Association

lesson14_et332b.pptx 3
NEMA Motor Designs
Different motor conductor designs given different rotor resistances,
which gives different motor characteristics
Design A - Starting torque
150% rated; breakdown
torque 275% Starting current
7-10 times rated current

Design B - Starting torque

approx. 150% rated;
breakdown torque 225%;
starting current < 6.4 times
rated. Most commonly used
motor design

lesson14_et332b.pptx 4
NEMA Motor Designs
Design C - High starting torque
motors; starting torque 240% to
275% of rated; starting I < 6.4
time I rated

Design D - High slip

motors. Very high starting
torques 275-300% of
rated. Speed operates at
85-95% rated; slip 5-15%.
Used to start high inertial
loads Very low starting
current, near rated at
start.
lesson14_et332b.pptx 5
Motor Nameplate Data
Nominal Efficiency - minimum
efficiency that is guaranteed for design
class. Given for one value of output -
rated

Design Letter - indicates NEMA design

type A, B, C, D

Service Factor - (S.F.) number that

indicates the maximum permissible
loading

lesson14_et332b.pptx 6
Motor Nameplate Data
Insulation Class - specifies maximum
allowable temperature rise for motor
windings

Code Letter - means of determining the

expected locked-rotor inrush current at
rated voltage and rated frequency

lesson14_et332b.pptx 7
 Motor Nameplate Data
Code Letter kVA Table
Code kVA/hp Code kVA/hp
Letter Letter
A 0-3.15 K 8.0-9.0
B 3.15-3.55 L 9 .0- 10.0
C 3.55-4.0 M 10-11.2
D 4.0-4.5 N 11.2-12.5
E 4.5-5.0 P 12.5-14.0
F 5.0-5.6 R 14.0-16.0
G 5.6-6.3 S 16.0 -18.0
H 6.3-7.1 T 18.0 -20.0
J 7.1-8.0 U 20-22.4
Above can be used to compute the
V >22.4
range of starting currents

lesson14_et332b.pptx 8
lesson14_et332b.pptx 9
Starting Current kVA Codes
Use kVA codes to find the range of motor starting currents

Where: VLL = line-to-line voltage applied to motor terminals

IL = line value of starting current.
hp = rated motor horsepower
kVA comes from given table

Example: G = 5.6-6.3 kVA/hp

lesson14_et332b.pptx 10
Starting Current kVA Codes
Example 14-1: A NEMA design motor is rated at 150 hp at 460, 60 Hz.
It has a rated current of 163 A and a nominal efficiency of 96.2%. The
locked rotor code is G. Find the range of starting current that can be
expected from this machine.

Range for code G 5.6-6.3 kVA/hp

Low value of kVA

High value of kVA

Low value of starting High value of starting current

current
840 kVA1000
Ilr  Ilr  1054.3 A A
3 460 V
Range 1054.3≤ Ilr ≤1186.1
lesson14_et332b.pptx 11
Effects of Reduced Terminal Voltage and
Frequency
Machines can operate +- 10% of rated
terminal voltage without significant
change in characteristics.

Motor rated voltage 460 V, Supply voltage 480 V

 Vsup ply 
% V   100%
 Vrated 
 480 V 
% V   100%
 460 V 
% V 104%

Generally must change both voltage and frequency to maintain torque-speed

characteristic (constant flux) (Can't vary terminal voltage for speed control)

lesson14_et332b.pptx 12
Effects of Changing Voltage and Frequency on
Torque
Use the following empirical formula

 V 2 s 
TD k   s 0.03
 f 
Where: TD = motor developed torque
V = motor terminal voltage
f = motor operating f
s = per unit slip
k = proportionality constant

Torque proportional to V2, s and inversely proportional to f

lesson14_et332b.pptx 13
Example 14-2: A 3-phase 460 V, 20 HP, 60 Hz, 4
pole motor drives a constant torque load at rated
shaft power at rated voltage, and frequency. The
motor speed under these conditions is 1762 RPM.
A system disturbance lowers the motor voltage by
10% and the system frequency by 6%. Find: a.)
the new motor speed; b.) the new shaft power.
Assume that the mechanical losses (Pfw and Pstray)
are constant.

lesson14_et332b.pptx 14
 Example 14-2 Solution (1)
Define equations

For 10% voltage

reduction

Find s1. This

requires
synchronous speed
lesson14_et332b.pptx 15
Example 14-2 Solution (2)
Compute
slip for 1st case

Constant
torque load so
equate torques

Solve for s2

lesson14_et332b.pptx 16
Example 14-2 Solution (3)
Compute the
value of s2

Per Unit
produces the same
result

lesson14_et332b.pptx 17
Example 14-2 Solution (4)
Need synchronous
speed for second case

Now compute
the new motor
speed

lesson14_et332b.pptx 18
 Example 14-2 Solution (5)
Solve part b. P1=rated horsepower=20 hpTs1 = shaft torque state 1
Ts2= shaft torque state 2
For constant torque load Ts1=Ts2

lesson14_et332b.pptx 19
End Lesson 14: NEMA Designs and
Induction Motor Nameplate Data
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

lesson14_et332b.pptx 20
 3/24/2021

Lesson 15: Induction Motor Testing:

Lock-Rotor and No-load Tests
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 1

Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Conduct locked rotor tests on 3-phase induction motors

 Conduct no-load tests on 3-phase induction motors
 Use measurements from lock rotor and no-load tests to
find motor circuit parameters

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 2

1
 3/24/2021

Finding Induction Motor Parameters

Dc Test - finds R1, the stator conductor resistance

Procedure: 1.) Apply dc voltage to stator

2.) Adjust dc source until rated current flows

Formulas R dc
For wye connected stator R1 
V 2
R dc  dc
I dc For delta connected stator R 1  1.5  R dc

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 3

Finding Induction Motor Parameters

Locked rotor test - finds the rotor parameters (R2, x2) and stator reactance
(x1) .

Locked-Rotor Test Procedure

1.) connect ammeters wattmeters and voltmeters as shown above
2.) mechanically lock the motor rotor
3.) adjust the supply voltage until rated current flows
4.) measure V P and I (line-to-line voltage, line current and total active power)

Recommended practice is to perform test at 25% rated f (15 Hz)

Minimizes errors due to saturation (X's) and skin effects (R's)
Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 4

2
 3/24/2021

Per Phase Circuit Model For Lock-Rotor Test

Finds rotor resistance

R2 and rotor and stator
leakage reactances x1
and x2

Define Test Quantities Calculations

IBR15 = blocked rotor test current (15 Hz) Find total impedance at 15 Hz
PBR15 = blocked rotor test power (15 Hz)
VBR15
VBR15 = blocked rotor voltage (15 Hz) Z BR15 
I BR15
PT
PBR15  R BR15  R 1  R 2
3
P Find rotor R R 2  R BR15  R 1
R BR15  2BR15
I BR15 Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 5

Locked-Rotor Test Calculations

Find the rotor and stator leakage reactances from locked rotor resistance and
reactance

X BR15  Z2BR15  R 2BR15

 60 Hz 
Change to 60 Hz X BR 60     X BR15
 15 Hz 

X BR 60  x1  x 2

Divide the leakage reactances based on the NEMA design types. Use the following table.

Design A, D B C Wound
Type Rotor
x1 0.5∙XBR60 0.4∙XBR60 0.3∙XBR60 0.5∙XBR60
x2 0.5∙XBR60 0.6∙XBR60 0.7∙XBR60 0.5∙XBR60

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 6

3
 3/24/2021

Induction Motor No-Load Test

No-load Test - Finds magnetizing reactance and combined friction, core and
windage power losses.

No-Load Test Procedure

1.) Apply rated voltage and frequency with no mechanical load.
2.) Measure current voltage and power.
3.) Uses same test instrument setup as locked-rotor test. Measure IL, VL and PT.

Model for No-load test Since IM >>> Ife it is

neglected in this test so Rfe
omitted

Measure
PNL = No-load power losses
INL = No-load current
VNL = No-load voltage

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 7

Induction Motor No-Load Test Formulas

Find apparent and reactive power into unloaded motor
S NL  VNL  I NL

Q NL  SNL  PNL
2 2

Use reactive power to find total

reactance
Q NL
X NL 
I 2NL

No-load reactance is the sum of the magnetizing reactance and stator leakage
X NL  x1  x M
x M  X NL  x1

Use no-load power to find PNL  I 2NL  R1  Pcore  Pstray

rotational losses
Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 8

4
 3/24/2021

Example 15-1: Following data is taken from no-load, locked rotor,

and DC tests of a 3-phase, wye connected 40 HP, 60 Hz, 460 V,
induction motor with a rated current of 57.8 A. The locked-rotor
test is made at 15 Hz to minimize the errors due to saturation and
skin effects. Determine the motor parameters and the total core,
friction and windage losses. Draw the approximate equivalent
circuit for the motor

Lock-rotor No-load DC Test

Vline = 36.2 V 460.0 V Vdc = 12.0 V
Iline = 58.0 A 32.7 A Idc = 59.0 A
PT = 2573.4 W PT = 4664.4 W

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 9

Example 15-1 Solution (1)

Convert line voltages, currents and total power to per phase quantities

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 10

5
 3/24/2021

Example 15-1 Solution (2)

For a wye connected motor

Stator winding resistance

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 11

Example 15-1 Solution (3)

Use locked-rotor test values to find rotor resistance, R1 and stator/rotor leakage
reactance x1, x2

Find the rotor resistance

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 12

6
 3/24/2021

Example 15-1 Solution (4)

Now find XBR at test frequency of 15 Hz

Convert this result to 60 Hz

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 13

Example 15-1 Solution (5)

Now find Xm and power losses from no-load test data

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 14

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Example 15-1 Solution (6)

Need to find x1 and x2 to find the xm value. Assume the motor is NEMA design B

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 15

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

0.1020 Ω
j0.4073 Ω j0.6110 Ω

0.1530/s Ω
Omit
Rfe

j7.58 Ω

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 16

8
 3/24/2021

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 15: INDUCTION MOTOR

TESTING: LOCK-ROTOR AND NO-LOAD TESTS

Lesson 15_et332b.pptx 17

9
 Lesson 16: Asynchronous
Generators/Induction Generators

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power
Systems

et332bInd.ppt 1
 Learning Objectives

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain how an induction generator operates

 List application for induction generators in the use
renewable resources
 Discuss the limitations of induction generators
 Compute the power developed from an induction
generator using the per phase circuit model

et332bInd.ppt 2
 Induction Generators
Driving an induction motor faster than synchronous speed
when connected to the grid results in active power
generation

Induction generators (asynchronous generators) designed

with lower rotor R to reduce losses and machine slip.

Applications: Wind Turbines, Hydraulic Turbines (small

scale hydro), Gas engines fueled by
natural gas or biogas

cogeneration

et332bInd.ppt 3
 Induction Generator Starting Sequence
Existing Three Phase System
1.) Breaker open
2.) Increase prime mover
mechanical power input
until nr >ns.
Electric Breaker
Power
3.) Close Breaker
Out 4.) Adjust mechanical power
input to match electric
Induction Prime load.
Generator Mover
Pmech=Pe+Ploss
nr >ns

Generator
Losses Induction generator can
Mechanical not vary terminal voltage
Power In
or frequency. Set by
system.
et332bInd.ppt 4
 Induction Generator Speed Power Curves
Induction Machine Speed-Power Curve
100
ns
1.1ns
Generator
Air Gap Power (kW)

Operation
50

-50
Pushover
Power
-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Rotor Speed (rpm)
et332bInd.ppt 5
 Limitations of Induction Generations
• Require existing power grid for synchronous
operation.
– Can not control frequency or voltage independently
• Can not operate above pushover speed
• Require a source of reactive power to operate
– When connect to grid, system supplies reactive power
to operate generator
• When operating without grid connection
frequency varies with power output.
– Parallel capacitors supply reactive power

et332bInd.ppt 6
 Induction Generator Example

A three-phase, six-pole, 460 V, 60 Hz induction generator operates on

a 480 V system. The generator its rated power output is 20 kW. It
is driven by a turbine at a speed of 1215 rpm. The generator has
the following electrical parameters:

R1 =0.200 W, R2= 0.150 W, Rfe= 320 W,

X1=1.20 W, X2=1.29 W, XM=42.0 W

Find the active power delivered by the generator and the reactive
power it requires from the system to operate.

et332bInd.ppt 7
Example Solution

et332bInd.ppt 8
Example Solution

et332bInd.ppt 9
Example Solution

et332bInd.ppt 10
Example Solution

et332bInd.ppt 11
 Isolated Operation of Induction Generators
Isolated Three Phase System

Isolated Induction generator

requires residual flux
to build voltage
Electric
Power Breaker
Out Capacitors supply reactive
Reactive
Power from power to load and
Capacitors
generator when voltage
builds.
Induction Prime
Generator Mover
Voltage falls rapidly when
nr >ns load is applied.
Generator When nr = ns, no
Losses power delivered

Mechanical
Power In

et332bInd.ppt 12
 Voltage Build-up in Isolated Induction Generators
jX1

R1
R2/s
External Capacitor provides
-jXc jXm
Vin Rfe
jX2
Reactive power for operation

Operating point set by intersection

Xc0>Xc1 between magnetization curve and
Vop
Xc

Xc0 Vop
Xc 
Voltage

Xc1
Iop
Iop  1 
Current
Iop C  
Vop  2f 

et332bInd.ppt 13
 Voltage Build-up in Isolated Induction Generators
Lab measurements determine the magnetization curve
Three Phase Induction Motor Magnetization Curve

140

120
Stator Voltage (V)

100

80

60
Iop  1  1.18  1 
40 C    
Vop  2f  110  260 
Inductance
change
20
C 2.845 10 5 F or 28.45 F
due to rotor 0
motion 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Stator Current (A)

Lab Data Linearized Magnetization Curve Load Line

et332bInd.ppt 14
Voltage Build-up in Isolated Induction Generators
Single phase motor magnetization curve

Magnetization Curve-Single Phase Motor

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00
Voltage (V)

60.00
I op  1  5.74  1 
40.00
C    
Vop  2f  120  260 
20.00 C 1.27 10 4 F or 127 F
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Current (A)

Lab Measurements Linearized Data Load Line

et332bInd.ppt 15
 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 16: ASYNCHRONOUS

GENERATORS/INDUCTION
GENERATORS
et332bInd.ppt 16
Lesson 17: Synchronous
Machines
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

➢ Explain how synchronous machines operate.

➢ Draw the per phase circuit model of a synchronous
machine.
➢ Write and utilize the power equations for synchronous
machines.
➢ Use machine equations to determine a machines
operation point and power
➢ Compute motor torques

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 2
 Synchronous Machines
Synchronous Motors – Convert electrical power into
mechanical power. They operate at a constant speed

Synchronous generator (Alternator) - Convert

mechanical power into electrical power (3-phase).
Constant speed of mechanical drive gives constant
frequency ac

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 3
Basic Construction of Synchronous
Machines
Stationary part of machine
called the armature. Similar
to induction motor stator

Rotating part of machine is

electromagnet energized by a
dc source and called the field

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 4
 Operational Theory for Synchronous
Machines
Motor Operation
1.) Armature is connected to 3-phase source - rotating magnetic
field formed in armature windings
2.) Rotor (field) is energized by dc source. Creates a magnetic
dipole
3.) Motor has no starting torque, must be started as induction
motor. Damper windings engaged (induction motor action).
Motor accelerates to almost synchronous speed.
4.) Damper winding disengaged, motor stays locked to rotating
magnetic field and produces torque

Synchronous motors operate at constant speed regardless of load

applied

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 5
 Operational Theory for Synchronous
Machines
Alternator Operation

1.) Prime mover attached to machine shaft.

2.) Dc supply applied to rotor to make magnetic dipole

3.) Prime mover accelerates machine to operating speed.

Speed and number of poles determine frequency

4.) Armature (stationary winding) generate 3-phase voltages

Note: mechanical power input determines electrical power output

exciter voltage level determines alternator terminal voltage

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 6
 Synchronous Motor Operation
Motor speed constant at synchronous speed, ns
120  f
ns =
P
Where f = power system frequency (Hz)
P = number of motor poles
Speed can only be changed by changing system f or number of poles in
machine

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 7
 Motor Reaction to Application Load
Application
1.) Motor rotor is in phase with rotating armature (stator) field

2.) Mechanical load is applied, rotor slows instantaneously then

returns to ns.

3.) Instantaneous speed reduction causes rotor to lag rotating field

by an angle (phase shift) Angular shift called power angle (d).

5.) Torque and power developed is related to angular shift

High values of d will cause rotor to slip out of synchronization with

rotating magnetic field. Condition called out-of-step operation or
pole slipping (Causes current pulses in armature windings)

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 8
Synchronous Motor Operation
Torque Angle

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 9
 Counter-EMF Components in
Synchronous Machines
Field flux induces voltage into armature (stator) due to rotation (Ef).
Ef depends on If (dc field current) and ns The parameter Ef , called
excitation voltage.

Rotating magnetic field in armature (stator) induces voltage in armature

called armature reaction voltage. (Ear) This voltage depends on the speed
of the rotating magnetic field produced by the applied voltage

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 10
 Per Phase Circuit Model

Motor Operation V T = I a R a + j(X l + X ar ) + E f

Where: VT = applied V /phase (phasor)

Ia = armature current (phasor)
Xl = armature leakage reactance ohms/phase
Xar = armature-reaction reactance ohms/phase
Ra = armature resistance ohms/phase

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 11
 Simplified Synchronous Machine
Model
Let Xs = Xl + Xar = synchronous reactance
+ Ra << Xs so it is usually ignored

Ia +
Ef also called voltage behind
synchronous reactance.

dc field is implied in this drawing

For alternator operation, V T = E f + I a  jX s

reverse the direction of Ia

Where VT = per phase terminal voltage (phasor)

Ef = voltage behind synchronous reactance
Ia = armature current (phasor)
Xs = synchronous reactance

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 12
 Power Transfer in Synchronous
Machines

d Ia  X
E f sin(d)
Ef qi

I a  X s cos(qi )
From phasor diagram above E sin(d) = I  X cos(q )
f a s i

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 13
 Power Transfer In Synchronous
Machines
Multiplying the equation from the phasor diagram by VT and dividing
both sides by Xs gives power/phase.

VT  Ef
sin(d) = VT  I a cos(qi )
Xs

Where: qi = machine power factor.

Total 3-phase power is

− 3 VT  Ef In terms of machine
Pin = sin(d)
Xs quantities

Pin = −3VT  I a cos(qi ) In terms of input quantities

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 14
 Maximum Power Transfer in
Synchronous Machines
There is a maximum power that a synchronous machine can develop
before it loses synchronism
Pmax Generator action
(+90 degrees)
12 10

− 90 90
Lagging angle-motor action
P(d ) 0
Leading angle-generator
action

10
− 12
200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200
− 180 d 180
deg
Pmax Motor action
(-90 degrees)
Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 15
Example 17-1: A 100 hp 460 volt 60 Hz 4-pole synchronous
motor is operating at rated conditions and a power factor
of 80% leading. The motor efficiency is 96% and the
synchronous reactance is 2.72 ohms/phase. Find:
a.) developed torque;
b.) armature current;
c.) excitation voltage (Ef);
d.) power angle;
e.) the maximum torque the motor can develop without
loss of synchronization. (pull-out torque).

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 16
 Example 17-1 Solution (1)
Find the input power

No losses in
Armature so

Motor operates
at synchronous
speed

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 17
 Example 17-1 Solution (2)

No losses in armature so Pin = Pmech

Now find the phase angle from the Fp.

Combine magnitude and phase angle

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 18
 Example 17-1 Solution (3)
Find voltage behind synchronous reactance

Assume that VT is the reference phasor

d.) Torque angle is the same as the angle on Ef

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 19
 Example 17-1 Solution (4)
Now find the pullout torque

Compute the torque from Pmax and synchronous speed

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 20
 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 17

Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 21
 Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
LESSON 18 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
OPERATION AND APPLICATIONS
1 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After this presentation you will be able to:

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
➢ Interpret a synchronous motor phasor diagram
➢ Explain how increasing mechanical load affects
synchronous motor electrical characteristics
➢ Explain the difference between electrical and
mechanical degrees in synchronous motor operation
➢ Compute the motor developed power and torque

2
 LOAD CHANGE ON SYNCHRONOUS Mcurrent
Armature OTORS increases
and power factor angle
decreases.

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
Increasing torque
increases d

Increases the voltage

drop between VT and
Ef.

More active power enters the motor to maintain speed and develop the new 3
value of torque
 ELECTRICAL DEGREES VS MECHANICAL DEGREES IN
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Electrical power/torque angle measurement is related to the rotor phase
shift by the following formula

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
P
de = d m   
2
Where: de = phase shift in electrical degrees
dm = mechanical phase shift in the rotating magnetic
field of the rotor

Magnetic poles of synchronous and induction motors are 180 electrical

degrees apart.

4
 ELECTRICAL DEGREES VS MECHANICAL DEGREES IN
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Example 18-1: A 100 hp, 460 V, 4-pole, wye-connected,
cylindrical rotor synchronous motor is operating with a
mechanical power angle of 5.5 degrees. Determine the

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
electrical torque angle

Number of poles Mechanical degrees

5.5

Electrical torque angle for the motor degrees

5
Example 18-2: A 2-pole, 1000 hp, 6000 V, 3-phase wye-
connected synchronous motor is operating at rated load and
0.8 leading power factor. At this operating point, the machine
efficiency is 92%. The motor synchronous reactance is 4.2
ohms/phase Find:

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
a.) the motor power angle
b.) the power developed in the rotor
c.) the torque developed in the rotor (lb-ft)

6
EXAMPLE 18-2 SOLUTION (1)
Need to find angle d. Start by finding the armature current

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
Use power factor to find current phase angle

7
EXAMPLE 18-2 SOLUTION (2)
Find Eaf Wye connect motor. Need phase voltage

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
8
 EXAMPLE 18-2 SOLUTION (3)
b.) Find the developed power

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
Compute
value
9
EXAMPLE 18-2 SOLUTION (4)
c.) Use the developed power and motor speed to find torque

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
10
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE OPERATION AND EXCITATION
Motor Operation: Increasing excitation increases magnetic field
strength. Decreases power angle for a fixed load. Increases Max
power.

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
− 3 VT  Ef
Pin = sin(d)
Xs

Increasing Ef increases Pin for fixed d and VT

Alternator operation: Increasing excitation also decreas es d which

increases max power.

11
 MACHINE EXCITATION AND REACTIVE POWER TRANSFER
Increases in excitation also control reactive power transfer.


3 V T  E f  cos(d) − V T 
2

 

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
Q=
Xs

For small d, cos(d) approximately equal 1. Q mainly depends on

magnitude of V drop. (VT-Ef)

12
TYPES OF MACHINE EXCITATION
Ef = VT Called normal excitation. Synchronous motor
supplies all magnetizing current to transfer power
across air gap.

Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
Ef > VT Called overexcited. Synchronous motor has
surplus of reactive power. Supplies vars to power
system. (leading Fp)

Ef < VT Called underexcited. Synchronous motor

requires reactive power from system to transfer
power across air gap. (Lagging Fp)
13
 Lesson 18_et332b.pptx
END LESSON 18
14 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
 Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
LESSON 19 POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION USING SYNCHRONOUS
MOTORS
1 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this presentation you will be able to:

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
 Explain how a synchronous motor can provide
reactive power to other electric loads
 Use circuit model and power formulas to find the
amount of reactive power a synchronous motor
must deliver to produce a given power factor
 Find the motor excitation voltage required to give a
desired reactive power

2
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION USING
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
Overexcited motor supplied mechanical power to load and
reactive power to the inductive loads of system

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Synchronous Condenser
Synchronous motor
designed for power factor
correction. No shaft.

3
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER EXAMPLE
Example 19-1: 3-phase, 460 V 60 Hz system

Load 1: 6-pole, 60 Hz, 400 hp induction motor operating at 75%

rated output , Efficiency = 90% Fp = 82% Laggin

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Load 2: 75 kW delta connected resistance heater
Load 3: 300 hp 60 Hz 4-pole Y-connected cylindrical rotor
synchronous motor operating at 50% rated torque angle of
-16.4 degrees Efficiency = 95%Xs = 0.667 ohms/phase

Find: a.) system active power load;

b.) power factor of the synchronous motor;
c.) system power factor;
d.) percentage change in synchronous motor excitation to
correct system power factor to 1.0;
e.) power angle for condition in part d.
4
EXAMPLE SOLUTION
Find the input active power of all the loads using the load factor and
efficiency.

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
5
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Find the total input power

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Answer Part a

Part b. Fp of synchronous motor

6
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
7
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Compute the value of armature current

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
8
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Part c. Find system power factor. Construct power triangles for all
loads

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
9
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Find the reactive power produced by the synchronous motor

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
10
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Construct power triangles

Load 1

173,571 VAR
Load 3

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Load 2
117,790 W

248,667 W 75,000 W
-82,830 VAR

11
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Find the apparent power of the total system

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Part d. Find excitation of synchronous motor for system unity Fp

12
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Determine the required motor reactive power

Total motor power phasor

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Find power/phase

VT = phase voltage Y-connected

13
EXAMPLE SOLUTION CONTINUED
Compute the armature current

Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
Ef1 = voltage at the original operating point and Fp

14
 Lesson 19_et332b.pptx
END LESSON 19
15 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

LESSON 20 ALTERNATOR
OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES 1
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Interpret alternator phasor diagrams under

different load conditions.
 Explain the infinite bus concept and
compute power delivered to an infinite bus.
 Explain how alternators are synchronized.
 Define alternator stiffness.

2
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

ALTERNATOR OPERATION
Synchronous machines can convert from motor to generator
operation by having the shaft driven by a source of mechanical
power

Current exits for

generator
operation

Note: reversal of current direction

in machine electrical model
3
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

PHASOR DIAGRAMS OF MACHINE OPERATION

Motor operation: d lags the terminal voltage VT.
Armature current Ia can either lead or lag VT depending on
value of excitation.
Leading Ia

Lagging Ia

4
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

PHASOR DIAGRAMS OF MACHINE OPERATION

Machine with no mechanical load or power output. The
torque/power angle, d is 0 in this case

Ef1

d=0

5
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

PHASOR DIAGRAMS OF MACHINE OPERATION

Generator operation Ef1 leads the

(Alternator) terminal voltage for
generator
operation

Power factor angle can

either lag or lead
depending on field
excitation

6
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

ALTERNATOR CIRCUIT MODEL

Synchronous Generator Equations and Model Circuit

Power equation (Watts/phase)

Note: equation is positive and d is positive for

Alternator (generator) operation
Ia Voltage equation
reversed

Where: VT = terminal voltage/phase (V)

Ef = excitation voltage/phase (V)
Ia = armature current/phase (A)
Xs = synchronous reactance/phase (ohms)
7
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

GENERATOR LOADING
Excess field
Mechanical Exciter flux converted
power to reactive power
converted to
active power Idc
Pmech
Pe
ELECTR
Prime
Generator IC
Mover
LOADS

Governo Q
Prime r Electrical load
Mover produces counter-
Torque torque
peed Governor – device that regulates
Increased electrical load produces counter
eed to match electric load torque that prime mover must overcome or
prime mover slows down 8
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

INFINITE BUS CONCEPT

In large power systems, VT and system frequency are assumed
constant.
Individual generators added to large system can not change VT
and f.
Good approximation when generator small with respect to all
other generation connected
System Tie
Bus
Power Grid
(100’s of
interconnected
Gen
generators. Psys =
sum of all generator’s
outputs)
Local Generator
VT and f Po <<< Psys
constant
here
9
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

INFINITE BUS EXAMPLE

Example 20-1: 3-phase, 460 V, 2-pole, 60 Hz, wye-
connected, synchronous alternator. Xs = 1.26
ohm/phase. Connected to an infinite bus and
supplies 117 kW with a power angle of 25 degrees.
Neglect losses and find:
a.) turbine torque supplied to alternator;
b.) excitation voltage;
c.) active, reactive power and machine power
factor;
d.) neglecting saturation effects of the field, the
excitation voltage if the field current is reduced to
85% of its original value in part a;
e.) the turbine speed for 60 Hz operation
10
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-1 SOLUTION (1)

d torque developed by prime mover to generate 117 kW neglecting loss

Need synchronous speed

11
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-1 SOLUTION (2)

Find the excitation voltage Ef

Solve for Ef

12
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-1 SOLUTION (3)

Part c.) Find Sout Pout and Qout of generator. Need armature current

13
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-1 SOLUTION (4)

Find the power phasor using the following formulas

14
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-1 SOLUTION (5)

nd the power factor and the change in excitation voltage

15
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

PARALLELING SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

:Required initial conditions : Machines must have same phase
sequence (order of voltages) (ABC) or (BAC). Incorrect phase
sequence causes short circuit.

Turbine speed 1.) Adjust

should be a
fraction of Hz
voltage of
faster than incoming
system to VT machine to
prevent match system
motoring of voltage
generator 3.)
Close
2.) Adjust
generat
frequency of
or
incoming
breaker
generator to
match system
f
(Synchronize
to system)

16
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

MEASURING SYSTEM/MACHINE FREQUENCY

Synchroscope - instrument to determine if machine

frequency is the same as system frequency. Instrument
indicates fast-slow operation by comparing the frequencies of
the two voltages (system-generator)

Mathematically,
phase shift is Where: f = phase shift
integral of fs = system frequency
frequency change fg(t) = generator frequency

17
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

SYNCH EXAMPLE
Generator voltage lagging system voltage - crosses zero later
in time
Also cause
rotor
oscillations
which cause
the
generator
to be
unstable Df

Closing Generator breaker with phase shifts of greater than 10 degrees

causes high armature currents and will trip the generator off line 18
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

SYNCHRONIZING GENERATOR TO
SYSTEM
Increasing speed of prime mover increases frequency which
reduces phase difference

19
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

SYNCHRONIZING GENERATOR TO
SYSTEM
Phase shift near zero at ts. Prime
mover is accelerating the rotor ahead
of the system voltage after this point.
(Vg leads Vs)

Close generator
breaker when phase
is slightly leading
system

Machine will remain

locked to system
frequency after
breaker is closed
assuming infinite
bus
20
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

STIFFNESS OF SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES
Stiffness -Ability of a synchronous machine to resist forces that
pull it out of synchronism. Slope of the power-angle curve around
a given operating point

Operating point in graph above is at

do 21
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

STIFFNESS OF SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES
Remember power equation

To find slope, take derivative of P with respect to d. This is

defined as the stiffness

Units of Ps are watts/radian (or degree)

22
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

STIFFNESS OF SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES
Example 20-2: A 3-phase 13.2 kV 60 Hz, 50 MVA
wye-connected cylindrical rotor synchronous
generator has Xs = 2.49 ohms/phase and an
internally generated voltage at the operating point of
15,767 VLL with a power angle of 11.1 degrees. The
machine has 8 poles. Determine:

a.) the synchronizing power in MW/rad and MW/

mechanical degree
b.) synchronizing torque in N-n/radian

23
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-2 SOLUTION (1)

d the per phase quantities of VT and Ef from the line-to-line values

24
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

EXAMPLE 20-2 SOLUTION (2)

Number of poles is 8, so... de= (dm) ∙(P/2)

.) Now compute the synchronizing torque

Compute
synchronous
speed to
Convert
Radians/second

25
 Lesson 20_et332b.pptx

ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

END LESSON 20
ALTERNATOR OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

26
 Lesson 21: Alternator
Capabilities and
Mechanical Power Control
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain the power balance in and

alternator.
 Identify the operating region of an
alternator’s capability curve.
 Explain how a governor controls
mechanical power input to an alternator
 Compute governor droop.

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 2
Power Balance in Alternators
Alternator Ratings
Alternators rated in kVA
or MVA at a specified
power factor

Typical: 100 kVA, 480 V

at 80% power factor

Active power Reactive

supplied by power
prime mover determined
by machine
excitation
Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 3
 Power Balance in Alternators
Prime mover sized to handle
largest active power load
expected
plus losses
Maximum active power load occurs
When Fp =1.0 so Srated= Pout

Generally
Pout Fp Srated

Most alternators supply

reactive power also so Fp
changes up to approximately
80% leading Prime Mover :Diesel Engine

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 4
 Alternator Capability Curve
Alternator Capability Curve
150

Operating
Reactive power output
100 Range limited by machine
excitation system
50 In this diagram
Reactive Power (kVAR)

+ kVARs are delivered

0 - kVARs are absorbed.

50

100
80% lead

150
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Active Power Into System (kW)
kVAR out 80% lag
kVAR in
0.8 Leading
0.8 Lagging

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 5
 Mechanical Power Input
Control
Governor - electromechanical speed control used to
maintain constant speed as machine power load
changes
Power transfer between parallel alternators is controlled
by change in prime-mover power input and speed. If
speed remains constant, then torque increases as
developed power increases

Mechanical Power In
n= constant
Speed

Increasing Torque

Torque Electric Power Out

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 6
 Governor Characteristic and Speed Regulation

Governor Speed Regulation

n nl  n rated f nl  f rated
GSR  
n rated f rated

Where nnl = no-load speed of machine

(rpm)
nrated = rated machine speed (rpm)
frated = rated frequency (Hz)
fnl = no-load frequency (Hz)
Prime-mover Governor Characteristic – relates speed
(frequency) change to alternator power output

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 7
 Governor Characteristic Curve
fnl and nnl
61.2 Hz
3672 rpm
rated f and n
60 Hz GD
3600
rpm
f (Hz)
n (rpm) rated P out

0
0 500 kW
P (kW)

Governor Droop-the slope of the governor control

characteristic.
Units - Hz\W or Hz\kW or Hz\MW
f fnl  frated
Formula GD  
P Prated

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 8
Governor Characteristic Curve Example
Example 21-1: Find the speed
61.2 Hz regulation and the governor droop
3672 rpm for the machine that has the curve
GD
shown
60 Hz
3600
rpm
f (Hz)
n (rpm)

0
0 500 kW
P (kW)

f 61.2  60 Hz
GD   0.0024 Hz/kW
P 500 kW

fnl  frated 61.2  60 Hz

GSR   0.02
frated 60

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 9
End Lesson 21: Alternator Capabilities
and Mechanical Power Control
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

Lesson 21_et332b.pptx 10
 Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
LESSON 22: ACTIVE POWER
DIVISION BETWEEN ALTERNATORS
1 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After this presentation you will be able to:

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
 Explain how active power load divides between
parallel alternators with equal governor droop
 Explain how active power load divides between
parallel alternators with unequal governor droop
 Define isochronous governor operation
 Compute the load division and system frequency
of a load increase on parallel generators.

2
 ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS
Governor droop determines the active power division between
parallel alternators

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Load shifting requires changes in the To grid
mechanical power of each machine’s
prime-mover

If Gen A wishes to take more

active power load, prime-mover
power must increase.
Gen Gen
Gen B prime-mover power A B
must decrease or system
frequency will increase. Prime Mover Prime Mover
A B
3

Pin Pin
 ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS
Power transfer between alternators accomplished by adjusting their
governor’s no-load speed settings

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Example 22-1: Two alternators serve a 150 MW load in an isolated power
system and have identical governor characteristics

A1 B1
A B 60 Hz
B

PA =0 MW PB =150 MW
A
To load 0 150 MW
4
Frequency is constant in power system. Change
Initial conditions: load by shifting governor characteristics.
 ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS
To shift load: raise the no-load speed of Gen A raising the whole characteristic.

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
If 50 MW change
required, pick up 25
MW on Gen A
A2 B2
f new
60 Hz
B1 B
A1
A

0 150 MW
25 MW 125 MW

Speed increases on A because more mechanical power

is applied to the prime-mover
A B PB =125 MW
Speed increases on B because load transfers to A from B
5
PA =25 MW
To load
 ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS
System frequency must remain at 60 Hz so Gen B must lower its
characteristic

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Gen B lowers characteristic to
A2 B2 reduce load by 25 MW
f new
60 Hz A
A3 B3 B

0 50 MW
100 MW

Machines with identical governor droops divide load

A B PB =100 MW
increases equally between themselves regardless of
machine rating
6
PA =50 MW
With dissimilar governor droops machine with least
droop assumes most of any load change To load
 LOAD INCREASE AND SYSTEM FREQUENCY
If electrical load on system increases and there is no governor
control the system frequency falls
Adding load to a
Frequency (Hz)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
B system with similar
governor droops
A

60 Hz
DPL
59.5 Hz
DGA DGB DGA = DGB
0
P (MW)
Automatic control of governor no-load speed corrects for change in load
by raising or lowering the characteristics of the machines. This causes
the development of more or less mechanical power.
Steam Turbines – open turbine control valve more 7
Diesel Engine – open throttle more
Hydropower – open water control valves
 ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNORS AND FREQUENCY
CONTROL
Isochronous governors - This type of governor can maintain
constant speed for any level of output power.

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Df
For isochronous governors 0
DP
Gen B is isochronous

A Can only change loading by

A1 B2 A2 B1 changing A’s characteristic.
60 Hz
B Changing B changes
system frequency.
Isochronous machine takes
0 150 MW load changes.
25 MW 50 MW 125 MW

1.) PA = 25 MW, PB = 150 MW PT = PA+PB = 25+150 = 175 MW 8

2.) PA = 125 MW, PB = 50 MW PT = PA+PB = 125+50 = 175 MW

 POWER DIVISION IN PARALLEL ALTERNATORS
Use similar triangle solution to find active power distribution in parallel
alternators

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
From Similar Triangles
f nl f nl  f rated
GD 
frequency

Dfrated Prated
Df So
f rated f new
f nl  f rated Df

DPrated DP Prated DP
0 Prated
Power kW
GSR  f rated Df
Rearranging the speed regulation equation gives: GD  
Prated DP
Where: GD = governor droop
GSR = governor speed regulation 9
Df = change in f due to change in load
DP = change in load
Example 22-1: Parallel generators A and B share a total load of 300
kW at 60 Hz.
Machine Voltage Power GSR Freq Load
A 460 V 500 kW 2.0% 60 Hz 100 kW
B 460 V 500 kW 2.0% 60 Hz 200 kW

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
If generator A trips off line determine a.) frequency of
generator A b.) frequency of generator B c.) frequency of the system

Qualitative analysis: Machine A loses load and should have speed

increase. Machine B must take up load lost by A and should decrease speed.

10
 EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (1)
Show system operation using power/frequency plots
f nl  f rated  GSR  f rated
fnl=61.2 Hz
f nl  60 Hz  0.02  60 Hz
f nl  61.2 Hz

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
frated=60.0 Hz
0 kW 500 kW
f nl
Frequency (Hz)

f rated
Dfb
f new
A B
DPa DPb

0 100 kW 200 kW 300 kW

Power kW

11
After A trips off-line PA =0 and PB=300 kW
DPA=DPB=100 kW
EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (2)
a.) For machine A
GSR  f rated Df a

Prated DPa

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
DPa = 100 kW A tripped off. Now delivers 0 kW

0.02  60 Hz Df a

500 kW 100
Df a  0.24 Hz
f a  60  0.24  60.24 Hz Answer

Loss of electrical load causes speed to increase if mechanical

power input is not decreased.
12
 EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (3)
b.) Since Gen A and B are identical, increasing electrical load causes
frequency to drop if mechanical power input is not increased

f b  60  0.24  59 .76 Hz

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Answer

c.) Only Gen B is on-line, so its frequency is the system frequency

fs = 59.76 Hz Answer

13
Example 22-2: 500 kW 60 Hz 2300 V alternator is
paralleled with a 60 Hz 300 kW machine. Both have
governor speed regulation values of 2.43%. Each
machine carries 200 kW at a frequency of 60.5 Hz. If total
load increases to 500 kW determine:

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
a.) system frequency
b.) load carries by each machine

14
 EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (1)
Machines have unequal governor droops.

61.458 61.458

A B

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
B 60.0 60.0
500 kW 300 kW
A
60.5 Hz Define similar triangles
Df
f sys
DPb A

DPa B
0 PA = 200 kW PAnew= DPA+PA
PB = 200 kW PBnew=DPB+PB
Power kW

Increasing load causes machines to follow governor curves

15
EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (2)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
16
EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (3)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
17
EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (4)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
18
EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (5)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
19
 Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
END LESSON 22: ACTIVE POWER
DIVISION BETWEEN ALTERNATORS

20 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems