UACE P615 Art

By: Nsangi Secondary School Art and Design Department 2021

With support from

KOICA Uganda
through
Nsangi Secondary School 1
The Volunteer programDepartment of Art & Design
Acknowledgement
We as a department of Art and Design Nsangi Secondary School are greatly
indebted to KOICA Uganda for the far they have helped us as far as facilities and
equipment for the department is concerned.
We appreciate Ms. Choi JeongRan the KOICA volunteer for her great effort to see
the production of this guide, our head teacher, Ms. Yunia Lwanga for her supportive
hand, The ICT department of Nsangi Secondary school for their support in
typesetting and editing, the members of the great Art department for their input and
corporation and finally the entire staff of Nsangi secondary school for the good
working environment without which we could not think of this or even put it down.

Introduction
This revision material/textbook is meant to help candidates read and analyze the
elements and principles of Art as a key to the set goals required in the production of
excellent Art works for UCE and UACE National Examinations.
Candidates are therefore requested to practice these principles for excellency.
We hope and believe this guide will be of great help to all UCE, IPS and UACE Art
candidates.
Objectives
By the end of this revision training tool candidates will be able to:
1. Use the required materials and tools required in producing Art works

2. Apply the principles and elements of Art in excellent Art work production
3. Appreciate the Art works by the applied elements and principles

Note to candidates/teachers
This book does not contain exercises for practice but rather provides the basics for
production of excellent Art works and so we advise the users to find themselves projects
to perfect their skills using the hints given.

Materials and tools

Among the many Art materials and tools, the candidates will be expected to apply:
Pens Paper
Pencils Letrasets
Rulers Curves
Rubbers/erasers
Colours/Ink
Crayons
Brushes

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Contents
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 2

Note to candidates/teachers ............................................................................................................................,... 2

Materials and tools ................................................................................................................................................ 2

1. ELEMENTS OF ART ............................................................................................................................................ 4

2. NATURE DRAWING ......................................................................................................................................... 13

3. MARKING GUIDES ........................................................................................................................................... 20

Imaginative Composition ................................................................................................................................ 20

Grading ............................................................................................................................................................ 20

4. GRAPHICS ........................................................................................................................................................ 22

5. LIVING PERSON / HUMAN FIGURE .................................................................................................................. 25

Drawing forms and structures ........................................................................................................................ 25
Still life / nature............................................................................................................................................... 28
Crafts ............................................................................................................................................................... 30
Marking guide ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Reference works.............................................................................................................................................. 33

* Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

* Creator ............................................................................................................................................................... 44

* Edited ................................................................................................................................................................. 44

* Table of figures................................................................................................................................................... 45

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1. ELEMENTS OF ART
These are visual symbols used in the construction and appreciation of a given art
work or guidelines followed during the construction and appreciation of a given art
work.

Art and design is made up of the following elements:

1) Form
2) Line
3) Shapes
4) Tone
5) Colour
6) Space
7) Texture

1) Form
It is the way an object appears in terms of its volume. The difference between
Shape and form is that a shape is a mere appearance of an object, form goes
further and looks at the roundness of an object.
For example, the shape of an orange is a circle but its form is a sphere.
Therefore shape is seen in two dimension, but form is seen in 3 dimension.

Figure 1: Form
Example of shapes as seen in three dimension.

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2) Line:

This is a mark made by a moving point on a surface or a mark made on a surface to

join two or more points or a pattern created by a series of dots moving in space
towards a given direction.

Lines are of many different functions.

• They suggest movement.
• They create shapes.
• Lines show direction.
• Lines create illustration of depth.
• Line define form.
• They emphasize the character of an object.

TYPES OF LINES.
Curved lines:

They are used to depict curved forms e.g. oval shapes.

Figure 2: Curved lines 1

Figure 3: Curved lines 2

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 Straight lines:

They are used to draw straight forms. They form bend or curve.

Figure 4: Straight lines

Dotted line:
These are made when dots repeat themselves to make a linear Pattern

Figure 5: Dotted lines

Thick lines
Figure 6: Thick lines

Meandering lines:

These are meant to depict creeping objects, movement of water, drapery, etc.

Figure 7: Meandering lines

Zigzag lines: Such lines have sharp corners which depict sharpness.

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 Figure 8: Zigzag lines

3) Shapes.
This is the polygon characteristics of an object or the outer appearance of an
object. The most common shapes are squares, triangles, rectangles, circles and
semicircles.
Shape is a two dimensional area confined by an actual line or implied line. In
drawing, shapes are created when the ends of lines are joined to enclose areas.

Shapes are divided into two different categories.

Regular shapes: Geometric/Man made:

These are shapes that are well defined and regular derived from geometry. e.g.
Boxes, cups, tins, books, tables, buckets, suit cases etc.

Figure 9: Regular shapes

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Irregular shapes: Organic/Natural shapes
These are natural objects (God made objects) e.g. Birds, animals. Trees, stones,
etc.

Figure 10: Irregular shapes

4) Tone.
This is the lightness or darkness of an object, depending on the effect of light
reflected on the object.
Or
In painting and drawing, tone refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a
colour. One colour can have an almost infinite number of different tones.
Tone can also mean the colour itself.
The fundamental three tones to get down when starting a painting or drawing with
tone are the lightest, the darkest, and the mid-tone (the tone in between darkest
and lightest). Once you have these in place, it's easier to refine the tones.

Figure 11: Tonal values

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The effect of light and shade on the object

Figure 12: Effect of light and shade

5) Colour
Colour refers to how the eye perceives reflected light off the surface of an object.
Or an element of Art that is perceived only by the sense of sight.

Colour is classified into

(i) Primary colours: these are colours that cannot be obtained by mixing any
other colours: Red, Blue and Yellow

Figure 13: Primary colours

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(ii) Secondary Colours: these are obtained by mixing any two primary colours
in equal proportions
Blue + Red = Purple (Violet)
Blue + Yellow = Green
Yellow + Red = Orange
(iii) Tertiary colours: These are formed by mixing a primary colour and a
secondary colour in equal proportions.
(iv) Neutral colours: these are colours which change or neutralize other
colours: Black, White and Grey

Figure 14: Tonal values/Lighting stage

Figure 16 Munsell Hue Circle.

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6) Space
This refers to an area around, above and within an object or an art work. It can
either be positive or negative.

Positive space: Is the space occupied by shapes and forms

Negative space: these are empty spaces surrounding shapes and forms in an art
work or an empty area around, below and above or between positive spaces.

7)Texture
This is the surface quality of an object.

(i) Types of texture

Tactile / real texture/Naturalistic

This is the type of texture that looks the way it looks and feels that way when
touched with our hands. It’s realised in 3dimensional artworks for example craft
like sculptures and baskets.

Figure 15: Real texture

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Visual texture/Artificial/implied/glyptic or simulated
This is a type of texture that is created and designed by human beings using any
given tool on a surface for a specific purpose to give a sense of volume e.g.
repeated lines. This gives the eye rough texture but when touched with hands does
not feel that way. This is realised in two dimensional art works like drawings and
paintings.

Figure 16: Visual texture

Still Life
A still life is a drawing or painting that focuses on still objects. The subject
matter is inanimate and never moves, typically with a focus on household objects,
flowers, or fruits. Still life work contrasts figure drawing which focuses on a live
human model.

Or

Is a work of art that depicts mostly man-made or natural objects e.g. food flowers,
plant stocks, shells, vases, cups, tins etc.…

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 Figure 17: Still life objects

2. NATURE DRAWING

Figure 18: Nature drawing 1

Nature drawing refers to drawing things provided by nature. These include Plants,
animals, insects, fish, birds etc.

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 Figure 19: Nature drawing 2

Principles of Art
Art and design is also complete when principles of art are also applied.

Principles of art are guide lines which an artist uses to arrange and organise the elements
of design to produce an artwork. these include the following
 Harmony
 Balance
 Proportion
 Contrast
 Perspective
 Rhythm  Pattern
 Emphasis
 Unity/Variety
 Movement

These elements and principles mentioned above, make up the Uganda National Art
Examination marking guide. Use of these principle and elements helps the artist to
determine whether the piece of art work is successful.

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Balance
This is the arrangement of the elements of design such as lines, Shape forms,
texture etc. such that one side does not look visually heavier than the other.

There are three types of balance;

Symmetrical balance
This is when the line drawn vertically or horizontally makes the art work look similar
on either sides of it.

Figure 20: Symmetric balance

Asymmetric balance:
This is a type of balance where when a vertical or horizontal line is drawn through
the art work, it does not look similar on either sides of it.

Figure 21: Asymmetric balance

Radical balance
This is when the elements of art such as lines, shapes are radiated or come out in
the centre

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 Figure 22: Radial balance

Repetition, Rhythm and Movement

Repetition:
This means the use of one element of art more than once in an art work e.g. use of
repeated lines and shapes.

Rhythm
This is the way the eye moves through the picture. It is the movement in which
some elements reoccur regularly.
Movement
This is the way the viewers eye is directed to move throughout the composition;
often to areas of emphasis. Movement can be directed by lines contrasting shapes,
repeated elements and colours with in an artwork.

Figure 23: Movement

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Unity and Harmony
Unity
When various elements look alike or united, the art work looks irritating and
confusing to look at. Therefore in art when elements and principles used are united
into one interesting composition.

Harmony (Means working together)

There should be consistence of style in the art work. This should be achieved when
elements are arranged in uneven way with harmony if it is to be interesting

Figure 24: Harmony

Variety Contrast and Emphasis

Variety
It is achieved by varying the different element of design e.g. different colour,
sizes and fashion for example the circle can have size colour and tone

Figure 25: Variety

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Contrast
It occurs when two different elements are different. Therefore the greater the
difference, the greater the contrast. however too much variety and contrast are
disturbing to the eye so it should not be over done

Figure 26: Contrast

Emphasis/Dominance
This is when one particular piece of the art work is given more attention than the
other.

It can be done using contrasting colours, lines, texture etc.

The part that is emphasised on an artwork is called the focal point or centre of
interest.

Figure 27: Emphasis

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Proportion and Scale

Proportion
As a principle of art, it is a comparative relationship of one part of an art work to
another e.g. proportion of different parts of human figure.

Scale
Here comparison of art work is exaggerated. artist use proportion and scale to
express feeling

Figure 28: Scale

Perspective and foreshortening

Perspective
This is a technique used in two dimensional art to create an illusion of space

Types of perspective
Linear perspective
Here the nearer the object the bigger and taller it appears. And the further the
object the smaller and shorter it appears

Atmospheric perspective
Objects which are nearer to the viewer are very defined more clear and brighter
while those that are far are less clear and less defined.

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 Linear Perspective

Atmospheric perspective

Figure 29: Perspective

3. MARKING GUIDES
Imaginative Composition

Issues to look out for

Nature of the question

Marking depends on the question

Papers have different grading according to performance of imaginative composition

• Composition • Drawing/ forms/ structure.
• Colour / tone • Originality / creativity
• Expression / drama • Movement
• Perspective • Personal quality / finishing

Grading

D1 36 - 50
D2 33 - 35
C3 30 - 32
C4 27 – 29
C5 24 - 26
C6 22 – 23
P7 22 - 21
P8 14 - 19
F9 16 - 0

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An example of imaginative composition

Figure 30: Imaginative composition 1

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Figure 31: Landscape 1

4. GRAPHICS
Marking depends on question set

Thing to lookout for:

• Lettering
• Style
• Consistency
• Layout / composition
• Illustration
• Interpretation and originality
• Creativity / design
• Colour / tone
• Message / function
• Finishing
• Border (card) where applicable

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Below are examples of a graphic illustration

Figure 32: Poster 1

Figure 33: Label 1

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 Figure 34: Stamp 1

Figure 35: Book face 1

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5. LIVING PERSON / HUMAN FIGURE
FULL FIGURE

Drawing forms and structures

Awarding for full figure is not the same as one for half figure or Torso items

• Drawing forms and structures

• Poses / mood
• Drapery
• Anatomy
• Tone / colour
• Personal quality /creativity
Below are examples of living person portraits

Figure 36: Human figure drawing

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 Figure 37: Human figure 1

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 Figure 38: Human figure 2

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 Still life / nature
Marking these papers also varies

Awarding differs depending on the setting but these items are to be noted

• Drawing forms and structure

• Colour / tone
• Texture
• Personal quality / creativity
• Composition

• Organisation
• Perspective
• Proportion

Figure 39: Still life composition 1

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Figure 40: Still life colour composition 1

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Crafts
Will consider some of the following

• Pottery
• Sculpture
• Fabric decoration
• Decorative arts

Marking guide
Proper use of the material and technique

Practical application of the principles and elements of art

Desirable such content / competences

Figure 41: Sculpture 1

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 Figure 42: Sculpture 2
e

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 Figure 43: Sculpture 3

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Reference works
Works that participated in the 1st International Student Works Exhibition
(Dogye Middle School and Myunggok Girls' Middle School in Korea

Figure 44: Imaginative composition3

Figure 45: Imaginative composition2

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Figure 46: Imaginative composition 4

Figure 47: Life drawing 2

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 Figure 48: Imaginative composition 5

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Figure 49: Imaginative composition 6

Figure 50: Landscape 2

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Figure 51: Nature study 1

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Figure 52: Nature study 2

Figure 53: Still life composition 3

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 Figure 54: Printing 1

Figure 55: Still life drawing 2

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 Figure 56: Imaginative composition 7

Figure 57: Patterns 1

Figure 58: Patterns 2

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 Figure 59: Graphics 1

Figure 60: Still life drawing 3

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Figure 61: Still life composition 8

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Figure 62: Exhibition works

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Bibliography
Apollo Baker, Art for beginners published by Trinity books ltd

Barrington Barber, The complete book of drawing published by Arcturus publishing

ltd

John Freeman, Photographer’s guide to land scape published by Collins and Browns
ltd

Apollo Baker, Learn to paint imaginative composition published by Trinity books ltd

Creator
NSS ART Teachers
Ms. Jesca Namajja
Mr. Sebulime John Mary
Ms. Nansubuga Harriet
Ms. Nakaweesa Josephine
Ms .Naluwembe Racheal

Edited
NSS ICT Teacher
Mr. Isabirye Bayita Peter

KOICA Volunteer
Ms. Choi JeongRan

Production year 2021

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Table of figures
Figure 1: Form ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Curved lines 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Curved lines 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Straight lines............................................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 5: Dotted lines ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 6: Thick lines ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 7: Meandering lines..................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 8: Zigzag lines .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 9: Regular shapes ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 10: Irregular shapes..................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 11: Tonal values .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 12: Effect of light and shade ....................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 13: Primary colours ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 14: Tonal values/Lighting stage................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 15: Real texture ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 16: Visual texture ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 17: Still life objects .................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Nature drawing 1 ................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 19: Nature drawing 2 ................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 20: Symmetric balance .............................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 21: Asymmetric balance ............................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 22: Radial balance ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 23: Movement ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 24: Harmony.............................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 25: Variety ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 26: Contrast ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 27: Emphasis ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 28: Scale .................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 29: Perspective .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 30: Imaginative composition 1 .................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 31: Landscape 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 32: Poster 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 33: Label 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 34: Stamp 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 35: Book face 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 36: Human figure drawing ........................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 37: Human figure 1.................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 38: Human figure 2.................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 39: Still life composition 1 ..................................................................................................................... ....28
Figure 40: Still life colour composition 1 .............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 41: Sculpture 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 42: Sculpture 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 43: Sculpture 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 44: Imaginative composition 3 .................................................................................................................. 33

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Figure 45: Imaginative composition 2 .................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 46: Imaginative composition 4 .................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 47: Life drawing 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 48: Imaginative composition 5 .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 49: Imaginative composition 6 .................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 50: Landscape 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 51: Nature study 1..................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 52: Nature study 2..................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 53: Still life composition 3 ......................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 54: Printing 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 55: Still life drawing 2 ................................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 56: Imaginative composition 7 .................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 57: Patterns 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 58: Patterns 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 59: Graphics 1............................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 60: Still life drawing 3 ................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 61: Still life composition 8 ......................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 62: Exhibition works .................................................................................................................................. 43

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