20-01-2020

Course Introduction About the Course

Course Offered to:
Electromagnetics and Wave Propagation B. Tech. Semester IV (EC)

Course Code:
2EC401
Dr. Dhaval Pujara Course Name:
Professor & Head, Electromagnetics and Wave Propagation
Deptt. of Electronics & Communication Engg., Course Methodology:
Institute of Technology, Nirma University Lectures, Simulations, Journal Papers, etc.

Evaluations:
E-mail: dhaval.pujara@nirmau ni .ac .in SE, SEE, Class Test, Special Assignment, etc.

Course Blog:
www.2ec401pmb.wordpress.com

Course Evaluation Course Learning Outcomes

After successful completion of the course, a student
Interse Weightage:
will be able to –
0.6 Continuous Evaluation
 Apply vector calculus to understand the behavior of static
0.4 SEE
electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in standard
configurations
TA Weightage:
0.3 Sessional Test  Develop the electronic systems using fundamental
0.4 Class Test principles and laws of electromagnetism

0.3 Special Assignment

 Comprehend the four basic Maxwell’s equations for wave
propagation and apply them to different EM problems

Course Topics Important Academic Rules

 Vector Analysis  Occupy your seat at least before 2 minutes of the
 Electrostatic Field class.

 Magnetostatic Field  Attend classes regularly.

 Time-Varying Field and Maxwell’s Equations
 Write class-notes.
 The Uniform Plane Waves

 Transmission Lines  Feel free to discuss with your instructors.

 Wave Propagation in Waveguide
 You can also send queries through E-mail/Blog.
 Radiation
 Cheating (copying) will not be tolerated.

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Reading Material What is Electromagnetics?

1. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Principle of Electromagnetics, Oxford
International
2. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Electromagnetic Waves, Tata McGraw
Hill India
3. William Hayt, J A Buck, Engineering Electromagnetic, MGH
4. E.C. Jordan & K.G. Balmain, Electromagnetic waves &
Radiating Systems, Prentice Hall, India
5. Narayana Rao, N: Engineering Electromagnetics, Prentice
Hall
6. IEEE Transaction (+ Letters + Magazine) on Antennas and
Propagation
7. IEEE Transaction (+ Letters +Magazine) on Microwave
Theory & Techniques

Electromagnetics Three Important Fields

Electromagnetics is the study of the effect of charges Electrostatic Field

at rest and charges in motion. - Produced by static charges

Magneto static Field

- Produced by charges moving with
constant velocity
- Produced by constant or dc current

Electromagnetic Field
- Produced by time varying currents

Important Electromagnetic Units Important Constants

 Charge (Q), Coulomb
 Velocity of an electromagnetic wave (e.g., light) in
 Electric Field Intensity (E), V/m
 Magnetic Field Intensity (H), Amp/m
free space (perfect vacuum):
c  3 108 m/s
 Electric Flux Density (D), Coulomb/m2

 0  4 10 7 H/m
 Magnetic Flux Density (B), Weber/m2
 Permeability of free space:
 Current Density (J), Amp/m2
 Volume Charge Density (ρv), Coulomb/m3


Surface Charge Density (ρs), Coulomb/m2
Line Charge Density (ρL), Coulomb/m
 Permittivity of free space:  0  8.854 10 12 F/m
 Electric Flux (ψ), Coulomb


Magnetic Flux ( ), Weber
Permittivity (ε), F/m
 Intrinsic impedance of free space:  0  120 
 Permeability (μ), H/m

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Relation Between Constants What is a Wave?

1 0
c 0 
0 0 0

B  0 H
D  0 E

Wave RF Waves

A disturbance that propagates from one The term RF is an abbreviation for the
point in a medium to other points without “Radio Frequency”.

giving the medium, as a whole, any It refers to alternating current signals that
permanent displacement. are generally applied to radio applications,
with a wide electromagnetic spectrum
covering from several hundreds of KHz to
Millimetre waves.

Microwaves Millimetre Waves

The term Millimetre Waves refers to

The term Microwave refers to alternating alternating current signals with frequencies

current signals with frequencies between between 30 GHz (3 X 1010 Hz) to 300 GHz

300 MHz (3 X 108 Hz) and 30 GHz (3 X 1010 (3X1011 Hz), with a corresponding electrical

Hz), with a corresponding electrical wavelength between 1 cm to 1 mm.

wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum IEEE Frequency Spectrum

What is Field? Electromagnetic Field

 When an event in one place has an effect on
something at a different location, we talk about the
events as being connected by a “field”.
 A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity.

Transmitter and Receiver

are connected by a ‘field’.

Electromagnetic Field Why to study Electromagnetics?

Electric and magnetic fields:

• Are vector fields with three spatial components.
• Vary as a function of position in 3D space as well
as time.
• Are governed by partial differential equations
derived from Maxwell’s equations.

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Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

• Electromagnetics (EM)-the foundation of Electrical

and Computer Engineering.
• EM is all around us.
• Circuit theory is a subset of electromagnetic field
theory (at high frequencies, the Circuit Theory fails)
• EM is the basis for antennas and microwave
components/circuits.
• Radar encompasses a wide range of
electromagnetics technology.

Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

Why Study Electromagnetics? EM in Biomedical Optical Imaging

Allen Taflove, Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engg, Northwestern University, USA
Light, and its interactions with biological tissues and
The study of electromagnetics is fundamental to the cells, has the potential to provide helpful diagnostic
advancement of electrical and computer engineering information about structure and function. The study
technology. Maxwell’s equations govern the physics of EM
of EM is essential to understanding the properties of
wave phenomena from dc to light. Their accurate solution
is essential to understand all high-speed signal effects, light, its propagation through tissue, scattering and
whether electronic or optical. Students who well absorption effects, and changes in the state of
understand the basis of electromagnetic phenomena are polarization.
well-equipped to attack a broad spectrum of important
problems to advance electrical and computer engineering
and directly benefit our society.

Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

EM in MEMS EM in Transmission Lines

In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), Today’s transmission towers carry up to a million

engineers use both magnetic and electric fields for volts and thousands of amps on each conductor. The

motion control at size scales down to nanometres. lines they carry can be millions of meters long. EM
theory is a vital tool for the design and operation of
Thus, knowledge of electric and magnetic fields is
these lines and the many devices needed to connect to
essential to design MEMS based devices/components.
them. All engineering study related to electrical
energy and power relies on key concepts from EM
theory.

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Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

EM in Lasers, Fiber Optics, and Optoelectronics EM for High Frequency Devices and Integrated
During the past few decades, the invention of lasers Circuits
and low-loss optical fibers has revolutionized the use High frequency (above a few GHz) means short
wavelength, and as wavelength diminishes to the
of optical communication technologies for high-speed
point where it is comparable to integrated circuit
Internet. Classical EM plays a crucial role in dimensions, EM phenomena called transmission line
understanding the lasers and fibers because light effects become critical. These effects include
follows the theory of EM waves for most of the guided conductor loss, dielectric loss, and radiation loss.
They are a signal’s worst enemies. This course include
wave phenomena.
a chapter on ‘Transmission Line’

Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

EM in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) EM in Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has developed Electrical signals move from one part of an IC to
into a powerful non-invasive imaging modality. With another according to the laws of EM. Unwanted
state-of-the-art MRI technology, we can now acquire coupling of electrical signals from different parts of
anatomical, metabolic, and functional information an IC can be explained, and solved, only through
from a biological object independently or fundamental knowledge about EM.
simultaneously. MRI is a beautiful example of an
application of EM.

Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

EM in Computer Systems EM in IEEE Logo

One example of a situation in which a computer engineer
must be familiar with EM is deciding which delay model to
use for the wires in a design. Wire delays are a significant The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers is a global non-
component of clock cycle times in modern digital systems, profit organization with more than 4,00,000 members in more than 160
and an engineer must make trade-offs between the countries. They are the world’s leading professional association for the
accuracy of the model used to predict the delay of each advancement of technology.
wire and the amount of computation required to evaluate
the model. When the rise and fall times of signals on a wire The IEEE logo is a visual representation of EM theory. The two arrows
represent the electric and magnetic fields and the “right hand rule”
are long compared to the time it takes for an EM wave to
relationship between them. The outer kite-shaped border is symbolic of
travel along the wire, lumped- or distributed capacitance Benjamin Franklin’s famous kite experiment to study electricity. The
models, which represent wires as networks of resistors IEEE has chosen EM theory for the design of its logo, means that EM
and capacitors, can give accurate estimates of wire delay theory is still very much alive and being used by many scientists and
with relatively little computation. engineers.

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Why to study Electromagnetics? Why to study Electromagnetics?

So, you are curious about learning EM In earlier courses you might have learnt circuit theory
Let us proceed further with the PoEM It is all an approximation of electromagnetic field theory
First you should know that E means electric field So you see they put the cart before the horse
And furthermore that B stands for magnetic field But it is okay to do that and still make sense
Now, the static E and B fields may be independent Because at low frequencies circuit approximations are
But the dynamic E and B fields are interdependent fine
Causing them to be simultaneous But at high frequencies electromagnetic effects are prime
And to coexist in any given space So, whether you are an electrical engineer
Or you happen to be a computer engineer
Which makes EM very illuminating
Whether you are interested in high frequency electronics
And modern day life most interesting
Or maybe high-speed computer communication networks
For it is the interdependence of E and B fields
You see, electromagnetic effects are prime
That is responsible for electromagnetic waves
Studying the fundamentals of EM is sublime.

Learning
End of Session - 1
Introduction
?
Next Session – 2
Vector Algebra