ES085
FIRST SEMESTER SY 2023 – 2024
Topic 1: C Conditional Control Structures
If Statements
If Statements
Is a fundamental control structure in programming that allows
you to control the flow of your program based on specified
conditions. It provides a way to execute certain blocks of code
only when a given condition is true.
Syntax of an If Statement
The condition is an expression that evaluates to either true or false. If the condition
is true, the code block enclosed within the curly braces {} following the if statement
will be executed. If the condition is false, the code block will be skipped, and the
program will continue to the next statement after the if block.
Example of an If Statement
In this example, the condition age >= 18 is evaluated. If the value of age is greater
than or equal to 18, the message "You are an adult" will be printed to the console.
Nested If Statements
You can also nest if statements within other if statements to
create more complex decision-making structures. This allows
you to test multiple conditions and execute different blocks of
code based on those conditions.
In this example, instead of using the else keyword, we use an additional if statement to
check the condition gender != 'M' inside the outer if block. If the condition is false, it
prints the message "You are a female adult."
If…else Statements
If…else Statements
The if...else statement is a powerful control structure in C
programming that allows you to execute different code
blocks based on specified conditions. It provides a way to
control the flow of your program by providing alternative
paths of execution.
Syntax of an If…else Statement
The condition is an expression that evaluates to either true or false. If the condition
is true, the code block enclosed within the first set of curly braces {} after the if
statement will be executed. If the condition is false, the code block enclosed within
the second set of curly braces {} after the else statement will be executed.
Example of an If – else Statement
In this example, the condition num % 2 == 0 is evaluated. If the value of num is
divisible by 2 and has a remainder of 0, the message "The number is even" will be
printed to the console. Otherwise, the message "The number is odd" will be printed.
Else if Statements
The if...else statement can be extended to include
multiple conditions using the else if clause. This allows
you to test additional conditions and execute different
code blocks accordingly.
Example of Else if Statements
In this example, the program checks the value of num. If num is greater than 0, the message
"The number is positive" will be printed. If num is less than 0, the message "The number is
negative" will be printed. Otherwise, if both conditions are false, the message "The number
is zero" will be printed.
Nested If…else Statements
You can also nest if...else statements within other if...else
statements to create more complex decision-making
structures. This allows you to test multiple conditions and
execute different code blocks based on those conditions.
In this example, the inner if...else statement is nested within the outer if statement. If
num is greater than 0, the program checks whether it is divisible by 2 to determine if it is
even or odd. If num is less than or equal to 0, the message "The number is non-positive"
will be printed.
If…else if…else
Statements
If…else if…else Statements
The if...else if...else statement is a powerful control structure
in C programming that allows you to test multiple
conditions and execute different code blocks based on
those conditions. It provides a way to create complex
decision-making structures by combining multiple if and
else if clauses.
Syntax of an If…else if…else Statement
Each condition is an expression that evaluates to either true or false. The if clause checks the first
condition, and if it is true, the corresponding code block is executed. If the first condition is false, the
program moves to the next else if clause and evaluates its condition. This process continues until a
condition is found to be true, in which case the corresponding code block is executed. If none of the
conditions are true, the code block within the else clause is executed.
Example of an If…else if…else Statement
In this example, the program checks the value of num and executes the corresponding code block
based on the condition. If num is greater than 0, the message "The number is positive" will be printed.
If num is less than 0, the message "The number is negative" will be printed. If num is equal to 0, the
message "The number is zero" will be printed. If none of these conditions are met, the message
"Invalid number" will be printed.
Nested If…else if…else Statements
The if...else if...else statement can also be nested within other if
or else clauses to create nested decision-making structures.
This allows you to test multiple conditions and execute
different code blocks based on those conditions within each
level of nesting.
In this example, the outer if statement checks if num is greater than 0. If it is, the program enters the
nested if...else statement to check whether num is even or odd. If num is divisible by 2, it is even;
otherwise, it is odd. If num is less than 0, the message "The number is negative" will be printed. If
num is equal to 0, the message "The number is zero" will be printed.
Nested Decisions
Nested Decisions
The practice of placing one or more if...else statements
inside another if or else block. This technique enables you to
handle complex decision scenarios where multiple
conditions need to be evaluated sequentially. Nested
decisions provide greater flexibility and granularity when
designing your program's logic.
Syntax of a Nested Decision
Examples of a Nested Decision
Switch Statements
Switch Statements
A control structure that allows you to execute different code
blocks based on the value of a variable or expression. It
provides an alternative to using multiple if...else if...else
statements when you have a large number of possible cases to
handle.
Syntax of a Switch Statement
The expression is evaluated, and its value is
compared to the constants specified in each case
label. If the value matches a case constant, the
corresponding code block is executed. The break
statement is used to exit the switch statement after
executing the corresponding code block. If the value
doesn't match any case constant, the code block
within the default label is executed (optional).
Example of a Switch Statement
In this example, the day variable is evaluated, and the
corresponding code block is executed based on its value. If day is 1,
the message "Monday" will be printed. If day is 2, the message
"Tuesday" will be printed, and so on. If day doesn't match any of
the case constants, the code block within the default label is
executed, and the message "Invalid day" will be printed.
An IF addresses multiple conditions
A SWITCH addresses multiple values
IF – One value, Multiple Conditions
SWITCH – One Condition, Multiple Values
Example 1
You are to guess my favorite number which lies between the values 1 – 5.
Note: My favorite number is 3.
IF–ELSE – Evaluates my guess if it is equal to 3.
SWITCH – Evaluates my guess for each values of 1 – 5; and returns true if it is equal to 3.
Example 2
You are to check if the input field for birth gender is Male or Female
IF–ELSE – Evaluates my input if it is Male or Female.
SWITCH – Checks for value of gender.
If-else statement are best used when scenarios are indistinct.
Example: Checking the value of x from 1 - 100.
Switch statements are best used when scenarios are discrete.
Example: Checking whether a person is Male or Female.
Knowledge Check!
Identify whether it is best to have it on
if-else statement of switch-case.
Subject Grade Assessment
You are to check if the student got A, B, C, or Fail in his/her subject given a grade input.
IF – ELSE STATEMENTS
That’s All!
To be Continued…
Up Next
C Iterative Control Structures
