Accounting Principles

Fourteenth Edition
Weygandt Kimmel Mitchell

Chapter 3
Adjusting the Accounts

This slide deck contains animations. Please disable animations if they cause issues with your device.

Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
LO 1 Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the
reasons for adjusting entries.
LO 2 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.
LO 3 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
LO 4 Describe the nature and purpose of an adjusted
trial balance.

Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

Accrual-Basis Accounting and Adjusting Entries

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the reasons for
adjusting entries.
• Accountants divide the economic life of a business
into artificial time periods (Time Period Assumption).

Generally a ILLUSTRATION 3.1

ALTERNATIVE
TERMINOLOGY
• month, The time period
• quarter, or assumption is also called
the periodicity
• year. assumption.

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3

Fiscal and Calendar Years
• Monthly and quarterly time periods are called interim
periods
• Most large companies must prepare both quarterly and
annual financial statements
• Fiscal Year = Accounting time period that is one year in
length
• Calendar Year = January 1 to December 31

ILLUSTRATION 3.2

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4

Fiscal and Calendar Years
Review Question
The time period assumption states that:
a. companies must wait until the calendar year is
completed to prepare financial statements.
b. companies use the fiscal year to report financial
information.
c. the economic life of a business can be divided into
artificial time periods.
d. companies record information in the time period in
which the events occur.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5
Fiscal and Calendar Years
Review Answer
The time period assumption states that:
a. companies must wait until the calendar year is
completed to prepare financial statements.
b. companies use the fiscal year to report financial
information.
c. Answer: the economic life of a business can be
divided into artificial time periods.
d. companies record information in the time period in
which the events occur.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6
Accrual- versus Cash-Basis Accounting
Cash-Basis Accounting (1 of 2)
• Transactions recorded in the periods in which the
events occur
• Companies recognize revenues when they perform
services (rather than when they receive cash)
• Expenses are recognized when incurred (rather than
when paid)
• In accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP)

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7

Accrual- versus Cash-Basis Accounting
Cash-Basis Accounting (2 of 2)
• Revenues recognized when cash is received
• Expenses recognized when cash is paid
• Cash-basis accounting is not in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8

Recognizing Revenues and Expenses
Revenue Recognition Principle

Recognize revenue in the

accounting period in which the
performance obligation is
satisfied.

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9

Five-Step Revenue Recognition Process
Sierra Company Example
Assume that Sierra Company signs a contract with the Lewis family to provide
guide services for a one-week backpacking trip for $1,500. Illustration 3.3 shows
the five steps that Sierra follows to recognize revenue.

ILLUSTRATION 3.3
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses
Expense Recognition Principle
Companies recognize expenses in
the period in which they make
efforts (consume assets or incur
liabilities) to generate revenue.

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11

GAAP Relationships in Revenue and
Expense Recognition

ILLUSTRATION 3.4
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12
Accrual-Basis Accounting
Review Question
Which of the following statements about the accrual basis of
accounting is false?
a. Events that change a company’s financial statements are
recorded in the periods in which the events occur.
b. Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are
performed.
c. This basis is in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles.
d. Revenue is recorded only when cash is received, and
expense is recorded only when cash is paid.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13
Accrual-Basis Accounting
Review Answer
Which of the following statements about the accrual basis of
accounting is false?
a. Events that change a company’s financial statements are
recorded in the periods in which the events occur.
b. Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are
performed.
c. This basis is in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles.
d. Answer: Revenue is recorded only when cash is received,
and expense is recorded only when cash is paid.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14
The Need for Adjusting Entries

• Ensure that the revenue recognition and expense

recognition principles are followed.
• Necessary because the trial balance may not contain
up-to-date and complete data.
• Required every time a company prepares financial
statements.
• Will include one income statement account and one
balance sheet account.

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15

The Need for Adjusting Entries
Review Question
Adjusting entries are made to ensure that:
a. expenses are recognized in the period in which
they are incurred.
b. revenues are recorded in the period in which
services are performed.
c. balance sheet and income statement accounts
have correct balances at the end of an accounting
period.
d. All the responses above are correct.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16
The Need for Adjusting Entries
Review Answer
Adjusting entries are made to ensure that:
a. expenses are recognized in the period in which
they are incurred.
b. revenues are recorded in the period in which
services are performed.
c. balance sheet and income statement accounts
have correct balances at the end of an accounting
period.
d. Answer: All the responses above are correct.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 17
Categories of Adjusting Entries
Deferrals Accruals
1. Prepaid Expenses 1. Accrued Expenses
Expenses paid in cash and Expenses incurred but not yet
recorded as assets before they paid in cash or recorded.
are used.
2. Unearned Revenues 2. Accrued Revenues
Cash received and recorded as Revenues for services
a liability before services are performed but not yet
performed. received in cash or recorded.

ILLUSTRATION 3.5

LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18

Trial Balance
Subsequent sections give examples of each type of adjustment.
Each example is based on the October 31 trial balance of Pioneer
Advertising shown in Illustration 3.6.

ILLUSTRATION 3.6
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19
DO IT! 1: Timing Concepts
Below is a list of timing concepts in a) Monthly and quarterly time periods.
the left column, with a description of b) Efforts (expenses) should be recognized
the concept in the right column. in the period in which a company uses
There are more descriptions assets or incurs liabilities to generate
provided than concepts. Match the
results (revenues).
description to the concept
c) Accountants divide the economic life of
1. __ Accrual-basis accounting. a business into artificial time periods.
d) Companies record revenues when they
2. ___ Calendar year. receive cash and record expenses when
they pay out cash.
3. ___ Time period assumption.
e) An accounting time period that starts
4. ___ Expense recognition on January 1 and ends on December 31.
principle.
f) Companies record transactions in the
period in which the events occur.
LO 1 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20
Adjusting Entries for Deferrals

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

Deferrals are expenses or revenues that are recognized

at a date later than the point when cash was originally
exchanged. There are two types:
• Prepaid expenses
• Unearned revenues

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21

Prepaid Expenses Examples

Payments of expenses that are recorded as an asset to

show the service or benefit the company will receive in
the future.
Cash Payment BEFORE Expense Recorded
Prepayments often occur in regard to:
• insurance • rent
• supplies • equipment
• advertising • buildings

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 22

Adjusting Entries for Prepaid Expenses

• Expire either with the passage of time or through use

• Adjusting entry:
o Increase (debit) to an expense account and
o Decrease (credit) to an asset account

ILLUSTRATION 3.7

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23

Supplies
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising purchased
supplies costing $2,500 on October 5.
Pioneer recorded the payment by increasing
(debiting) the asset Supplies. This account
shows a balance of $2,500 in the October 31
trial balance. An inventory count at the close
of business on October 31 reveals that
$1,000 of supplies are still on hand.
Oct. 31 Supplies Expense 1,500
Supplies 1,500

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24

Adjustment for Supplies

ILLUSTRATION 3.8
LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 25
Insurance
Illustration: On October 4, Pioneer
Advertising paid $600 for a one-year fire
insurance policy. Coverage began on
October 1. Pioneer recorded the payment by
increasing (debiting) Prepaid Insurance. This
account shows a balance of $600 in the
October 31 trial balance. Insurance of $50
($600 ÷ 12) expires each month.
Oct. 31 Insurance Expense 50
Prepaid Insurance 50

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26

Adjustment for Insurance

ILLUSTRATION 3.10

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27

Depreciation

• Buildings, equipment, and motor vehicles (assets

that provide service for many years) are recorded as
assets, rather than an expense, on the date acquired
• Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of
an asset to expense over its useful life
• Depreciation does not attempt to report the actual
change in the value of the asset
o Allocation concept, not a valuation concept

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28

Depreciation Journal Entry
Illustration: For Pioneer Advertising,
assume that depreciation on the
equipment is $480 a year, or $40 per
month.
Oct. 31 Depreciation Expense 40
Accumulated Depreciation 40

Accumulated Depreciation is called

a contra asset account.

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29

Adjustment for Depreciation

ILLUSTRATION 3.11
LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30
Balance Sheet Presentation of Accumulated
Depreciation
• Accumulated Depreciation is a contra asset account
(credit)
• Offsets related asset account on the balance sheet
• Book value is the difference between the cost of any
depreciable asset and its accumulated depreciation

ILLUSTRATION 3.12
LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 31
Accounting for Prepaid Expenses

Accounting for Prepaid Expenses

Examples Reason for Adjustment Accounts Before Adjusting Entry
Adjustment
Insurance, Prepaid expenses Assets overstated. Dr. Expenses
supplies, originally recorded in Expenses understated. Cr. Assets or
advertising, asset accounts have been Contra Assets
rent, used.
depreciation

ILLUSTRATION 3.13

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 32

Unearned Revenues Examples

Receipt of cash that is recorded as a liability because the

service has not been performed.
Cash Receipt BEFORE Revenue Recorded
Unearned revenues often occur in regard to:
• Rent • Magazine subscriptions
• Airline tickets • Customer deposits

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 33

Adjusting Entries for Unearned
Revenues
• Adjusting entry is made to record the revenue for services
performed during the period and to show the liability that
remains at the end of the period
• Results in a decrease (debit) to a liability account and an
increase (credit) to a revenue account

ILLUSTRATION 3.14
LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 34
Unearned Revenues
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising received
$1,200 on October 2 from R. Knox for
advertising services expected to be
completed by December 31. Unearned
Service Revenue shows a balance of $1,200
in the October 31 trial balance. Analysis
reveals that the company performed $400 of
services in October.

Oct. 31 Unearned Service Revenue 400

Service Revenue 400

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35

Service Revenue Accounts After Adjustment

ILLUSTRATION 3.15

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 36

Accounting for Unearned Revenue

Accounting for Unearned Revenues

Examples Reason for Adjustment Accounts Before Adjusting Entry
Adjustment
Rent, Unearned revenues Liabilities overstated. Dr. Liabilities
magazine recorded in liability Revenues understated. Cr. Revenues
subscriptions, accounts are now
customer recognized as revenue for
deposits for services performed.
future service

ILLUSTRATION 3.16

LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 37

DO IT! 2: Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
The ledger of Hammond Company, on March 31, 2022, includes
these selected accounts before adjusting entries are prepared.

An analysis of the accounts shows the following.

1. Insurance expires at the rate of $100 per month.
2. Supplies on hand total $800.
3. The equipment depreciates $200 a month.
4. During March, services were performed for $4,000 of the unearned
service revenue reported.
Prepare the adjusting entries for the month of March.
LO 2 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 38
Adjusting Entries for Accruals

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

Accruals are made to record,

• Revenues for services performed but not yet
recorded at the statement date
• Expenses incurred but not yet paid or recorded at the
statement date

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 39

Accrued Revenues Examples

Revenues for services performed but not yet received in

cash or recorded.
Revenue Recorded BEFORE Cash Receipt
Accrued revenues often occur in regard to:
• Rent
• Interest
• Services

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 40

Adjusting Entries for Accrued Revenues

• Adjusting entry records the receivable that exists and

records the revenues for services performed.
• Adjusting entry:
o Increases (debits) an asset account and
o Increases (credits) a revenue account

ILLUSTRATION 3.17
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 41
Accrued Revenues

Illustration: In October Pioneer Advertising

performed services worth $200 that were
not billed to clients on or before October 31.
Oct. 31 Accounts Receivable 200
Service Revenue 200
On November 10, Pioneer receives cash of
$200 for the services performed. The journal
entry on the 10th is:
Nov. 10 Cash 200
Accounts Receivable 200

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 42

Adjustment for Accrued Revenue

ILLUSTRATION 3.18
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 43
Accounting for Accrued Revenues

Accounting for Accrued Revenues

Examples Reason for Adjustment Accounts Before Adjusting Entry
Adjustment
Interest, rent, Services performed but Assets understated. Dr. Assets
services not yet received in cash or Revenues understated. Cr. Revenues
recorded.

ILLUSTRATION 3.19

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 44

Accrued Expenses Examples

Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.

Expense Recorded BEFORE Cash Payment
Accrued expenses often occur in regard to:
• Rent • Taxes
• Interest • Salaries

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 45

Adjusting Entries for Accrued Expenses
• Adjusting entry records the obligation and recognizes the
expense.
• Adjusting entry:
o Increase (debit) an expense account and
o Increase (credit) a liability account

ILLUSTRATION 3.20
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 46
Accrued Expenses
Accrued Interest
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising signed a three-month note
payable in the amount of $5,000 on October 1. The note requires
Pioneer to pay interest at an annual rate of 12%.

ILLUSTRATION 3.21

Oct. 31 Interest Expense 50

Interest Payable 50

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 47

Adjustment for Accrued Interest

ILLUSTRATION 3.22
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 48
Accrued Expenses
Accrued Salaries and Wages
Illustration: Pioneer Advertising paid salaries and wages on October 26 for the
employees first two weeks of work (Oct. 15 - Oct. 26). The next payment of
salaries will not occur until November 9. Three working days of unpaid salaries
and wages remain in October. The employees receive total salaries of $2,000 for
a five day week or $400 per day.

ILLUSTRATION 3.23
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 49
Adjustment for Accrued Salaries and Wages

ILLUSTRATION 3.24
LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 50
Accounting for Accrued Expenses

Accounting for Accrued Expenses

Examples Reason for Adjustment Accounts Before Adjusting Entry

Adjustment
Interest, Expenses have been incurred Expenses understated. Dr. Expenses
rent, but not yet paid in cash or Liabilities understated. Cr. Liabilities
salaries recorded.

ILLUSTRATION 3.25

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 51

Summary of Adjusting Entries

Types of Accounts Before Adjustment Adjusting Entry

Adjustment
Prepaid Assets overstated. Dr. Expenses
expenses Expenses understated. Cr. Assets or Contra Assets

Unearned Liabilities overstated. Dr. Liabilities

revenues Revenues understated. Cr. Revenues

Accrued Assets understated. Dr. Assets

revenues Revenues understated. Cr. Revenues

Accrued Expenses understated. Dr. Expenses

expenses Liabilities understated. Cr. Liabilities

ILLUSTRATION 3.26

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 52

DO IT! 3: Adjusting Entries Accruals

Micro Computer Services began operations on August 1, 2022. At

the end of August 2022, management prepares monthly financial
statements. The following information relates to August.
1. At August 31, the company owed its employees $800 in
salaries and wages that will be paid on September 1.
2. On August 1, the company borrowed $30,000 from a local
bank on a 15-year mortgage. The annual interest rate is 10%.
3. Revenue for services performed but unrecorded for August
totaled $1,100.
Prepare the adjusting entries needed at August 31, 2022.

LO 3 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 53

Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial Statements

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
Describe the nature and purpose of an adjusted trial balance.

• Prepared after adjusting entries are journalized and

posted
• Proves equality of debit and credit balances
• Basis for the preparation of financial statements

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 54

Adjusted Trial Balance

ILLUSTRATION 3.29
LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 55
Adjusted Trial Balance
Review Question
Which of the following statements is incorrect concerning the
adjusted trial balance?
a. An adjusted trial balance proves the equality of the total
debit balances and the total credit balances in the ledger
after all adjustments are made.
b. The adjusted trial balance provides the primary basis for
the preparation of financial statements.
c. The adjusted trial balance lists the account balances
segregated by assets and liabilities.
d. The adjusted trial balance is prepared after the adjusting
entries have been journalized and posted.
LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 56
Preparing Financial Statements

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 57

Income Statement and Owner’s Equity
Statement from the Adj. Trial Balance

ILLUSTRATION 3.30

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 58

Balance Sheet from the Adjusted Trial
Balance

ILLUSTRATION 3.31

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 59

DO IT! 4: Trial Balance
Skolnick Co. was organized on April 1, 2022. The company prepares
quarterly financial statements. The adjusted trial balance at June
30 are shown below.

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 60

DO IT! 4: Trial Balance
a. Determine the Net Income for the Quarter
April 1 to June 30

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 61

DO IT! 4: Trial Balance
b. Determine the Total Assets and Total Liabilities
at June 30, 2022

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 62

DO IT! 4: Trial Balance
c. Determine the Amount of Owner’s Capital at
June 30, 2022

LO 4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 63

Adjusting Entries for the Alternative Treatment of Deferrals

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Prepare adjusting entries for the alternative treatment of deferrals.

• When a company prepays an expense, it debits that

amount to an expense account.
• When it receives payment for future services, it credits
the amount to a revenue account.

LO 5 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 64

Prepaid Expenses
Adjustment Approaches—A Comparison
Company may choose to debit (increase) an expense
account rather than an asset account. This alternative
treatment is simply more convenient.

ILLUSTRATION 3A.2

LO 5 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 65

Unearned Revenues
Adjustment Approaches—A Comparison
Company may credit (increase) a revenue account when
they receive cash for future services.

ILLUSTRATION 3A.5
LO 5 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 66
Summary of Basic Relationships for
Deferrals
Types of Reason for Adjustment Accounts Balances before Adjusting Entry
Adjustment Adjustment

1. Prepaid a) Prepaid expenses initially recorded Assets overstated. Dr. Expenses

expenses in asset accounts have been used. Expenses understated. Cr. Assets

b) Prepaid expenses initially recorded Assets understated. Dr. Assets

in expenses accounts have not been Expenses overstated. Cr. Expenses
used.
2. Unearned a) Unearned revenues initially Liabilities overstated. Dr. Liabilities
revenues recorded in liability accounts are Revenues understated. Cr. Revenues
now recognized as revenue.
b) Unearned revenues initially Liabilities understated. Dr. Revenues
recorded in revenue accounts are Revenues overstated. Cr. Liabilities
still unearned.

ILLUSTRATION 3A.7
LO 5 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 67
Financial Reporting Concept
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
Discuss financial reporting concepts.

Relevance

ILLUSTRATION 3B.1

Faithful
Representation
ILLUSTRATION 3B.1

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 68

Enhancing Qualities of Useful
Information

ILLUSTRATION 3B.2
LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 69
Assumptions in Financial Reporting (1 of 2)

ILLUSTRATION 3B.3

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 70

Assumptions in Financial Reporting (2 of 2)

ILLUSTRATION 3B.3

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 71

Principles in Financial Reporting
Measurement Principles

Historical Cost Fair Value

Or cost principle, Indicates that assets
dictates that and liabilities should be
companies record reported at fair value
assets at their cost. (the price received to
sell an asset or settle a
liability).

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 72

Principles in Financial Reporting
More Principles
Revenue Recognition Expense Recognition Full Disclosure
Principle Principle Principle
Requires that Dictates that efforts Requires that
companies recognize (expenses) be companies
revenue in the matched with disclose all
accounting period in results (revenues). circumstances and
which the Thus, expenses events that would
performance follow revenues. make a difference
obligation is satisfied. to financial
statement users.

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 73

Cost Constraint

Accounting standard-setters
weigh the cost that
companies will incur to
provide the information
against the benefit that
financial statement users will
gain from having the
information available.

LO 6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 74

A Look at IFRS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
Compare the procedures for adjusting entries under GAAP
and IFRS
Similarities
• Companies applying IFRS also use accrual-basis
accounting to ensure that they record transactions
that change a company’s financial statements in the
period in which events occur.
• Similar to GAAP, cash-basis accounting is not in
accordance with IFRS.
• IFRS also divides the economic life of companies into
artificial time periods. Under both GAAP and IFRS,
this is referred to as the time period assumption.
LO 7 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 75