Levels of Thinking Another brainstorming method is making an idea map.

It
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist, Brainstorming is a visual representation of ideas and their connections
together with a team of educational psychologists, published Read the following situation. with one another. Unlike the idea list, an idea map is more
Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain, which is a system Patrick's class was tasked with the opening presentation during structured; thus, it is able to show how one idea
that classifies the levels of thinking important for learning. their school's Foundation Day. The school has already decided subordinates another idea. How to make an idea map: Put
Created by Bloom to promote higher levels of thinking, it is on a theme, and the class was simply required to decide its own the big idea or question at the center. Then, add a related
composed of six levels which follow a successive pattern. This concept for the performance. Although Patrick facilitated the idea by writing it down in a circle near the hig idea, and
simply means that to proceed to the next level, the current one discussion, all of his classmates were involved because they all drawing a line between the two to show how the ideas are
must be mastered first. The six levels are: Knowledge, shared their own ideas After everyone has contributed an idea, connected.
Comprehension, Application. Analysis, Synthesis, and they evaluated the suggestions and decided to use Gabriel's idea  Lack of money
Evaluation. to do a musical skit.  Lack of jobs
 Lack of motivation
Later on in 2001, Bloom's former student, Lorin Anderson, and a What Patrick's group did is called brainstorming. It is perhaps  Layoff
group of cognitive psychologists published a revision to the the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It  Causes
original taxonomy to make it more relevant to 21st-century helps people establish patterns of ideas, develop new ways of  Effects
students and teachers. They changed the names of the levels and thinking, activate background knowledge, and overcome mental  Unemployment
used verbs instead of nouns to denote an active process of block.  Family problems
thinking. Knowledge, comprehension, and tests were renamed  Emotional problems
remembering, understanding, and creating, respectively. Aside While brainstorming is commonly thought of as a group activity, In general, remember to define the problem or the issue
from this, Anderson et al. Remembering. Understanding, it can also be done Individually. In fact, some studies show that that needs to be solved. If you are going to brainstorm on
Applying, Analyzing Evaluating, and Creating. individual brainstorming produces more Ideas. This is partially your own, make sure to choose a comfortable place and
so because in group brainstorming, people focus too much on minimize distractions. Try using images to stimulate your
Exploring the First Three Levels of Thinking other people's ideas that they are unable to generate ideas of mind. For group brainstorming. make sure to create a fun
The New Version their own. atmosphere all throughout the activity. If the members are
Asking intelligent questions leads to a better understanding of not used to working together, open with a warm-up
events and ideas. Note that this is a key factor in thinking However, group brainstorming might be a better option in exercise or an ice-breaker. Assign a facilitator who will
critically. Acquiring this skill already starts with the first three solving more complicated problems because it produces ideas lead the discussion, but give every member an equal
levels of the revised taxonomy. To learn more about them, read that are wider in range and greater in depth. This is largely opportunity to contribute. Make sure not to criticize
the following sinuation and answer the succeeding questions. attributed to the fact that the experiences and knowledge of each during brainstorming, so as to create a free and open
group member augment those of the other members'. environment. To gain different perspectives, try to vary
your standpoints.
READING SKILLS FOR READING AND WRITING
Methods in Brainstorming READING- is a language skill which can be developed
You can brainstorm effectively either by creating an idea list or through constant practice. As some scholars found out,
by making an idea map.. Creating an idea list simply involves you can widen your vocabulary and develop skills in
listing ideas about a particular topic. It also helps you find the writing when you read. But reading can be more
main idea and supporting details from the numerous ideas meaningful if it will be viewed as an interactive process
listed. between the writer and the reader. As a reader, you
interact with what you read by asking questions,
Higher-Order Thinking Skills How to make an idea list: This strategy is especially appropriate analyzing the assertions, adding your own understanding,
Critical thinking does not stop at remembering, understanding, to textual people, or those who are more comfortable in and relating your experience to the message.
and applying. also involves analyzing, evaluating, and creating. processing words than visuals. It simply requires
These three cognitive processes are considered as higher-order you to write the main topic and then write down all related PRE-READING STAGE- it aims to induce the readers
thinking skills. Once you reach the highest level of thinking. you concepts below it. Here is example of an idea list. motivation to read and to activate their schema or
should be able to look at things from different perspectives, Topic - Unemployment. background knowledge.
decide without being manipulated by emotions, and avoid 1. Jobs WHILE-READING STAGE you may re-read the text until
biases and fallacies. You should be able to let your imagination 2.Poverty you fully understand its meaning.
flourish and freely accept ideas as they flow in. 3 Salary
POST-READING STAGE the last stage where you have to Are honest with themselves, acknowledging what they don’t OUTLINE, YOU CAN EITHER USE A DECIMAL
check your understanding of the text being read. know, recognizing their limitations, and being watchful of their OUTLINE OR AN ALPHANUEMERIC OUTLINE.
own errors. A DECIMAL OUTLINE ONLY USES NUMBERS AS
Scanning is useful in locating the specific name of a board Regard problems and controversial issues as exciting challenges. LABELS WHILE AN ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE USES
passer, looking for an old email in your inbox, or checking Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive, remain patient BOTH LETTERS AND NUMBERS AS LABELS.
specific information in a graph. Develop this skill further by with complexity, and are ready to invest time to overcome OUTLINE
applying the following tips. confusion. PLANNING FOR WRITING OR CREATING A
i. Be clear with the information that you need. Check if you are SUMMARY THAT GIVES THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES
looking for a date, figure, person, place, or event, and then focus NON-CRITICAL THINKER OF A TEXT.
on that specific information. Pretend they know more than they do, ignore their limitations, ALPHANUMERIC
ii. Avoid reading every word; focus on what you need. and assume their views are error-free. Uses both letters and numbers as labels
iii. Relax your eyes as you move them across the lines rapidly. Regard problems and controversial issues as nuisances or threats ALPHANUMERIC
2. Previewing - is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material to their ego. Outline
and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant. Are inpatient with complexity and thus would rather remain ESSAY OUTLINE
Previewing also allows readers to set the purpose and link the confused than make the effort to understand. 1. Introduction (White a thesis statement)
content of the material to their background knowledge. It is 11. Topic Sentence
conducted during the prereading stage. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER A. Support
3. Literal Reading - involves the understanding of ideas and Chronological order is the order in which the events occurred, 1.Deal/eumple
facts that are directly stated in the printed material. Skills under from first to last. This is the easiest pattern to write and to 2. Deal cumple
this category include note-taking. paraphrasing, and follow.Chronology is the science of arranging events in their IL Support
summarizing. order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a 1. Deul cumple
A. Summarizing timeline or sequence of events. 2. Deal/eumple
This is called summarizing. It is a reading skill that involves GROUP 1 DECIMAL Outline
condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage which is usually GRAPHIC ORGANIZER 1.0 Introduction
15 to 30 percent of the source material. Major details may also be A graphic organizer, also known as a knowledge map, concept 1.1 Why create an essay outline?
mentioned, but they are not required. A citation of the original map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or 1.1.1 A tool to help organize
source is always necessary. . The following are some strategies in concept diagram is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols 1.1.2 Present ideas logically and with a natural flow
summarizing. to express knowledge and concepts through relationships 1.1.3 Clarify your thesis and conclusion
i. Annotate, Le., add notes to the original text to highlight between them. And SO ON….
important ideas, but avoid putting your own comments. VENN DIAGRAM FOUR PRINCIPLES
ii. If you are summarizing a text with multiple paragraphs, get A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the  Coordination
the main idea of each paragraph and write them in your own logical relation between sets and used to compare and contrast  Subordination
words. Combine them into a coherent article using transitional ideas and events. This diagram uses two or more overlapping  Division
devices. circles to show similar and different attributes. popularized by  Parallel Construction
iii. Ensure accuracy by comparing your summary to the original John Venn in the 1880s. COORDINATION
text. NETWORK TREE Requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the
b. Paraphrasing A tree topology, or star-bus topology, is a hybrid network same way.
Paraphrasing means 'to state something written or spoken in topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus SUBORDINATION
different words, especially in a shorter and simpler form to make networks. Tree networks are hierarchical, and each node can Shows the minor details have to be placed under their
the meaning clearer' (Cambridge Online Dictionary, 2022). have an arbitrary number of child nodes. Network Tree designed perspective major details
Paraphrasing is 'a restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas by Ronnel Sanchez. PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION
in your own words. Requires all entries in each cluster to use the same
GROUP 2 structure and format.
CRITICAL THINKER OUTLINE TOPIC OUTLINE
First, critical thinkers have a passionate drive for clarity, AN OUTLINE IS A TOOL FOR ORGANIZING IDEAS. IT IS A topic outline uses words and phrases as it's entries:
precision, accuracy, and other critical thinking standards while USED NOT ONLY AS PRE-WRITING STRATEGY BUT ALSO Generally, a topic outline is used if the ideas being
uncritical thinkers often think in ways that are unclear, AS A POST - READING ACTIVITY. WHEN PREPARING AN discussed can be arranged in g number of ways.
imprecise, and inaccurate. SENTENCE Outline
Thesis statement E-mail and internet monitoring, as currenty An inciting incident is an event that hooks the viewer into the Facts/Examples - list down the facts or example to back
practiced, is an invasion of employees' rights in the workplace story and sets everything else that happens into motion. up your reasoning.
1. The situation: Over 80% of today's companies monitor their C. RISING ACTION Conclusion -summarizing the Conclusion most important
employees. The section where the conflict and the characters are developed details of the argument."
A To prevent fraudulent actives, theft and other workplace The rising action is the second of six essential plot elements, GROUP 8
related Wolasons. which comes right after the opening of a story, otherwise known FISHBONE MAP
B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity as the exposition. FISHBONE MAP-is used to better under Stand the casual
C. To prevent any legal liabilises due to harassing or offensive D. CLIMAX relation ship of a complex phenomenon and its a
communications. The climax is the point in a story where the tension and conflict visualization tool for categorizing the potential causes of a
reach their highest point. It is the turning point in the plot where problem
GROUP 3 the main. character faces their greatest challenge, and the OTHER NAMES
CYCLE outcome of the story becomes clear cause and effect
What is a cycle? E. FALLING ACTION Diagram Ishikawa Diagram
-a series that are regularly repeated in the same order. The falling action is the part of the plot that follows the climax Herring bone Diagram
ex.growth, serisce and death and leads to the resolution or conclusion of the story. It is the
SPIDER MAP section where the story's tensions and conflicts begin to be GROUP 9
Spider map is used inspect and enumerate various aspects of resolved, and loose ends are tied up. Timeline
critical idea,which could be concepto, or theme. Spider mapping F. RESOLUTION -used to show how events occurred chronologically-
which is sometimes called Semantic map is a graphic organizer The resolution is the part of the plot that brings the story to a through a long par labeled with dates and specific events.
that can be used for brainstorming ideas, aspects, and thoughts close, where the loose ends are tied up, and the story's conflicts Linear timeline
of normally a single theme or topic. are resolved. -detail events that happened within a given time frame.
GROUP 6 This time frame could be a person's lifetime, a period in
GROUP 4 Series of Events Chain history or a single event.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION MAP ✓ The word sequence means the order or arrangement in which Comparative timeline
Problem-Solution Map - displays the nature of the problem and things happen. - compares two or more topics across the same date range.
how it can be solved. This map usually contains the problem's Series of events Chain They could be used to highlight similarities and
description, its causes and effects. and logical solutions. -Is used to show the logical sequence of events differences between two countries.
What is a Problem Solution Map A chain of events is a number of actions and their effects that are
A problem solution map represents a logical analysis of available contiguous and linked together that results in a particular
data leading towards a solution. In other words, a problem outcome.
solution map uses the given data to provide a solution to the When sequencing an event you must keep in mind these
problem. A straightforward solution map can have various example
elements. Typically, it has the following structure: questions
 a problem statement 1. What must you do first?
 problem definition 2. What must you do after?
 possible causes and effects 3. What must you do next?
 an effective solution 4. What will be the last thing you must do
GROUP 5 GROUP 7
Plot diagram PERSUASION MAP
A. EXPOSITION Persuasion Map is an interactive graphic Organizer that enables
The part where character, setting, and relationships are students to map out their arguments for a persuasive essay or
established debate.
Exposition is a literary term that refers to the introduction of Steps in making Persuasion Map
characters and plot it can also be used to set up the mood or tone Topic - choose your topic/issue of interest for your essay or
for the rest of the story debate.
B. INCITING MOMENT •Introduction define the claim that you want to prove
The part which brings about the change or the conflict. •Main reasons-list down the reasons for making this claim.