VRTS113: Exam Week

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BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YA
Professor: Esmeraldo Guillermo
Midterm Topics: knowledge to solve problems or make decisions. It starts
• Critical thinking: different thinking types from a common point and moves outward in diverging
• Critical thinking: the art of critical questioning directions to involve a variety of aspects or perspectives.
• Critical thinking: critical reflection and developing • Sequential thinking – This refers to the ability to process
thinking information in orderly prescribed manner. It involves a
• Developing managerial skills and organization step-by-step progression where a response to a step must
• Developing managerial skills and organization: be obtained before another step is taken.
motivating my team • Holistic thinking – This refers to the ability to see the big
picture and recognize the interconnectedness of various
CRITICAL THINKING: DIFFERENT THINKING TYPES components that form the larger system. It involves
Thinking expanding your thought process in multiple directions,
- The cognitive activities you use to process information, rather than in just one direction, and understanding a
solve problems, make decisions, and create new ideas. system by sensing its patterns.
- You use your thinking skills when you try to make sense of
experiences, organize information, make connections, ask CRITICAL THINKING: THE ART OF CRITICAL QUESTIONING
questions, make plans or decide what to do. Critical questioning
- Hence, understanding that there are different ways of - What makes us understand new ideas and concepts
thinking that are both valid may help us world and relate better is not just knowing what the statement of fact is but
with other people around us. the questions that will lead us to come up with the right
answers. Most of the time, answers or ideas seem to be
• Creative thinking – This refers to the ability to conceive vague because of the improper questions that we raise.
new and innovative ideas by breaking from established Questions motivate the answers. The level of answer we
thoughts, theories, rules, and procedures. It involves get is essentially based on the kind of question we ask.
putting things together in new and imaginative ways. - Dare to ask the following questions when you talk about
Creative thinking is often referred to as “thinking outside new ideas and issues that spark your interest
the box.” Questions for Critical Thinking
• Analytical thinking – This is the ability to separate a hole …benefits from this?
into its basic parts in order to examine the parts and their …have you also heard discuss this?
relationships. It involves thinking in a logical, step-by-step …is this harmful to?
manner to break down a larger system of information into …would be the best person to consult?
Who
its parts …makes decisions about this?
• Concrete thinking – This refers to the ability to …will be the key people in this?
comprehend and apply factual knowledge. It is about …is most directly affected?
thinking of objects or ideas as specific items, rather than …deserves recognition for this?
as a theoretical representation of a more general concept. …are the strengths and weaknesses?
It involves thinking only on the surface, always literal, and …is the best/worst case scenario?
to-the-point. …is another way looking at this?
• Abstract training – This is the ability to use concepts to …is most least important?
What
make and understand generalizations then relating or …is its other alternative?
connecting them to other persons, items, events, or …can we do to make a positive change?
experiences. It involves paying attention to the hidden …would be a counterargument for this?
meanings thus allowing you to observe and understand …is getting in the way of our action?
theories and possibilities. …would we see this in the real world?
• Convergent thinking – This is the ability to put several …can we get more information?
different pieces or perspectives of a topic together in …are there similar concepts/ situations?
some organized, logical manner to find a single answer. It …do we go for help with this?
Where
involves focusing on a finite number of solutions rather …is there most need for this?
than proposing multiple solutions …will this idea take us?
• Divergent thinking – This refers to the ability to generate …in the world would this be a problem?
creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions to find …are the areas for improvement
one that works. It involves bringing facts and data together …is this acceptable or unacceptable?
from various sources and then applying logic and When …will we know we’ve succeeded?
…would this benefit our society?
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…has this played a part in our history? issues used to implement this issue
…would this cause a problem? • Summarize strategy relevant to what I
…can we expect this to change? major points • Explore how the do?”
…is the best time to act? • State problem • “Is this my
…should we ask for help with this? indicators of emerged/grew/shif concern?”
…is this a problem/challenge? trends and ted • “How else could
…should people know about this? patterns • Map and discuss this be seen
…is it relevant to me/others? • Identify step-by-step framed (or seen)”
…has it been this way for so long? factors actions, reactions, • “Is the key
Why
…is this the best/worst scenario? • Confirm data and responses. concept a valid
…have we allowed this to happen? • Validate data • Discuss concept?”
…are people influenced by this? • Verify progression and • Challenge
…is there a need for this today? sources sequence, assumptions,
…is this similar to __________? • Discuss scope, beliefs, and
…does this benefit us/others? impact, and values underlying
…does this disrupt things? influence key problem
…does this harm/us other? • Discuss relevance
How
…do we know the truth about this? and reliability of
…do we see this in the future? indicators
…will we approach this safely?
…can we change this for our good? DEVELOPING MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND ORGANIZATION
Managerial skills
CRITICAL THINKING: CRITICAL REFLECTION AND - Simply, managerial skills are the knowledge and ability of
DEVELOPING THINKING the individuals in a managerial position to fulfill some
- A pattern is developed in a specific time and space. It specific management activities or tasks. This knowledge
addresses circumstances and scenarios which may be and ability can be learned and practiced. However, they
beneficial today but may not be tomorrow. This calls us to also can be acquired through practical implementation of
pause for a while and re-think our patterns. required activities and tasks. Therefore, you can develop
- This “necessary pause” to rethink our patterns is what we each skill through learning and practical experience as a
can call, reflection. In her book Learning to Think manager.
Strategically, Julia Sloan distinguishes three different - There are many definitions of skills that talk about
kinds of reflections that we can use to innovate the talent. Talent is something personal related to an
patterns that we have developed. These are the following: individual and shows a natural gift from nature about
Content Reflection, Process Reflection, and Premise something inside that talented person. All persons cannot
Reflection. be artists. Usually, artists are born with the gift of art, but
despite their talent, they continue to develop their talent
Kinds of Reflections to improve their art skills.
• Content Reflection – focuses on the description of the - When we talk about managerial skills, we talk about skills
situation. it answers the question “what.” this gives us of a manager to maintain high efficiency in the way how
more information and details about the issue at hand. his or her employees complete their everyday working
• Process Reflection – focuses on the ways and methods tasks. Because of that, managers will need skills that will
used to answer the issue. it answers the questions “how.” help them to manage people and technology to ensure an
it involves what one did in order to reach at a solution to effective and efficient realization of their working duties.
the existing problem.
• Premise Reflection – challenges the relevance of the Three types of managerial skills
problem itself. it answers the question, “why.” one might - Robert Katz identifies three types of skills that are
ask, why is the problem relevant or important? this pin essential for a successful management process:
down to the beliefs and values that motivates the problem Technical skills, Conceptual skills and Human or
or issue. interpersonal management skills.
Technical Skills as One Part of Management Skills
Types of Critical Reflection - As the name of these skills tells us, they give the
Content Premise manager’s knowledge and ability to use different
Process Reflection
Reflection Reflection techniques to achieve what they want to achieve.
Focuses on Technical skills are not related only for machines,
Focuses on How Focuses on Why production tools or other equipment, but also, they are
What
• Restate • Map actions and • Inquire about skills that will be required to increase sales, design
problem reactions of steps relevance of different types of products and services, market the
• Identify key and approaches problem: “Why is products and services, etc.

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- For example, let’s take an individual who works in the - Let’s take an example of controlling skills. The controlling
sales department and has highly developed sales skills can’t be a skill, but rather a process, or one of the
achieved through education and experience in his managerial functions. Managers are controlling their
department or the same departments in different employees through their interpersonal managerial skills
organizations. Because of these skills that he possesses, that we already described. Other additional skills that I
this person can be a perfect solution to become a sales find in theory are decision-making skills. Again, decision
manager. This is the best solution because he has making is a process and not the skill. When we have
excellent technical skills related to the sales department. conceptual skills, we will make a better decision.
- On the other hand, the person who becomes sales Furthermore, when we have technical skills, we will make
manager will start to build his next type of required skills. a better technical decision. I think that the primary skills
It is because if his task until now was only to work with the all managers will need are skills explained as technical,
customers as a sales representative, now he will need to conceptual, and interpersonal managerial skills.
work with employees in the sales department in addition - In the end, I want to note something about managerial
to the work with customers. skills and business potential energy. Better management
- Technical skills are most important for the first-level skills in your company will produce more considerable
managers. When it comes to the top managers, these business potential energy. So, these three types of skills
skills are not something with high significance level. As we are in the category of business elements that can increase
go through a hierarchy from the bottom to higher levels, your business potential energy.
the technical skills lose their importance.
Conceptual Skills DEVELOPING MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND ORGANIZATION:
- Conceptual skills present knowledge or ability of a MOTIVATING MY TEAM
manager for more abstract thinking. That means he can How To Motivate Your Team
easily see the whole through analysis and diagnosis of So how does this relate to you motivating your team? Regularly
different states. In such a way they can predict the future in my work, I’m asked, “What can I do to motivate my team?”
of the business or department as a whole. Well, you can’t, but you can inspire them to self-motivate.
- Why managers need these skills? – As a first, a How?
company includes more business elements or functions 1) Connect with their core values.
as selling, marketing, finance, production, etc. All these - By identifying what’s important to them and what their
business elements have different goals even completely core values are, your people will have a better
opposed goals. Think about marketing and production as understanding of how to motivate themselves in their
a business function and their specific goals. You’ll see the role because they’re better able to connect what
essential difference. The conceptual skills will help they’re doing to their internal self.
managers to look outside their department’s goals. So, - When something — a project, specific task,
they will make decisions that will satisfy overall business conversation, whatever — aligns with one’s core
goals. values, this acts as a catalyst for further motivation.
- Conceptual skills are vital for top managers, less critical 2) Provide clarity on everyone’s expectations.
for mid-level managers, and not required for first-level - As the leader, it’s important to not get caught up with
managers. As we go from a bottom of the managerial “everyone should be able to do everything” thoughts.
hierarchy to the top, the importance of these skills will rise. Rather, approach projects with the mindset of how to
Human or Interpersonal Managerial Skills utilize each person’s skills, along with their values, so
- Human or interpersonal management skills present a your team can meet deadlines while providing quality
manager’s knowledge and ability to work with people. One work and results. From there, it’s about assigning
of the most critical management tasks is to work with specific tasks and offering clarity and support
people. Without people, there will not be a need for the accordingly.
existence of management and managers. - One question you should ask your team as you begin
- These skills will enable managers to become leaders and a new project is, “What would motivate you to focus
motivate employees for better accomplishments. Also, on the end goal of this project?” This helps you get
they will help them to make more effective use of human clear on what values your individual team members
potential in the company. Simply, they are the essential need met to find their self-motivation within the
skills for managers. project.
- Interpersonal management skills are essential for all 3) Support them to self-manage.
hierarchical levels in the company. - By understanding the individuals on your team, you’re
better equipped to support them in their own self-
Are There More Management Skills? management, recognizing what they’ll need along the
- These are the three necessary skills required for way to stay motivated on specific projects and
successful management as a process. Some authors also individual responsibilities.
mention other skills related to management skills. But, - By offering support rather than telling them to get
when I think about, they are simply part of these three motivated, you add humanity back into your projects
types of primary skills. because you consider the person behind the work and
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what it will take for the person to complete the work

rather than just the work itself.
4) Chat with them regularly to answer any questions or
concerns they have.
- Get to know your people, both one-on-one and as a
group. Encourage your team to communicate so you
are the one listening and they are asking questions,
not vice versa.
- Conversations should center on what inspires
individuals, particularly as it relates to their roles. In
having these dialogues, you encourage more creativity
within your team, removing limitations around what
one can and cannot do. This will help them come
together as a team as they get to understand each
other’s motivators along with seeing what each
person is good at.
- A side benefit from getting to know everyone’s
individual motivators and values together is that
healthy teams can then inspire each other to find their
self-motivation and hold each other accountable. No
longer will you be the sole individual trying to motivate
a group of people. Now, you’ll be a leader who creates
an environment that empowers your team and
inspires them to do the same for each other.

Accidentally De-Motivating Your Team

- What’s interesting is that research shows that if you
increase the reward for something a person already enjoys
doing, it lessens their desire or motivation. This may seem
the opposite of what you’d expect, but it’s important to
know so you don’t accidentally de-motivate an already
motivated individual. So, if someone on your team
naturally enjoys a specific task because they are internally
rewarded by a sense of self-accomplishment, giving them
an external reward may demotivate them.
- Therefore, it’s important to communicate with your people
and learn what their individual motivators and core values
are. We are all unique individuals, and this is one of those
times where we need to acknowledge that.
- Ultimately, the question isn’t about how to motivate your
team — because you can’t. The question is what you need
to do to inspire your team to self-motivate. Getting to
know them is a great place to start.

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