Modsste_ -4 Booleon ‘Algebro Logic circuits Number Sutter th 0 bapir fot Count'n (ornput eA communicate | \lartoud flems . Modern patch use & Opevere with binary numbers ony tho igi okt, the Varfous numbes igttos System Oe 1. Deckmoak a. Binary 3. octal 4, treeacectmal Decal Number Softer’ In dactimoh number system only ten ee, from 0. Th fp cobled -lo number System the Systems Uped fro numberp ave upek - pape “10 pystem oF val genera {orm 4 clecimos number 14, dn Ayr - 7-707 dg dadide did, A, ~~ On tp eqinolint given by, == byeioFt gx 0+ dixie! lene’ + nl Anx10? + AnaK!O + ~~ - -2 ”n dixie. td xo po - Anxio™. Binary Number System In o Aigitah Eleckronéc Auster. the active canis usec oe opevadtad op Aattcheys § have only dso Stats te, ONG OFF. ~ The Binoy Ayptem fe used in which only i dying Number So binary. mumber system Ys base -w te Ok 4’. oy todix -2 number Bytom ,the generat yor & binovy mumbey 1d } } ¥ U by On byg bs by by bo ba b, 4, --- b, & F4s Acc&mal Equivelont vs given by, baa? nm! yak Oe Eby SEEN = thy xalt by x24 b xa 4 Arata bing tbigeer + 77° aa ah ky most bit 4 a binary number fA Ealick mest ATgniptcomt bee (mse) & ta Vight most Lit (L8B) ia Calle deort Algniiart SH, bi Aignifaant bit “Sete a , -- - LSB (TTT eT Tee Binat een tl Octal Number System Decemad Number if mot Commonly used. L it th must Sence We We upirgy mt in eNerydoy dye dronpacions. & binary Numbers oda bmportant) becouge brnary numbers CAN be procepped dlisecli, using digital Systam . Rader & gr octal number Aysten , it — net Uped litectly but thay ore important for clouamertation & cto purpopy® Tha oct Sift Treads & Aigts fe, 0 40 ¥. The genera jm g octal Number fs, 0 00---~--900.0,0.0.----0 n ney WP 2 mt -2 Oy me)_ ~~ ond oy equintote rd olatmods ib, OnK BM On Br 0,%8°4 one + 0, x84 0x8 F ORB + ute + OsrB et 40,27" 8 4 g° ee a7 nse I | | | Le Biroty pest 4: [x96 SJ she pubscript ‘gy te octoL » enclicalas tat a ten number jezadstnad, urbe £2 mn ohig® System , vodix- 16 fre vadectrrol numbers — bystarn Prontokes prorthand ssepsepentaciion Of mulbbtt number Pn & Tigitad Auptm, the Hexoclectmal number System hos Is Asatt? or tumbap bE ote? & ADF. tthe genexos jor of hexaolectrral number fa th 4, Woe rot n Mer Mn-t Hot, Hee HH gH 5 rtp dorttimol eg wiNalent vs, n n-! aed Mtb t Hy Xt6 tH ke tT ~My Kiet RICE Hy xe tHe paces Halo Py Hot 13 4 (Ae Daag the substatpt Ib) & “H enditcatss that thediNen Number fA by) Hexadecimal number ox base -16 8 yoolix— le System, Numbers NA he feteret BOR Decimal Bir y octat Hhecadactmos [base 10> (bape &) bae(s) | bwe 16) ° 0000 Dd 6 | ooo) \ oy | x 0010 a a > ool 3 3 1 4 otoo 4 | 4 | saw) | s Jos | 6 O110 6 6 i Oli a a a ee ‘ — looo | )o g 4 100] \\ 4 lo — 1010 sS A au 4 jor) 13 BL | Ie Ltoo | _¢ - i | 2 LLol is D> My - Lhlo Ib - youl IZ | / £ : Number Cornetpron X Lonvert aig —to rey a I Detirnal +to Ary base ‘4 System het up ConBides a dette Num berpolich hoa both feteger @ fractfonod Poe the integer port fp Conerted — into base ‘y’ Puptern by Aucleppirie AN Aton £ bovting ro femoinders — respectively . the ‘ernatndar aa to be wsitlen in fequence from bottorn -tp top’ . The fractronos porwr Pe Conlertedk fr tp bop 2 SN” Byptem by Aulleppinie mmutipl*ation by & pretet tha, sshole Pare Op tha Yepull, aE fequance to be from “top to bottom” the mmultiplttadtion phe cordinuk until te pactionas | port becornep 32rd ov dap trek O.tearay obtaire Problems : ' Le Comet (398. 75),, Stnte binary, OF Br {.Se —> J oO. SoKXD Tree —7] (0.48) = 0.11 393 > 11D 001110 (398-450 =[Joooro NyRo a 40 octal, (398.7 ic 0 FSS 3/348 oo \ g faa & peo ew 6 17 (398) = 616 © (ag8.as),, = (616 8) 5 298.95), te Hera decimal Id K Bas, OAS KIC 24 —1HWle) 7 poo 7 Blo v r—3s_/ Sa (348) = SE (398.45))9 = (i8E-C)y 349 te binawy, So 44 |r -0 =o oo w ) FAF ) Ro &> Ro Ro Lo gy KD Rw Pe eos wlio \ a \~ | | (434), = yo}101)110©. (9899), fat ora dortmal [8899 i1b[SS6 -3 (9894) - ir ne (BEAD ip = (Bacay, a -—2 4. (0+368)9 fro Hexadlatirnad 0. 368K IG = 30-833 OBBE XIE =| E08 0. doe x16 = 3 Bas o.3ag% Ib = S.ah8 0 848 x16 23 968 - (0-368 ro =e 0 SE3S3 4, (2003), inte octet: 8 /2003 g(&So -3 g(9l- aw 3-4 (20°) 0 = (3783) &. Conveat (0-405); frte octal. o.tos x8 = |S: 64 0, 64x8 = | Sle Ola xk = 0°96 O.G6xF = HF. 6% G. 68%8 = SAY + (0. FD Los sots )g‘y to Aecimal i Any — base Nonny Y Neve We have to ure The general val e numbed 7 any number Sytio,, f cor ‘ $OY Tepreperiting Gy An-\ > n ~ > Og 8, 4, = ANA OF === QP HATE 6 . oT. te) an Can Shy aioe oy ao Ba Droblems = < ‘Viole inte detimal . = xaSs ixeteoxaty nat xe’ t x = 324 16 +0tH# tat = (SD JV )Ol JON), tn te ectsnot 2 x he “ peste inate xa’ eomalg | Kap IK + one ixa> + xa 2b +eshalt Lrot gs RE + > fg. 6845), 3 6. OWEN )g in t deutmol, | | - - 4! 3 - ~ > oye igs leo ona + xa xa! ror te Ott gL a y 8 th = (0.42 1875), aSW (MAS AS) = OP Duy © -! -2 WB 4 THR + SHEE ITE 4 SHB - agh4 SETSHt ZS ee = (314. 32313) S. (qg8.IAy 2 C2) « -! a = aK FE AIS FAKE HIKE + ox? = 93044 146+ atit 10 16 gst 2304 +1446 rat o.0bas+ 0.034 = (2488-1), (2108-1, - (2). -! - = ah Se py te Onde aed +t 1M +ax4 Y 2 Watlétorat t+ a nb = (810. 34D) y0 (Ase Dy = LT) = Jone + KG T IRKIG + KIC asbo rith tlat 2? L = Qshot [46 t18t 0,8las = (948, BIS)Binayy to octal — COnVexAforn : | Octal Number Binoy Numbe d © 000 t | oot & } oto 3 | oll s loo g 1o | 6 Llo + tt) x fo binary to octal number Conveypion 4 he number, Group the giNen number Pn Froups & Trobe — thSxe0. Aroxting from he iE mat (Lse) & Fepinte, Each weap by the octal umber ap Shown Mm -table. x For Connesffoo & fractional Port, make group nv wo ardirg Ath the left. Tp amg Op Ye, 1 bE is left atone adh FeVA tr mate a group 1 towards wight Bide @ tha. Number, Preb 271 Goud, = CAs you - = S 4a) 3, (lio. oto) Jy = (2)e ool!iO, O1Ole = (16-32 )9 e3. [Vilporlollell+ non), = (2), po FOOT OT. (10116 = (14 332.64 Ja hy, (LOL ol He | ot), = (2) 8 ol ollolo + Lt lo = (o556:4%)s S- (0: iprolonel), = (2)s Jol oll D1 1 | > (0.7532) ¢ o NN octol to Binary _Convedsfer octal to eirary, Simply To convert number by Pop by 2quivalenr sreplace gach octad 3-btt bénory numbex : 1. [Fag = UIs Far > (IV Lotte) 9 a. (65.317 )e > Oe 365. alF z(orriele! 3.(0S0b)s = (De. 0.506 =( 0. leloo0o)s hs (7463 SHS), : (2. (Aitectioon ‘ ototoole! ) s Z Jorcooel lit),N Binoy to Heradsitmoat (on Vexsfon Hera dorimal Binary g.ooe O oood \ poo | 2 Oo190 3 ool) A oO 1Ood0 s Olo] é O19 + oti 3 ooo 4 Lo oF (10) A Jo, 0 (0B toll Va) Cc 1,100 (13) D 110 | th (E) lito sth tt Droblems l. ton (101,01), > (2) ie OooOllOl\\ijo) .o10 -— sores =(1 6D 4) Sb — J (MOUND )y = (Dy OL Olrlor0 yoy ( ee ee = 6F SD) uG —__ 2. (Mote yoniot)s > Ly O. NOVO WO 1Ov0 — \ > (0. DSdDB) w a___ °° © M) treractortmad to Binary lonverston To Convert Hovadsitmnal to binary , Cimply Yeplae gath Hexodetmal by fp Sal, binary ug erg, bit, 1, (ABO) [L010 Ion 100 ), a.( 444), low onloind dy 3. (248-4), -(o010 1010 Joll- [oo1), h (ave. FER), _(onioorotiio ort oleee) Ti octal te HenadutnaltonleBien To toner octal to Hevackactmol number er octal number should irr binary & +n pe Cannot 4 Dductly » be ppt Converted Convat — frvto Freyodectral - octal —? Brnory, number? He i.e yocle imal, Numa Problemy, ' 1. (43497 (Op W3q 2 ooo 2UlF) 4 ay (Fa6.b8%)— = (Oxy (406. 6a) mogiiore io, NOSE’! eco 1p 6 -€ B 3 = (1D6, C88) y oa[6.2 - Ce HHEHIO, C100 co _ bo be 4 OFA), yy 2¢ 9 WF > (Ty QO-Fe = 6 (the oO - @) =O. FS) soadatmal +o octal Neunbar _— Herocdiimal +-? binary — oct Numey | = ONVONLOLY x (354, an d8E. FE%), =(V)¢ GAL. FEL = OpjOOolO IO . O11Moleed 1 osé 1 34g2 = (losk. 3750) , So\Ne SoINe {. WorNert (294-65) 1, = (*), > a7 0s | . orts* (eye. o> (De (YD,(ABCD) = (7), -(0), . perform tho puorng, a)(stbige (1), - (De b) (aa_2 (Oh = (Dp Nsaewk)e = (UW. 2(Ve A) (2n8-Oy = (8), 2 (Ve ¢) (46y.252)4 2(U,_,2-(D3 pL lotro. lea = (He g) |to3t)e= (tr h) (2616) 10 (Ox 1) (934) 9 = (9s ten number ‘Ny, in BO for 0% ne. tee Dyped % Cornple ment ne can def ‘) 4's complement (Rockin complement] pote complerne, tt) (y-) complament . [pinenigret eq! gS Complement % 4% complement for bereccy, numbs - Jo's Complement 5 dectmal Number, Dintnihe Bodie Complament — Gren a Number ‘Noh bope tT! honing ye digcts , the (¥-1)'S Complement gn ip deginack q's Complement fos ontUH ap [vevy-N a. Son dActimal numbers, ¥° '° & V-1=U, Se a Qs complement ay N vs ( jor-1)- N- Jo" vepwesents a number thet Conbiats qa Brngle 2 followed by n Os. jonny TE numbey Tepepentet by nm 4s. és. tp nak, ne have jot=lo,coo & itt = 9999, Qs Complement oO cfmol number i‘ detained by faoriacing ach oltgtt fom 4 The 9's Complement | LybFoo IF qaqaag - Seeteo = NS2847. —> for bina numbers, Ye2, Thal. S& the, sf wmptemant 4 N ip ()-N hoe gr tp represented by o binory numbet thok CoTpipty qa 4 Pollomed by O's: fay Th binary numbst epreperttad by Wy 1's 4: se nz4, gi 2{] 0000) X ote 2th, thug 1's complement | & binary number fs dotatned by. pabtvacting Each digit from’F Howeter, phan Subtracting brnecry digtts Jyom 4, po nN hone. Ethey |!-o-1 e& I-126 jahich Campos the bit to Gorge from 0 tr 4 oy from 4 O- at the. 4's Complemeny rp formed by chong ing, 4's 49 OS Eq: qe 1g Complemart & Jo) 000 octal of haxade, fubtracting a binary number ¥ocbis, CS Oloofit o> th Ws complement col numbers v3 pbiainest by Book ligt fom “T Ou FE , weppectinely . Dadi Component cornplement —> The 1's Complement op an n-digrt numbe LN Pm dopey’ SP dupinek ah y"-N fos N#0 > the vs Complement obtained by adding ‘yo to the (x-1)'s Complement. Eq: th 10% complement a doctimal numbex 9334 4444 - 2336 = F610 [Adaltry Yo to the w qs complemant ) Hii The a's Complement a. binary number, fol|\o0 me. lotion -» O1ooll — 48 com Plemont +1 D101 d~ [ Ny 4 te tha 4S complemenSubtraction WOH Complemens the Subtraction * 40 n- ligt unsiined Mumbexys M-N in base xy Can be done On, Ade He Mined “M to the Y's Complement yo She SWaahend ND. This pexyorme , Ma G7=N) = M=N HY” oS. rf MEN, te Sum wil Procluce an end te discarded ; Hot fA leet COryy yr, hASch ( TS the yesult M-N, | re MEN, Ho Sum doesnot Produce an end | conty & fs equol te 7-[N-M)- which 1% He | ys complement 8 (N-M)- To obtatn the anpey | toxe the v's Complement & the Sum & place a negatine Ayn in port. bw Preelem s x Ying les Complement, Subtract FaSaa-3a&sy Me Fas3e Jo's Complement 'N’ f, 99999- Zaso > FO744 Give Fasza (m) + 46 FS5° 164383. sum > Jerase SE tozave — ~. YW oe qaeex Yping Jo's complement , Subtract 3a5o- F853 M= 03a50 \o’s Complement % N , #a53a 15 499994 - FAS32 Dd YE +1 M> 03250 Rn No + ht Nee AOR Sum = 307418 shoe f no end COTY MEN, & Yo \o's com Plermant ce 30 FB TA 64 a8 £4 abr + Answer ot —64aa |W becouse oa — M O1OFO1) i \ HLoV loo” N= Joooel\ | x - HO 1oe Sum = Slory Th fH no end Carry, as com plemant & sum, 1011 > S6}o00n Ooloord)— Y-XK = -90l0001 = L Subtrackion 4's Com plement Thode Wa two Cored cane £2 When He Subhohanol [4he number fe be pubrraded J ys Amablea thane Minuad , Procedure ) Gee the {SLernplement 64 Subtrahend 2) Add Pt with minuwd, 3) 2) Te CVY present, odd Pt To the LS6 th Nepal. Aypwer [A positive. Core ds When dre Subtrahend FA gender than the Hind, Procedure |, Got Ha Z* Complement Wa Subtte herd | a. Bdd FH wrth the Minusd,vp nor quroales , tare 1 3. If Cos 4 Ple.ce a negative Cornplernent the yepulé & sign ptth tho. Yebut . prover: + (lov), - dee), = UI, Tare 1% Complamant a Subtrakend, Looe —70)"| Aack ee perth Htnusd - re, 110 + Ot c—l\ 01 0 ) 0101 ——7 Repl . (101)> - (tooo), > folo)s Carty : x JLoojo-)]olle! lolto! —F o]eelo _yjoool?® Cocrey >) 5001 0) (Mootd)— ono: , 2 (000101) —* jpotoil— iitolel s+ complement & IWVO1OL — O©Ol0l0 \\ ool) | pool101o + \ 110.0} Cody =O [No erry. pt | ake 45 Complement | te yesule — 1R -00010!0¥ (\101), - (J10°°), - Ut), \yolom Minud 4 oot a's complement 4 Subtrohond CO, eoroe \ —— ool O1L L Subhaction using a's Complemont © find as Complemut, frvat find +e one's Complement tran acd L' to te Lse_) Drv cock 4ox Subtackon |. Deteventre the 9’ Complement 9 subtvahand &. fad te wor TWiuscl. 3. se thee fH a Corry, discard fH & Anpwer ip Pesrtrve . Lote thete ® no CY, ake 9S Complement 4 tha Yepult & Place a negative Aign wth the Yutt) Eg: % Wor 101° o Complement Jolo~ ojo1 — JF — - Hol 0110 + 0110 _jeotl Chin cod Antwd is (O01N), =¥ jyooo) -— [1010 4 a comPplerant | \poyol @ roolobo ylooo | po tet + op leit T1100 No cop Toke a com plerrart 3 tra Yesulte , _s . ° frijoo ep C001! \ _ ° or 0 9071° - i Boolean Algebya Boolean A boolean Algeb™ 2 a fet opetedions addition, farstraction H ™ weth ElementA Q & 4, Propertin 9 oclm Tyevts |. commutasive _Propedty a) Atos BTA b) AB BA % binar utiplication 4) A+ (Bte) = @tB)+Ca Ss = = a <= |. Ale @+¢ Arete) ° ° .6).C | B.C » BLA Cc 0 A 8 o 0 b) (a.sdc= ABO A fot © | | 5 BtAC Jap ]Acla A B Clerc lalerArctornodic dofinition 4 boolvon Algebta Boolean oSgetra ip an al gedit Aiudie defined on o pa 4% Blements together bith too binary ope rotor + & ° Provided the pling portulotes , , a) closure Wht TeApect to the Operator + b) closure with Teapect to the opesedtor | —“ da) An idaarctidy glement with respect to +, designated by op £tO=0tXH=%. b) An folantdly elernent With vespect tr * dapiyrotid by , gels eee % 3, 0) Commutodine pith veppect to +: LAY = YtW b) Cormmutada with respect to * So meye YX A, ao) s te listrtbutive ONeT +: x: (ve2)2 atl b) + op clistrt bubine Over * J utly-2) =(aty) (22) S. for exo clement «6B, Torr exists On Element %'€6 (coda the complemevtt & %) Such thos a) ata'=! 4 4) ue =O C. tha exisys at leoat two alemants YES puch thot 1¥y- Two ~— Valued boolean A gebra _ A doo — Valu boolean. algebra & defined ona fet F quo glemetts, B= fol}, with veep [PF to 4n0 binary Operectors +h.xn ylary | RN] ary x a : Ie oo | 0° 0 o| S 0 ; ao 1 )o orf) J 0} © 1 oft | jo JN voli - ~ x yom th tables » POR Sea that | a) o¢+b= 0, o¢ |} = [toe] | b) t-led, l.o-=0.120 a from the complement doable , Pt Phows thoct a)atxizet, since otol- otr=! & J¢4\' = 1to-l sence 0.0'2 0-129 & b) aex'=e, pj 21.020 Basic theorems a boolean Algebva Dashile : Ty Stok that Ely obgerate Expression daductole from do portwhotes % | boolean yo. ‘remains Nalid tf he operocteys & the idordity Elements Wz frofa changed , if te duoh % an, algebraic Expression ip dsptred , NE Bimply tnterdrarge OR & AND operator 4 replace d's by O's & o's bY is, Bagi Theotemp Postulatis % Theorem % boolean Algebrastheorern 14> a atee % b) %L=% o) “41 sa) 6) 4.020 theorem 3 — i‘ Oso gb) KEK Postulote 2 » 9) nto 4 stheorem 2% 4) (a)! ak ( involutic ”) weeny a) vtyeyrx b) t¥=Y% (Commutodine) . ‘theorem 4 1 a) xtlyez)elatytz 6) (v2)=lxy): ( Appo uiodinte) - rituleta 4 > 9) AYte)> AY F b) xt¥2 “EP ( Distributive) theorem s: a) cary) - xy! way) ay! (De morgn) poptulate S : a) etx'=1 b) x20 : theorem 6 2g) atxy=H 8) x (ery )>x ( abner ption) theorem tf: UtK=%K etre (4X)- 1 7 (X40) (Kt e') by postulocte Ge r 14nn! by 4(b) =2+ 0 by portlet. (6) = oh Theorem 4() © Le%=0 LiL > L-X+0 = he xt tea! by stb = R(k+x!) Ly s(@ > he | eazy- a) sheave &@'. 44! X41= J} (41) e (tea) (441) by Sa) se rax'e) Alb) | n+ x! bY Sao “Theorem bla): hdhcedd At XY -x UT XG = ald xy =x(Ity) = x(yth) ome! Boolean functions avioble Con Fake the Vote f binoory Ne 4 of 4, 4 boolean punch ip an exprypton Jormed ith binary Nacrtables , fhe +00 binoy operators 0 % AND 4 unary Opevedor NOT. | Equal Stn, | Yaranthopes & an ea, Fr enyz!the func tron Fi ip éq ual to 4 i x=! q ye) & zle) Oteantpe Tao: A boolean junction nay algo be Tepeeentac fn a truth -loble. . sayz! Foe “tY'z2 2 eq: Truth fable 07 Fiaaye’ Fa AF 72 fs Hy +e 2 43 = uy'z +492 — Im Plemerrtatio n 7 S00 Mea gabe ; A aA v . 1 2 fyenyz! tg = a y f3 Zz Fgexyle¢ xyz try!- Theoven a". xprc el a a4) = )-(*4)) - (atx) (441) by Sa) taal [by / at * by Sjas Theorem (2 at ty > x Ut x4 : Lilt xy -x(Ity4) = x(ytr) a] = % Tsvon Wi x(ary)an by dually Boolean functions A binory Nortoble con toce the Vole g of 4, * boolean puretton fe an expreapton ermeck weth lotnory Navfables , the 40 binary una Operator Not, ! operators Podonthepep ¥ ON Equal Sen, ey: f, cuye! on & AND &the function #1 ip equal to + ff x=! & yet & z's) ptharrpe T120- A. boolean pore rroy aldo be Teprerentec fn oa -truth -table. eq: truth doble for 44 = giy'z tUYZ q,-492' Fas aryz s 4 fy ny! +e2 lean ct o eh gata x _— : " pW s Y t 7 fieay2! fo xt y'z 14 Y f3 Zz Fgec'y'24 vyz try!ty * xy ¢a'2 Simply hee fettowing boolean forcttons to a amintmum nem ber & [etevads nary “ag, acalty) : > (xex') (xty) = dee te =}. (4tp eOtty = ath a ty \ 3 ay! yh _ Ye yet ryZr ty = hz (y- ye xy" . 2 eed +29! sa'z+ a! —— — 4. ay + a'zt yz = 4et ee 4 y2(ate) a4 + alat ayer alyz = ay ('t2) + ai2Cl+y) : 2 yt te 5 j42 2) — Way 2)(ary) (a'+2) (Yt2) > (£49) (a'+2) § 4 duobity from feunition complement yo Function - athe complernent 5 0 function fee, eerterange SF o's & fp obtainet por on tn the Vole oF’. yp i's & 4'S for os a function ray be Aedtref the complement 4 h Denotgon s jhoovem: algebraically Hnoug Demorgans vb srems can be Extended dy tue OF aie Nesrable (A+e+e)' = (a+)! dot x= Btc = A! . de organ's tracert Al. by m ro ane. = AY (a+0)! i. re (x4)! sey! substonte 6+C=% = A {B'c) [84 yregrem , G@tyiex oy ) oe Thope theorems Can be generalized aA follow ( Arete t+ -- +f)’ - al.o.ceD- -- 6! (AGCD--- F)'= a'aelect4 Dd ~~ tf % fend the Complement dae functors s I t t Fic uyat+ cy & fas eb'2! +92) - By applys, A De movgon's theorem ap mang thes af Netgys ty.‘ Lot ley ' Wz) \ NK Ye thew \) ‘ ‘ \ ,otat t, (% vat ® yo) \ ‘ yy! (a ye). (x ¥?) {in y4le! )) (ete! 2] c (atyte y/ (v+yt2!) fa 2 a (y2!+ yz) fe fuy'steve2) ° a+ (Ye'ey2) | eet (ved! (y2)! =m + (442)/ y't2') = Cononicl & _ Stoncaxxoh forms \artable may appeay Ether fy | in tt Complemer| {orm (x), | inary Vohiables % & Y _ Gince Each otry , Thi Oe ‘A binary hs normal form (%) oY Consider tHe bi Cornbiredt — pstth «an AND cperestion Vo fable may arppear in &tthey | four posptble Combinations. ie, nye ey , xy ty. Each = & a vepresent minteym 07a standard procluct .bach mftmterm ‘6 obtafned from an Anto ler 4 he n’ Noviabler, with tach \lartable bef, Primed ‘| the correspon ding. bet gq te bina ry number fh a 'O & UNprimed if a 1. The Symbol fot toch minterm if clenched by my | johode ‘f’ danotes the deutmal equivalent the binary numb ey 4 prom brtam daptgnatid , Seetlomg 4 \laxtables forming an Of term pith tach Vortable being primed oF un primed, © 7 calhd provided a” popptble cembinedert £ : marterms of Sta umé Each MaxteyM™ cs obtained from an oR + % the Variable , ott, each Naitadle RITA : : beire unprtmek vi dhe. corres poroing bet fo OY primed wpe Vy Comnple ment i tts tach Maxteym ee te correspon dig minterm & Yice-Negr . Minterrys wy Narterms for tie Bina ry Via beg printer 1 | Mocterms Le etm Deptgration Tere? _ pest gration boo) xyz! Mo aaytz Me oo | xy'Z wm ayes! ws, 01. 0 a'Y2). ame atyltz n, ol KYZ Ms gayle! hn, a a ™ alt te My 1o4 aye ms | al eye! a ia KY m aye! Me - Oo % YZ my ttyl! Ny. |A booleam funct fon may be Exprepeak | ym & given tncth 4able by forme Loy each Combination % the NOstabler in the functor , & thon tani algels ai cally Q mir term thot prockuces ad & all those Tem. the (OR i ea 3 functions % the \ladtables , ‘ ' ! | Lye) Ranction 4 Function ty go 0 2 i oe - oo) Yo ot Oo. Oo 1 O oO | a ov 4 5 : 1 —_ poo. t b : pe ' | io - | 4 7 ito é __{| — a tts \ \ 7 - } _ Th function 4, iA Achoninect by expr dhe Combinations 001,100,111 4A - xyz, xy'2', yz . Sence Each me ® tthe thape mmértterngs Yepults fm diel. Sf, = Kylzt Wy'2'+ 92 = mtn, Sirnilonly » fg > migzt aylztny2't *Y2 = ™m3+™me + mer Ms [The tomplernant % f, Can be ginanby (4, = yet Ky'2" KY Z ‘ ’ (4: (n'y'2 4 pyle +h »)fv Now Conpidarn tha comple mart a oolean junction he, by fovrirg a. minterm oy ach (ornbfnadion thet produces Oo’ tn the fonction % than OR fry those forms Hy 2! ie fs aye! 4 vly2'+ v2 + ny'2 + 4) >[% yi2it wz t+ wy2 + xyz + x42) finke te complement op f. [ais OER AI tayo aetna) £, = (aay 2) (44947) (a+ oe Mas Mz» More yit2!) (ehyt2) (wity't2) 2M” Strnt oly y \ 4a = a'y'z! + qiy' ent comple & fe, ; vaatyee ty?) \o) eee a Take (43). > (Ga Ay 2 (wa9t2) pene aryeey = Me My) mat My x Sum of Hinterms for “n bfnor' obloin g® dlistinct minte’ms function Can be Expryped af a Sum of mitten Narfables, One Can % that ony booleasy| ‘ee The Yninterms shone Aum clofings the boolean functiona are those that give dla 1's ah Junction ey OQ truth table qe x Express the boolean function f= AtBC ing Sum | ymirteym - | Se? the jones on has Then Nartables 4,85 ¢ leet term A % mnipairg 4+wo Variables the SAYS 4 - A(Bte') = Abtas! this i sth mipAtry Ore NaXable | > Aw(c+c) + ad (ctc’) Ape tage +adic +Agc! she Secon term, Blo 1% Tsing one NaMobp ace Bcta) sr@ct+aec, £- AtBc = pect Apcltaaic tAaic'+ ARCH A'a'c | pect Aple'+ ABCt ABC+ ABC m, + My tims t MtM>s TL (an also be Expressed as, £ (68,0 -5 0.4564) Symbel = Stands fot me ORtrg he teins The numb fellarsirg Fore the. minteyms eo te functeon *x An obLbarnode Procedue for dskindtng the inter “4 0 bodlsan funcdion iA to obtaiy fro ruth Jable 7 the fordion Clracky from Sho osgebvote Expreppton & thon teod tha misters from the twuth table fe nrele (ne cje] oc] Famrwe 0 0 o {tl ° 0 | pee tly} ue fok f © t © |}o © o ot tio ° 0 Fte ofif o6 |] ie — Jt Cfo ° } 7 , 1 ufo . ) From the truth deble, We Can Yeod te pve mm ertetims 4 the panei ap be V4, 8689 Product Of Noacherans gch op the a puncttons ym binary \laxtobles Can be Exprerbect AF a prooluct “2. mogcterms , To Expres The boolean function gs a Product oF rrocctaims, TH must pat be brought fnto & form og OR terms. This f% clone by using ne listetouthy lan, YtY2 = (xe wl et. tan ary mbatng-yintorms sshope Aum cle fings tho are these dhat give the 1's m a truth sable, ! The beolean function Oy the func tfon x Expyess He boolean function f- Aree ina Sum & mirteym - the function has Yea Nortables A, Bho. The Jet teim A anfpaing 4W0 Norvfables , 2 A(B+e)) = Abra! this fp sti omipetrg ore NaKable | 2 ae(c+c) + ad (cic') ape tage tage +Agc! athe Second term, Bie 1 musing one NeMobp acs Bcra)srectaec, Fe A+Bc = pact Apcltagic tABc'+ ABC + A'a'c £2 Alec + pplcl'+ ABC ABC+ ABC om, + ™M tmst MmtmM;, Ti cn abso be Expreased as FAB SOAS LAD Ss mbel = Stay ¢ 4 nos fot ta ORing 5 tha terns ho. numbers fottsnsing PH Da the minternys % the poem% An obtianode Proce ue for Aonitng fhe mnéntermy o bodlian function iA to Olrtain tho truth rable 9 tho foncon Airectty from tho ogebrotc Expreppfon Y then seod tha minteyny from tre wth table . fe free ae sl ac] 0 0 Oo U 0 Jo ° I \ \ 0 t olo 6 “ot tflol o rt Oo oO} \ a rp oolly | yf ) Jt Cfo © \ you 0 From th truth table, we Can Yod te five mertefins * the function ap be VAS 6S Product Of Naactevays Koch % the at” fonctions % n binary \adtoblep Can be Expremect A3 o procluct oa ‘manctevm , To Expretys Hx boolean Janction aA A Product oF montatms, TH mut frat se brought frto @ form of OR texmé Thts fe done by ulin the olfstrr butt an, . | WeY2 = Gory et2e), tan ony mibatng,Viadiokte % se ne ak toms PS Reel woth x.y! 7 ach Ok : , 4 © a Ls - Sxpves the besleom functhon, Pa xey tate iy yopeadick oe MEeteym form ¢ aduct } . \ f- 4¥4e%1Z = a4 t LNT) by Cot bu Ne cht, nev (yee) 42942) = (FAD (427 y42) The fonction hap thse Vadiables , %. yh, ty 2 titytz2' > (a'tytz)(a49t2!) Vez 2 cee tyy = (atey +2) (v+yl42) Naz 2 ytztunls (at9t2) (2't442) Combining ah the “texms , al c (x42) feleyea!) (xt yte) (Xty'tz) (at 42) (x'ty42) eet foe (ntyt2) (aryeay (24742) (x'+y42) FE Mo My My Me = TA Gn abo be written af F £4N,2)- To, 24,5) >x An oternodr pr Cod 3a {ov dadivitns te maxterms a boolean function ff 70 Obiair yo truth table boolean portion L the canonical — COnNefATon prcadsve Fe xytu'o wvy2z}a'\ey|eefr | . eopt fe = Oo! E(u 2) 22. (362 oO . - 4 orf fo \ A F(LY,2) ¥ (oa, jc to]t fo fe ° / Pout ) 0 \ J treetet \ [- | 0 ° ° | Let fo D L t Oo |o L\ Olo } : 0 Lett | Another way to Express boolean punctions fp fn Standard fom In this confi fon, To erm that form tho functton nay Conta. one, of any mumber [etevals _ Thode are too typed stomdard forme, 1. Sum of Products (Sop) 2. product of Sums ( Pes) The Sum &% Products Ba boolean Ex preps ~fon Containing AND terms, Calleol Product tern. one oF more [fterots each, The Sum darstes tha OR fry qh these teymy tg Fle yltay sd yz! +H00~ the Expre Anion has hace Produc { le¥my e awo § eee |eerals £ach BEA PeinteLy eB On S prectuck sums (POS) TA @ boolean c ene > term , Callact Sum Expression Containing or + / gach tem ™Yy have any Number Ie, | clenstes te ANDIng frase terns Lerms the Product &: Fac x (y't2) (Tr yt2'ty) { nn Thin eapveppton hos 3 Sum & ome , two & fous literals &ach vespectinely. Digital dogte gates - Digitol degic. gate ore she Graphic Syenbos b+ aon ‘ Sight gates ake shown m tt Each 9 hos so inp Niytables daptgnatid by Output Nadtoble dep tgnoted A One oF 4kKO binary rey & ore bofnade by F a hee Algebraic Truth Nome ann eeaten table. END SD; feay TH feifete bt picaction ok >= Featy yo F It Petforerys Addition Tetovettet - >— ‘ 4 Pa fe Fok = At } I srntert cr Cerca inner ts tho logic Serpe F abtn ary \ladto.ble 4 — Fa% aE duffe ave ar E ll A buf fer produces the trom fet pa he Ye binary Nolue oF the output TA agus to the binary Vole o the oe xt if EquiNotant to +90 inverters 6 cormected | in copcode. . — Nan>D D> foney Nprd function pe a complement 4 And jin Nok 7 peaty 2 FE y & © 0 |! Oo 1 |o 1 olo 1) jo Nok function _ ip he ov cotclusne— 08 L KoR = F caclusNe-N oR % ‘opiple Inputs Extension 4 nudity fp ~ for the fnVerter & she gates except exterdac +o hove more then log by te , Can be NU tpt - f A gate Con be gxteroled to have moultiple {nputs Uf dee binary eperaction rt Veprpeny jp Commmutatirle § apsociative . Commutative we KAY = HH \ jutyjez= at(ytz) = Mbyte Oppodint Ve tdich frcktcatas thot tho gotta fnpuys Can be interchanged k that fro O08 ponction can be extinded to Hsec or reve Variables Th and & Nok functions are Commit? | Nek thik gots Gan be Extended +o hone more tran treo fnputs but the Ligpeoltey % hot Nand 4 Nok Operators ave Not Adpoctotive }| the te, (LW)Ize WILY) nay)yze(ero't2) . [x+4).z! 2 L2'+yal sie = (ert) a'(ydey oy tate , = a> fel yr =(4+4)2! 2 os a tile a'lv42) rpTo O\lercome os, i paslty , Ole he mulkiote Noe ov NAnd pe ap o. Complemarted of ov AMD gah, | LYYYZ = (Lt+7+zZ) uty tz WAZ =(t-y-2) ee! 2+ howe Fp Noe gee she -inpt NAND gate 1 1 . C+ DE £4: fe (Agcy. DE) = AO a ; ; é fee ec}. 06) J 2 - pectDe € its Corrbinostoral logic CF oe ahote ode WO TY > 09 2. Sugteme : , n ee eonal Doge crus >. Sequartiok (ogee Chet . ; erourt consiste SF legtc determined directly motion % Pn puts parton pee OF leate ChreuttEmploy ynemor floment® hy addition to loge qeta They outputs aNe Junction gy the Inputs 9s the Stat, pe Q to memoyy Llements qa State 4 memory Elements vs a fonction % prenfous Inpuds ce he Outputs 8 Seq,uarctiol circutts lependfa only on present input but oso on post inputs . Seq uantal Cv wks V Seq. shows the block bing ram of Combinedi, ¢ crak Logs Circuit - V _ C —_ Dinwt 5 3 ober output 4 logic : \ostables | |e t % ) nace py NY 4 Combirakionel Cara conyists % input \aitables , legte gatif & output NovvPablep . The lege Gates attepts Bigrals from tho. Pnputs 4 poreetx Alonals to the outputs. oy : Then’ input --Narfables Comes from Lyckevnal foudce , the tm’ 0vtput \artoblea Fob on External cuptiration, he fourte & ola bt*na fon oy be rregtat. fr rany app lttactions , for on’ input Noviablep , there ade 2” poytble Combiraknry OF binary Fnput Nolugs . For tach Vopprble input Combinedion, thohe % one Ord one pyspible — sutput — Combination anA (ombinotonost Chruut Con be chescrte. by ‘m’ boolean funchiom, One for zach output \prtable - €ach output functor * euprepecs tn [ern S tho “vy Pnput oriables . pesige prod The. precedes travel the follwing Steps, J. The problem ff Stal . Qa. the mumber 4 antotbble input NartableA ceived output \lortabls Fs dittiminad - 3. the tnput 3 output \VorftableA are ads tgned (ether Symbols A. The huth table. that clones ha Veg bred yelodionships bin fnpus & outputs fs Clrtved, 5. the Strmpligtes: beolean penton for each output is obtainect - 4. he Aogic Addo Digital Computeys peer Oo Nerioty % ingormedion ~ proceshing tap ke . Aenovy the boric. prcins encountered are tre larfoys ANtthmedic Cperottion’ tthe moat borc dvithmetic operation *- the add Etfon % wo brrary adig its , Zt Cornsisa % four posible operation , oto=0 Ooti-l {to =| & 14) =lo diagram ts dvoMn.athe fot xox operations Procluc OS Aah eLe length gk oe alt at fut Shon both Quand & addend bits Ore Equal tot, the constsas 9 180 tigi The igh, chult fs CaLlac! a cat. o NAY 4 Sum S197 oni fart bit 4 His ¥ 7 4 combinotional Crows thot performs the Odhdiition % soo bits collect 0. halp-adde thn Chrukt needls tyo binary inpuds § tno binary outputs. The input Naviabls Oke storat re unger & addend bs, tho oudtput \locttobles Produce the Sum & Coovy dt 2 by ase tha Symbols for tee mpi & S le Sum) » C (Pow corrry ) do the ouckpugs . - | ; Trudh table ¥ the Coctry output fs 0 Unless both frp Ow 1, athe Seenplt pred boolean foncttens fo he Hiso udputs Con be obtatrad from te tndh | sabe. the Sempligied Sum sf Proclucys —Exprepptons(Pw / Ce ay Logic chiogxam £ Half add hn Se(atyyelty)) | 3! “ory (2349) = (CM) + (043!) sis ay +e Ww (ay + cy co Ky ge ey ay! Other Fen plamentactian % Wy aare I) + ce (uty) | +9) cit Nae a a a Dos : t c S= ty) &i4y) Cs ty \ c=) cle xity! i) tc) (4) +9!)The Aolf — adler Can om _ +4 ¢ be tmple martted by hoy \ —_ exclusive ~ OR £ an AND L_ | i) c q aks. 6. 21@y Ly Tull Adder combinational citcutt Hest peor tae addlttton % tious bes & colled a full. adder TA Compipts x thse inputs Z two Cukpup, Toe @ th tnpuk Vadialdes denstid by FY Yereek te tne Signigfeart OMY tp 62 added. he thisd input 2, 1Y repens the Corny Odo bq od to 4, The ‘c’ Dud put ho o Corry q t Ff piso of How fnputp Oe equol +o 4 the fnput - output — Logtca felationphip * jhe Jul adchet = mory be ex preps ec boolean tunckon » One for £ach in Feo oudput Nartable , €ach olp boolean fonction vequbres a untyus map for ta Bimplitiede, €ach map hove & squares, Sinte 220A Jp th a function Hi enput Narvtabl” . The AS tn the = Quory for the mips Ske ade Aatoyminet em tra. truth table. Yoo ol Ne 1 1d, ° | | } la ,| i \ || _f 7 L_ | CN Senlyz tey2' + xf2' 4 ayo Co XY tyetxe Tha Logic diagram for ta full addy Emplementad fr sum & Proolucts

) x . y—l_ 3 L—\ \- re ee, Sy +e i, a 3 io XL 2-1 2 wv A jute addos Can be fmplemontia ott, | tao nale -adckeis & One on qake : AT re nn) bam so | he. Sout put given by, $2 2O@0Oy ( voi ‘ ial = 2 (ayary)t2 (ryt ty) zfiylt ay) t2(ryetaty v = tye! + ay2' + xyz ta'y'z The Se’ oud put yey | cz (1@y)z2 ty = (Ryees z+ ny £ ty2 $ ty + xyce H'YZ4t 4 (yor ewiy24 ue (92) | oa'yn + Ath? ns Baty tt eo atedy + %? ylety = 9FZ i tz s WHS