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14 Position and transformation

d Draw a coordinate grid that goes from −6 to +6 on the x-axis and −3

to +3 on the y-axis. Plot the positions of the seven players using the
coordinates given.
Use your grid to check that your answers to parts a, b and c are correct.
Remember that 1 unit on the grid represents 2 m on the court.

Summary checklist
I can work out the distance between two points on a coordinate grid.

E
14.3 Translating 2D shapes
In this section you will …
•
PL
work out the coordinates of shapes after a translation.

You already know that when you translate a 2D shape on a coordinate

grid, you move it up or down and right or left.
Look at triangle ABC on this coordinate grid.
Key words
corresponds
image
object
translate
M
The vertices have coordinates A(1, 1), B(2, 3) and C(4, 1).
y
When you translate triangle ABC 3 squares right and 2 squares up 6
the vertices now have coordinates A´(4, 3), B´(5, 5) and C´(7, 3). 5
B9
You say A´ as ‘A dash’. 4
You say that ‘the point A´ corresponds to point A´. 3 B
A9 C9
You also say that ‘triangle ABC is the object’ and that ‘triangle 2
SA

A´B´C´ is the image of triangle ABC´. 1

A C
The following diagram shows how you can work out the coordinates 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
of the vertices of triangle A´B´C´ without drawing a grid.
Translation is 3 squares right (+ 3) and 2 squares up (+ 2).
You need to add 3 to all the x-coordinates and add 2 to all the
y-coordinates of the vertices.
A (1 , 1) B (2 , 3) C (4 , 1)
 +3 +2  +3 +2  +3 +2
A´ (4 , 3) B´ (5 , 5) C´ (7 , 3)

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14.3 Translating 2D shapes

Worked example 14.3

A square, ABCD, has vertices at the points A(2, 1), B(5, 2), C(4, 5) and D(1, 4).
ABCD is translated 2 squares right and 1 square down.
The image of ABCD is A´B´C´D´. Work out the coordinates of the vertices of A´B´C´D´.

Answer
ABCD is translated 2 squares right and 1 square down, so you need to add 2 to all the
x-coordinates and subtract 1 from all the y-coordinates of the vertices.

E
A (2 , 1) B (5 , 2) C (4 , 5) D (1 , 4)
 +2 –1  +2 –1  +2 –1  +2 –1
A´ (4 , 0) B´ (7 , 1) C´ (6 , 4) D´ (3 , 3)

Exercise 14.3
1

(2 , 1)
PL
A triangle, ABC, has vertices at the points A(2, 1), B(7, 1) and C(2, 5).
ABC is translated 4 squares right and 5 squares up.
The image of ABC is A´B´C´.
Copy and complete the workings to find the coordinates of the vertices of A´B´C´.
A B    (7 , 1) C    (2 , 5)
M
 +4 +5  +4 +5  +4 +5
A´ (6 , ) B´ ( , 6) C´ ( , )
2 The yellow cards have different translations written on them.
The white cards show what must be added or subtracted to the
SA

x- and y-coordinates of a shape to complete the translation.

Match each yellow card to its correct white card.
The first one has been done for you.
i x y
A 4 squares left and 1 square up –4 –1
ii x y
B 4 squares right and 1 square down
+4 –1

C 4 squares left and 1 square down iii x y

–4 +1
D 4 squares right and 1 square up iv x y
+4 +1

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14 Position and transformation

3 A parallelogram, PQRS, has vertices at the points P(3, 1), Q(8, 1),
R(10, 4) and S(5, 4).
PQRS is translated 1 square left and 3 squares up. The image of
PQRS is P´Q´R´S´.
Work out the coordinates of the vertices of P´Q´R´S´.

Think like a mathematician

4 Look at this question in pairs or groups, then discuss the answers to parts a, b and c
below.

E
This is part of Dan’s homework.

Question A triangle, ABC, has vertices at the points A(1, 4),

B(2, 7) and C(5, 6).

a
PL
ABC is translated 6 squares right and 4 squares down.
The image of ABC is A´B´C´.
Work out the coordinates of the vertices of A´B´C´.
Solution A´ is at (7, 0). B´ is at (8, 11). C´ is at (1, 12).

 an has correctly worked out the coordinates of only one vertex. Which is the
D
correct vertex: A´, B´ or C´?
M
b Explain the mistakes Dan made when he worked out the other vertices.
c What could Dan do to improve the solution that he has written?
d How could he check that his answers are correct?

5 A pentagon, JKLMN, has vertices at J(1, 3), K(3, 3), L(3, 5),
M(2, 7) and N(1, 5).
SA

The pentagon is translated 3 squares right and 2 squares down to

J´K´L´M´N´.
a Work out the coordinates of the vertices of J´K´L´M´N´.
b i On a square grid, draw some coordinate axes going from
0 to 8 on the x- and y-axes.
ii Draw the pentagon JKLMN on the grid.
iii Translate the pentagon 3 squares right and 2 squares
down to become J´K´L´M´N´.
iv Use your grid to check that your coordinates in part a
for the vertices of J´K´L´M´N´ are correct. If they are
incorrect, make sure you understand the mistakes that
you have made.

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14 Position and transformation

14.4 Reflecting shapes

In this section you will … Key words
• reflect shapes in the x-axis or y-axis on a coordinate grid. congruent
mirror line
The diagram shows a coordinate grid. reflected
Triangle A is reflected in the x-axis.

E
y
The x-axis is the horizontal axis. This is the mirror line. 3
The image of triangle A is labelled triangle B. 2 object
A
Triangles A and B are congruent. 1

Worked example 14.4

PL
Draw a reflection of this triangle in the y-axis.
y
3
2
1

–4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 x
–3 –2 –1 0
–1
–2
–3
1 2 3 x
B
image
M
–2

Answer
y Take each vertex of the object, one at a time, and plot its
image 3 object reflection in the mirror line.
SA

2
1 The y-axis is the vertical axis. This is the mirror line.
Use a ruler to join the reflected vertices with straight lines,
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 to produce the image.
–2

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14.4 Reflecting shapes

Exercise 14.4
1 Copy each diagram and reflect the shape in the x-axis.
Two have been started for you.

y y y
a b c
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

E
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1 –1 –1
–2 –2 –2
–3 –3 –3
–4 –4 –4

y
4
3
2
1
A
PL
In which of these diagrams has shape A been correctly reflected in the x-axis?
If the reflection is incorrect, copy the diagram and draw the correct reflection.
a b y
3
2
1

–2 –1 0
–1
1 2 x
c y
4
3
2
1
M
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x A –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1 –2 –1
–2 –3 –2
–3 A –3
4

3 Copy each diagram and reflect the shape in the y-axis. One has been started for you.
SA

a y b y c y
4 3 1
3 2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
2 1 –1
1 –2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x –3
–1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 –2 –4
–5

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14 Position and transformation

Think like a mathematician

4 Work with a partner, or in a small group, to answer this
question.
y
Zara reflects trapezium ABCD in the x-axis. 4 B C
The diagram shows the object, ABCD, and its image, 3
A´B´C´D´. 2
A D
1
a The table shows the coordinates of the vertices of the
object and its image. –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

E
–1
Copy and complete the table. –2 A' D'
–3
Object A(1, 2) B(2, 4) C( , ) D( , )
–4
B' C'
Image A´(1, −2) B´( , ) C´( , ) D´( , )

PL
Zara and Sofia discuss the coordinates of the vertices of the object and its image.
Zara says:               Sofia says:

When you reflect a

shape in the x-axis,
the x-coordinates of
the vertices will be the
same for the object
When you
reflect a shape
in the x-axis, the
y-coordinates of
the vertices will be the
M
same for the object
and the image. and the image.

         
b Are Zara and Sofia correct? Explain why they are correct or are incorrect.
SA

5 In which of these diagrams has shape D been correctly reflected in the y-axis?
If the reflection is incorrect, copy the diagram and draw the correct reflection.
a y b y c y
3 1 3
2 2
D –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x 1
1 –1
–2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1 D –3 –1
D
–4 –2
–3

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14.5 Rotating shapes

Summary checklist
I can reflect shapes in the x-axis or y-axis on a coordinate grid.

14.5 Rotating shapes

E
In this section you will … Key words
• rotate shapes 90° and 180° around a centre of rotation on a anticlockwise
coordinate grid.
centre of rotation

PL
When you rotate a shape, you turn it about a fixed point called the
centre of rotation.
You can rotate a shape clockwise or anticlockwise.
You must give the number of degrees by which you are rotating the object.
The rotations that are most often used are 90° and 180°. When a shape
(the object) is rotated to a new position (the image), the object and the
image are always congruent.
clockwise

clockwise anticlockwise
M
Worked example 14.5
a Draw the image of this shape after a rotation of 90° clockwise
about the centre of rotation, which is marked C.
C
SA

y
b Draw the image of this shape after a rotation of 180° about
5
the centre of rotation
4
at (4, 3).
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

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14 Position and transformation

Continued
Answer
a Start by tracing the shape onto tracing paper. Then put
the point of your pencil on the centre of rotation, C.
C

Turn the tracing paper 90° clockwise. Then make a

note of where the image is.

E
C

b y
5
4
3
C
object

image
PL Draw the image onto the grid.

 tart by tracing the shape onto tracing paper. Then put

S
the point of your pencil on the centre of rotation at (4, 3).
M
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

y Turn the tracing paper 180°. Then make a note of

5 where the image is.
SA

4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
y Draw the image onto the grid.
5
4 object
3
2 image
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

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14 Position and transformation

14.6 Enlarging shapes

In this section you will … Key words
• enlarge shapes, using a positive whole number scale factor. enlargement
scale factor
An enlargement of a shape is a copy of the shape that changes the similar shapes
lengths, but keeps the same proportions.

E
Look at these two rectangles. image
The image is an enlargement of the object. Every length on
the image is twice as long as the corresponding length on
the object. object
8 cm
You say that the scale factor is 2.

PL
As the proportions are the same, the object and its image
are called similar shapes.
In an enlargement all the angles stay the same size.

Worked example 14.6

3 cm

Draw the image of this triangle after an enlargement of scale factor 3.

4 cm

6 cm
M
Answer
The height of the triangle is 1 square, so the height of
the image is 3 × 1 = 3 squares.
SA

The base of the triangle is 2 squares, so the base of the

image is 3 × 2 = 6 squares.

Draw both these sides onto the grid.

Draw the third side to complete the triangle.

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14.6 Enlarging shapes

Exercise 14.6
1 Copy and complete these enlargements. Use a scale factor of 2.
a b

E
2 Copy each of these shapes onto squared paper. Enlarge each
shape using its given scale factor.
a b c

scale factor 2

Think like a mathematician

3
PL
Work in groups to answer this question.
scale factor 3

Inaya wants to enlarge this shape using a scale factor of 2.

Only one side of the shape is horizontal and only one side is vertical.
scale factor 4
M
The other three sides of the shape cut across squares on the grid.
a What methods could Inaya use to enlarge this shape?
b Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
c What do you think is the best method to use?
SA

4 Copy each of these shapes onto squared paper. Enlarge each one,
using its given scale factor.
a b c

scale factor 2 scale factor 3 scale factor 4

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14 Position and transformation

5 This is part of Rafael’s homework.

Question Enlarge this shape using a Solution

scale factor of 3.

E
a
b

PL
Rafael has made a mistake. Explain the mistake he has made.
Draw the correct solution.

Activity 14.4
Work with a partner for this activity. Read the instructions before you start.
a
b
On a piece of squared paper, draw a quadrilateral of your choice.
Ask your partner to enlarge your quadrilateral by a scale factor of your choice.
You must make sure that the enlarged shape will fit on the squared paper.
M
c Check each other’s work and discuss any mistakes that you or your partner have made.

6 The diagram shows a shape and its enlargement. Tip

What is the scale factor of the enlargement?
Make sure you
SA

check that the

scale factor works
for every side of
the shape.

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