The idea of the spread of human population —> Origin Africa spread to europe

8 ice ages, last ended at 10,000 BC

Hunting and gathering:

● Large tribe —> less resources
● Hunting less chance of food (dangerous, takes up so much energy)
● Gathering got the most food therefore the most important group
● Roman tradition of deciding solutions for problems through splitting the group into
elderly, children, hunter and gathers.

Stone age hunter video:

● The creation of tools to help the hunters
● Framers out graded the hunter and gathers because of consistently gathering food to
supply their families.
● Stone, wood, tree sap to create tools
● Pine resin, and the fiber ___ bind up to create an effective glue
● Some are more effective than metal tools
● Nets were created to trap small animals as well as carry stuff around.
● Sillion fibers are the most effective
● Stitching the most important inventions, cause it helped to make clothing that fits to
warm up people in the winters.
● Insects are very nutritious, the practically ate everything
● Young men were sacrificed to eat new things to see if it was edible.
● The usually verify if food were still edible through smell
● Mothers carry body fat since it results in a healthier child.

Questions
● The decline of hunting and gathering
● Why did people start to move towards agriculture? Why did they not continue to be
hunters?
● How did hunters and gatherers become farmers? causes.

Documentary:
● Why did the world become so unequal?
● How have guns, germs and steel shaped the history of the world?
● Roots of inequality in the island of new guinea - Why do you white men have so
much cargo and we don't?
● They are the most adapted people in the world yet the poorest.
● Cargo = the material for clothes that was first brought, the evidence of the white
man's power.
● Western colonies believed that power was determined by race, genetically superior
● Guns, germs and steel the fates of human societies by Jared Diamond
● What allowed the Egyptians to build pyramids?? Whereas the rest of the world was
looking for scraps
● Division of the world
● Time before inequality/prehistory/before civilizations = 13,000 years ago, when the
last ice age was over and the earth was warming up.
● Middle East:
● They lived as hunter gathers in small mobile groups.
- Living in shelters
- Seasons change, they move on to find other sources of food

● Hunters had to be skilled and knowledgeable about how each species act, and how
to catch them, as well as how to kill them.
● Hunting is unpredictable, the traditional society relied on gathering
● Gathering is physically more challenging but more productive. Yet still doesn’t
provide enough calories for a large group.
● It has limitations, one tree can take 3 to 4 days to process. As well as storage
problems.
● In the middle east there were many different plants such as barley and wheat. These
were more nutritious.
● 7,000 years ago the world's weather went wild as the ice age returned. The world
becomes colder and drier. In the middle east animal herds died off as well as trees
and plants. This drought lasted more than a 1000 years. People were forced to travel
for food.
● Archaeologists near the Jordan valley found some signs of a village.
● How was it possible to feed an entire village if the weather situations were so harsh?
● They found a storage solution as the world's first granary (fridge for dry food). It was
a place where grains could be stored collectively such as wheat and barley.
● People started growing their own food since cereal grasses were not enough to
support them.
● For the first time, they are not searching for food, but growing them.
● Stone age people in the middle east became the first farmers in the world.
● Farmers were changing their crops, (selection evolution) Once that whole process
Cla

started people were starting to control nature.

● Islands of new guinea where the farming didn’t bring them much profit. Their islands
were inhabited.
● There farming didn’t emerge civilizations
● Their plants tarot and bananas weren’t able to be stored and had to plant them
individually, it also had less protein than wheat.
● Inequalities of the world were born from the crops we eat.
● Americans had an advantage over new guinea because they had crops that were
more nutritious.
● The wealth of modern America could never have been sustained by Tarot and
bananas
● Process of animal domestication eventually begins providing them a dependable, all
year round meat supply, milk (source of protein), hair/skin (for clothing).
● Started using animal waste product as a fertilizer
● At first they were used as meat, but then
● Beast and burden was the most powerful machines on the planet
● New guinea didn’t even have plows because they didn’t have any animals
domesticated other than the pigs that came from other regions.
● They were as beneficial as other animals, because they didn't provide them milk, or
able to help in farm work.
● The best animals to domesticate were large plant-eating mammals. They also
reproduce in 1 or 2 years. Social animals that live together and have a social
hierarchy which the human can use the leader to control the herd.
● In 10,000 years of domestication only 14 animals were domesticated. They all met
the criteria listed above.

● Fertile crescent:
➔ Geographically blessed, they had the
best crops then animals. They had
the biggest advantage.
➔ They even had AC, homes were
finally not just a place to sleep. They
even started to decorate them.
➔ More food = more people = better
productivity = village
➔ Most people in the fertile crescent
abandoned it. Because the place was too dry to farm. They were destroying
their land by absorbing all the water without learning to take care of it.
Outcome of overexploitation of the environment. They were forced to move
on, as they were unable to take care of it.
➔ Because any two points the globe the chair the same latitude automatically
share the same length of day and they offer cheer a similar climate and
vegetation props or animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent we're able
to prosperity Barley Sheep and goats calves and pigs balls red from a fertile
crescent East towards India and West towards North Africa and Europe
wherever they went they transformed humans Society.
➔ Once their fertile crops and animals reached Egypt they caused civilizations
to emerge.
➔ Suddenly specialization was possible, engineers and armies were building the
pyramids.
➔ Modern America wouldn’t have so much power, if the crops and the animals
from the fertile crescent didn’t spread out.
 ➔ New guinea wasn’t able to advance technology because they spent too much
time and energy on simply producing food. Then westerns arrived and
colonized them by using their technology.

Mesopotamia
23rd of August
● Page 49
● Mesopotamian is from greek, is the land between two rivers
● There Sumer (3500-2300 BC) was the first civilization
● Ur, Eridu are the city states
● Lead by priests kings
● Mesopotoamian seals, their script, were used throughout the mesopotamian history.
So though the empires often changed, they continued the culture written in the
script..
● Next was the akkadian empire ruled by Sargon II, who conquered large areas during
the years 2350 to 2,300 BC
● The problem was they were situated at a crossroads, so they were attacked by all
sides when neighbouring city states wanted to expand. Like shown in this picture
below:
● Old Assyrian empire (1000-1400 BC)
● Culturally the most important empire was called the Old Babylonian empire situated
in the south and lasted during the years 2000-1600 BC. It was ruled by the king
Hammurabi.
● Picture = Hammurabi receiving a lore from god
● Page 46 Huammurabi
● Law code = gave women almost equal rights
● Hurrians and Kassite mountain peoples conquered the babylonian empire.
● It was not safe to live in Mesopotamia because everyone wanted to conquer it due to
its fertile land.

● Babylonian empire was revised by the Nebuchadnezzar I for really short time at 1137
 ● However it fell quite quickly in the Assyrian influence. Which was now called the
Middle Assyrian Empire (around 1400 to 1050 BC).
● They were allied with the Hurrians.
● Brutal warfare (the idea on what to do with your enemies, people you conquered)
● So they decided to take them in captivity.
● They were good warriors, because they had chariots
● They had brutal punishments
● Their land was owned by the temple, the crown and the nobility.
● Due to over irrigation the land became too salty, and now they were not getting a
good enough harvest, as they had overly exploited the land.

● Next Phase was the Neoassyrian empire (934-626 BC) ruled by Sargon II
● North to South
● Sargon II, Sennachersb, Esarhaddon (don't need to know)
● Important cruel king: Assurbanapal (Assurbanapal Empire)
● He conquered Egypt
● When his reign ended the medes conquered them and destroyed all the cities.
● Had nice architecture

● Next Phase = Neobabyloian Empire (625-539 BC)

● Nebuchadnezzar II
● He was a diplomat
● Also conquered Gerusallien
● Why did the babylonian empire collapse so quickly?
● Then came the Perisans conquest (539) They came from the east
● The New Babylonian Empire,

Summary
● Lots of continuation of culture, brutal warfare, environmental disasters, bad neighbors
that take over the areas. They used number 60.

8th of September:
● The Roman Empire under Diocletian (picture)
● 1st Bulgarian Empire :
➔ Home to the earliest Homo sapiens discovered in Europe
➔ Victory against the Roman Empire established their 1st Empire

● Vikings
➔ Age of the Vikings (793-1066 CE)
➔ Vikings are Scandinavian people who scavenged European land for riches.
➔ The cause of this is due to the lack of land, dying crops & growing population
in Scandinavia. Thus encouraging them to go out and find residence and
money elsewhere.
➔ Vikings used to be farmers.
➔ Vikings lived together under 1 roof in 1 room without a floor.
 ➔ Vikings had no government, rather they had a chieftain society (led by nobles
and lords).
➔ Ragnarök = end of the world + death of the gods

11th of September: (Romans)

● Humanism
● Feudalism
● Fief = you would get land as a reward for serving the state
➔ A piece of land that was granted to a vassal by a lord in exchange for loyalty
and military service.
● A medieval feudal hierarchy = Heerschildordnung (in germany)
● The Demenise (domain i.e all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor
under the feudal system for his own use)
● Only the lord of the manor could hunt, whereas the villagers maintained the farms,
roads, etc..
● In exchange for their services they got protection or help by the lord of the manor
when in times of need.

● Charlemagne = father of Europe

● After he died, the empire split. The eastern empire became the roman empire and
the western empire became modern france

September 17th
● France at the height of feudalism,
● How did medieval life end?
● A painting: A large seize of a castle,
● They started to use new weapons cannons,
● Round towers are modern features that were used to protect them from these seizes.
● Decline of Feudalism:
● Due to warfare, diseases and political changes, feudalism came to an end.
● After that system, there was an economic recovery, as trading became more
common, thus increasing the wealth of kings. The use of mercenaries had started
from this.
● Thus giving the kings more power, however the continuous warfare caused the kings
to collect more taxes and establish a more developed and larger central government
because the church no longer had enough power and they needed help to manage
the kingdom.
● Nobility changed as the feudal aristocracy turned into civil servants in the new
administration the kings had established.
● This power to the kings, established absolute monarchy.

September 15th
● Renaissance, reformation & catholic revival
● Picture 1 & 2:
➔ Burning a higher status (such as a priest/pope/ religious figure)
➔ Jan Hus was a priest, who wanted to reform the church.
 ➔ He was tricked to
Pic 3 & 4:
➔ Wyciffe, propagandic picture where he also wanted to reform the church. But
died of natural causes. Later on people dug him out of his grave and chopped
his dead body.

● Purgatory is a state of purification before they enter heaven their bodies had to purify
before meeting the divine gods.

● Best salesman in Europe, by indulgences. In exchange for money, the sins of people
would be forgiven. Thus securing your dead relatives' journey to Heaven. As they
had already been purified. They used this money to make a new church in Rome and
bought sculptures.

● The decline of feudalism created political changes. In some areas the kings got more
power, whereas in other areas such as Germany cities started to become more
independent, as there was a decline of the emperor’s power.

● Ideological changes, people started to explore other parts of the world.

● Lutherbibel is the German translation of the bible, which originated from ancient
Greece. This was important because now people are able to understand their
religion in their mother tongue.

● Charles the fifth, hated Luther. He inherited Spain and the Austrian lands. And
became the holy roman empire. However he couldn’t cope with this, so he gave up
the lands to his son and brother and left to the monetary.

● Council of Trent which was in the holy roman empire.

● Jesuits was the society of Jesus founded in 1543. They built Jesuit schools
throughout europe.

● Baroque Art: dark intensive red, light shades. Ecce Homo (tortured christ)
● Religion warfare = more politics than religion

● Henry the 4th unified the country, he was initially a protestant so in order to become
a king he became catholic.

18th of September

● A coronet film:
➔ Absolutism: a political system in which one ruler or leader has complete
power and authority over a country.
➔ After feudalism, the rise of absolute monarchs was established. As Louis
learned that a king must rule and not be ruled, with some advisers. He also
learned to never give the nobles enough power.
 ➔ Nobles, military figures and bishops lived at the palace of Versailles; it had
become a fashion to live in the court.
➔ Louis the 14th decided every single detail.
➔ Only the king had the power to tax france.
➔ The whole structure of the government was simply just instruments for his
will.
➔ His rule of 72 years led to the bankruptcy of france.

Economy and politics of the absolute monarchy in France

● Taxation was not enough money for the wars, thus resulting in the bankruptcy of
France
● Bourgeoises are getting profits from the exports and domestic trade.
● Public investments to the manufactured products ( put craftsman to work together in
bigger entreprises + state can control the quality of goods produced)
● Giving privileges to trade, giving companies rights to trade to foreign lands.
● But you have to have your own ship, so other countries don’t gain profits from the
cost of shipment. Thus having more part of the national wealth.

● Mercantilism (cake with a piece picture)

➔ Exporting >>> Importing
➔ Exporting raw materials from their colonies, thus getting more gold or silver in
the nation
➔ Promoted commerce and craftsmanship, trade and manufactured goods was
important.
 ➔ They got rid of the edict of nante, which was bad?

● France wanted to have more power in Europe

● The Enlightenment (17th & 18th Century)

➔ Scientific revolution
➔ Neoclassical painting (by Jacques Louis David 1788)
➔ Page 211
➔ In the salon of Madame Geoffrin, was Napoleon’s private council

➔ Kant believes that the motivation of the action determines if it is morally right
or wrong, rather than the consequence.
➔ He came from Prussia.
➔ Argues space and time are only forms of intuition
➔ He perfected the enlightenment.
➔ Categorical imperatives