Topic 1.

Friendship

Part 1

1. Do you have many friends?

I wouldn't say that I have a large circle of friends, but I do have a close-knit group
of friends whom I've known for years. We get on like a house on fire and have a
lot in common, which makes our friendships meaningful.

2. How important are friends to you?

Friends are incredibly important to me. They provide emotional support,
companionship, and a sense of belonging. I really enjoy their company and
consider them an essential part of my life.

3. Where do you often meet?

My friends and I typically meet in a variety of places depending on our
preferences and schedules. We might gather at each other's homes for movie
nights, go to a local coffee shop for a chat, or even plan outdoor activities like
hiking or picnics. Engaging in these diverse activities together helps us to nurture
our friendships and avoid losing touch with each other.

4. What do you usually do with your friends?

The activities I do with my friends vary, but some common things we enjoy
include going to movies, trying out new restaurants or cafes, and playing board
games. Additionally, we often engage in hobbies we share, like playing musical
instruments or going for sports like tennis or swimming.

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Part 2

Describe a person you met at a party with which you enjoyed talking with.

 what party it was

 how you met this person
 what you talked about
 and explain why you enjoyed talking with him/her.

The party where I met this fascinating person was a New Year's Eve party at my
friend's house. It was an annual tradition among our group of friends to ring in
the New Year together, and this particular party was especially memorable.

I met this person, let's call him John, when he arrived with some mutual friends.
We had never crossed paths before, but as soon as we started chatting, we hit it
off instantly. Our conversation covered a wide range of topics, from our favorite
movies and travel experiences to our shared love for outdoor activities like hiking
and camping. We also discovered that we both had a passion for playing musical
instruments, which led to an impromptu jam session later in the evening. It was
like we fell head over heels in friendship right there!

What made talking with John so enjoyable was not just our shared interests but
also his sense of humor and openness. He had a great knack for storytelling, and
we found ourselves laughing heartily at his anecdotes. Furthermore, he was a
great listener and showed genuine interest in getting to know me better, asking
insightful questions about my life and experiences. As we talked, we discovered
numerous commonalities, strengthening our connection and making our
interaction even more enjoyable.

As the night progressed, we realized that we had a lot in common, and our
conversation flowed effortlessly. Time seemed to fly by, and before we knew it,
the countdown to the New Year had begun. When the clock struck midnight, we
raised our glasses and welcomed the new year together, as if we had known each
other for ages.

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I enjoyed talking with John because he was not only interesting but also easy to
connect with. He had a warm and friendly personality that made me feel
comfortable sharing my thoughts and experiences. Our engaging conversation
and shared laughter made the party even more enjoyable, and I left with a new
friend and wonderful memories of that special New Year's Eve celebration. It was
a perfect example of how you can strike up a relationship with someone
unexpectedly and have an unforgettable time at a gathering.

Part 3

1. On what occasions do people want to make new friends?

People often seek to make new friends during significant life transitions or when
they find themselves in unfamiliar social environments. For instance, when
individuals relocate to a new city or country for work or study, they may actively
seek new friendships to build a support network and combat feelings of isolation.
Additionally, social events like parties, weddings, and community gatherings can
also create opportunities for people to make new friends as they come together
in a relaxed and sociable atmosphere. These gatherings can be a perfect setting to
strike up relationships and connect with others.

2. What do you think of making friends on the internet?

Making friends on the internet can be both advantageous and challenging. It
offers the opportunity to strike up relationships with people from diverse
backgrounds and even across geographical boundaries. Online platforms and
social media make it convenient to get to know individuals who share the same
ideas. However, there can be risks associated with online friendships, such as the
potential for misrepresentation or deception. Therefore, it's essential to exercise
caution and ensure one's safety when making friends on the internet.

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 3. What do you think the most important quality in a friend is?
The most important quality in a friend is often their ability to be a good listener. A
true friend is someone who can lend a sympathetic ear, offer support during
difficult times, and genuinely understand your thoughts and feelings. Additionally,
shared interests and values are crucial for a strong friendship, as they provide
common ground for meaningful interactions. Trustworthiness and reliability also
rank high as important qualities, as friends should be able to depend on each
other and maintain a relationship of trust, getting on well with each other in
both good and challenging times.

4. Do you have any friends now from when you were very young?
Yes, I have a few friends from my childhood with whom I've gone back years.
These long-lasting friendships have stood the test of time and continue to be an
important part of my life. We've kept in touch with each other over the years and
have shared numerous experiences and memories, which have only strengthened
our bond.

5. Do you think that it is becoming more difficult to make friends?

It's possible that making friends in today's fast-paced and digitally-connected
world can be more challenging in some ways. People may be busier with work
and other commitments, and the prevalence of digital communication can
sometimes hinder face-to-face interactions. However, it's also important to note
that technology has created new opportunities to get on like a house on fire with
people who have a lot in common with you, even if they are geographically
distant. The key is to strike a balance between online and offline interactions to
maintain and expand one's social circle effectively while avoiding situations where
friends fall out with each other due to misunderstandings or lack of personal
connection.

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Vocabulary

 to enjoy someone’s company: to like spending time with someone

 a relationship of trust: a connection with another in which you have faith
and confidence
 to have a lot in common: To have shared interests
 to hit it off: to quickly become good friends with
 to fall head over heels in love: to start to love someone a lot
 to get on like a house on fire: to like someone’s company very much
indeed
 to get on well with: to understand someone and enjoy similar interests
 to get to know: to begin to know someone
 nurture our friendships: Looking after our relationships with friends
 share the same ideas: To have similar opinions and views
 to fall out with: to have a disagreement and stop being friends
 to go back years: to have known someone for a long time
 to keep in touch with: To keep in contact
 to lose touch with: To lose contact
 to strike up a relationship: to begin a friendship
 face-to-face: In person
 stand the test of time: To last a long time

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Topic 2. Books

Part 1

1. Do you often read books?

Yes, I consider myself a big reader, and I try to make time for reading every day.
My favorite time for reading is during bedtime reading. It's a calming ritual that
helps me unwind before I go to sleep.

2. Are your reading habits now different from before?

My reading habits have evolved over the years. While I used to primarily read
hardback books, I now also enjoy reading e-books on my e-reader. This shift has
allowed me to access a more extensive collection of books and flick through them
easily.

3. Have you ever read a novel that has been adapted into a film?

Yes, I've had the pleasure of reading several novels that were later adapted into
films. It's always interesting to see how filmmakers bring the plot and special
effects from the book to the big screen.

4. Which one do you prefer, reading books or watching movies?

I appreciate both reading books and watching movies. Reading allows me to be

engrossed in the story and use my imagination to visualize the settings and
central characters. However, it's worth mentioning that some books can be
heavy-going. On the other hand, watching movies provides a more visual and

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cinematic experience with captivating soundtracks and stunning special effects.
So, my preference depends on my mood.

Part 2

Describe a story or novel you have read that you found interesting.

 when you read it

 what the story or novel was about
 who wrote it
 and explain why you read it.

I read the novel "The Martian" by Andy Weir a few years ago, and it left a lasting
impression on me. This sci-fi novel is set in the not-so-distant future and follows
the plot of an astronaut, Mark Watney, who is left stranded on Mars by his crew,
thinking he's dead. The story mainly revolves around his struggle for survival in
the harsh Martian environment while attempting to make contact with Earth.

I was drawn to this novel because of its intriguing setting and the way it combines
elements of science and human survival. The author, Andy Weir, is known for his
meticulous research and attention to detail, which made the story feel incredibly
realistic. As a big reader, I'm always on the lookout for engaging and thought-
provoking books, and "The Martian" came highly recommended by a friend who
knew my interest in both science and adventure.

What fascinated me the most about this novel was the resilience and
resourcefulness of the central character, Mark Watney. His ability to adapt to the
challenges of his environment and his witty sense of humor, even in dire
situations, made him a relatable and likable protagonist. The book had me

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completely engrossed in his journey, and I found myself eagerly turning the
pages, unable to put it down.

In summary, "The Martian" was a captivating read due to its unique plot, the
author's scientific accuracy, and the compelling character of Mark Watney. It's a
perfect example of a page-turner that seamlessly combines science fiction with an
engaging storyline, and I thoroughly enjoyed every moment of reading it.

Part 3

1. How does technology help people tell stories?

Technology has revolutionized storytelling in various ways. For instance, it has

enabled authors and filmmakers to create special effects that were once difficult
or impossible to produce naturally. These effects enhance the visual and auditory
aspects of storytelling, making it more engaging for the audience. Additionally,
technology has facilitated the distribution of stories through digital platforms,
allowing creators to reach a global audience quickly. Moreover, the use of
technology in storytelling, such as interactive storytelling in video games, has
given audiences the opportunity to shape the plot and experience the story in a
more personalized way.

2. Do you prefer to read e-books or paper books?

I appreciate both e-books and paper books, but if I had to choose, I would lean
towards paper books. There's something about the tactile experience of flipping
through the pages and the scent of a new or old book that adds to the overall
enjoyment of reading. However, e-books have their advantages, such as
portability and the ability to carry an extensive library in a single device, which
makes them convenient for travel and day-to-day reading. So, my preference
depends on the situation.

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 3. Why are mystery novels so popular nowadays?

Mystery novels have enduring popularity for several reasons. Firstly, they offer a
sense of intrigue and suspense that captivates readers, often to the point where
they couldn't put it down and feel compelled to read it from cover to cover. The
plot often involves solving a puzzle or uncovering hidden truths, which keeps
readers engaged and eager to find out what happens next. Secondly, mystery
novels often delve into the darker aspects of human nature, exploring motives
and psychological intricacies. This adds depth to the storytelling and makes it
relatable to a broad audience. Additionally, mystery novels can be an escape from
everyday life, providing readers with a thrilling and challenging intellectual
experience.

4. What kinds of stories do children like?

Children's preferences in stories can vary depending on their age and interests,
but they generally enjoy tales that are both entertaining and educational. Young
children often gravitate towards picture books with colorful illustrations and
simple narratives. As they grow older, they may develop a fondness for adventure
stories, fantasy novels, and stories featuring relatable central characters who go
through exciting experiences. Stories with moral lessons or page-turner qualities
are also well-received by children as they often engage their imagination and
sense of wonder. Moreover, interactive storytelling in the form of e-books or apps
can be particularly appealing to tech-savvy kids in today's digital age.

5. Do you think that people read nowadays as they did in the past?

The reading habits of people have certainly undergone notable changes in recent
years compared to the past. The advent of digital technology has fundamentally
altered how people access and consume written content. In the past, reading
primarily involved physical books, newspapers, and magazines. However, with the
availability of e-books, online articles, and digital platforms, people now have a

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wide range of digital reading options. This shift towards digital reading has made
literature more accessible, portable, and convenient.

Vocabulary

 to be engrossed in: to be completely focused on one thing

 bedtime reading: something to read in bed before you go to sleep
 to be a big reader: someone who reads a lot
 the central character: the main person in a film or book
 to come highly recommended: to be praised by another person
 to flick through: to look quickly through a book
 an e-book: a digital book
 an e-reader: a device for reading e-books
 hardback: a book with a rigid cover
 on the big screen: at the cinema
 a page turner: a book that you want to keep reading
 to be heavy-going: difficult to read
 couldn’t put it down: wasn’t able to stop reading a book
 to read something from cover to cover: to read a book from the first page
to the last
 plot: the main events in a film or book
 sci-fi: science fiction
 the setting: where the action takes place
 soundtrack: the music that accompanies a film
 special effects: the visuals or sounds that are added to a film which are
difficult to produce naturally

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Topic 3. Music

Part 1

1. What kind of music do you listen to?

I like different types of music. I enjoy classical music, pop songs, and rock music.
Sometimes I sing along to rock songs at live concerts.

2. Do you play any instruments?

No, I don't play any instruments, but I think it's cool when people can play music
really well. I've thought about learning to play the guitar someday.

3. Do you like singing?

I'm not a great singer, but I do enjoy singing. It's fun, and it helps me relax,
especially when I have informal sing-songs with friends.

4. Do you think singing can bring happiness to people?

Absolutely, singing can make people happy. When someone sings a catchy tune
or a heartfelt song at a live performance or a music festival, it can create special
moments. Singing, whether casually with friends or in front of a big following of
fans, can lift people's spirits and bring joy.

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Part 2

Describe a singer that you like.

 who this person is

 what type of songs does this person sing
 what type of people like to listen to his/her songs
 and explain why you like the singer.

One singer I truly admire is John Lennon. He's an iconic British artist known for his
remarkable singing and songwriting talents. John Lennon had the ability to sing
both slow numbers and catchy tunes with equal brilliance, making his music
appealing to a wide range of listeners.

John Lennon's music primarily falls within the genres of rock and pop, and his
songs often carry powerful messages about peace, love, and social issues. His
music resonates with people who appreciate thought-provoking lyrics and a
strong sense of emotion.

What I love most about John Lennon is his incredible voice and his ability to
convey profound emotions through his songs. When he sang, it felt like he was
pouring his heart and soul into his music, and that's something that deeply
connects with listeners.

In addition to his music, John Lennon's activism and commitment to promoting

peace and love in the world are highly admirable. He used his platform to
advocate for positive change, and his songs, such as "Imagine", continue to
inspire people to strive for a better world.

John Lennon's music, his activism, and his genuine passion for making the world a
better place are why I'm such a dedicated fan of his. His songs have the power to
move people and inspire positive change, which is evident in his huge following
and the massive hit status of his songs. He went on tour to connect with adoring
fans through live performances that left a lasting impact.

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Part 3

1. Is music important to people your age in your country?

Music is undeniably important to people of my age in our country. It plays a

significant role as a form of entertainment, self-expression, and cultural identity.
Many of us use music as a way to connect with others and as a means of
relaxation. Whether it's through attending concerts or downloading tracks online,
it's safe to say that music holds a special place in the lives of young people here.

2. How important is music for young people nowadays?

Music is exceptionally important for young people today. It serves not only as a
source of entertainment but also as a means of self-expression and identity. In
the digital age, music is more accessible than ever, and it's a common way for
young people to connect with others, discover new artists, and explore different
genres, and even take up a musical instrument. Music also plays a role in shaping
social and cultural movements, making it a vital aspect of young people's lives.

3. What do you think about music education in your country?

Music education in my country is valuable, but it could use more attention and
resources. While there are schools and programs that offer music education, they
are not always accessible to everyone. A more comprehensive and inclusive
approach to music education could help nurture talent and a deeper appreciation
for music among young people.

4. Do you think it is true that anyone can sing with the right training?

Yes, I believe that with the right training, most individuals can improve their
singing abilities. While some people may have a natural inclination for singing,
vocal training can help develop and refine one's vocal range, pitch, and technique.
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It's not just about musical talent but also about practice and guidance. With
dedication and the right training, many people can become proficient singers.

5. What do you think about the illegal downloading of music?

Illegal downloading of music is a contentious issue. While I understand the desire

for free access to music, I believe it's important to respect artists' work and
intellectual property rights. Musicians rely on income from their music, and piracy
can harm their livelihood. It's crucial to support artists by purchasing or legally
streaming music, as this helps sustain the music industry and ensures that artists
can continue to create the music we love.

Vocabulary

 adoring fans: people who love a particular band or singer

 a catchy tune: a song that is easy to remember and makes you want to sing
it
 to download tracks: to obtain music from the Internet
 to go on tour: to go on a planned series of performances around a region or
country
 a huge following: a large number of fans
 a massive hit: a record that sells lots of copies
 a music festival: music performances at a venue often over several days
 musical talent: skilled at music
 a sing-song: to sing informally, often with other people
 a slow number: a song with a slow tempo
 to take up a musical instrument: to begin learning a musical instrument

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Topic 4. Accommodation

Part 1

1. Do you live in a house or an apartment?

I currently reside in an apartment within an apartment block. It's a cozy one-

bedroom apartment in the city center.

2. What do you like most about that place?

What I appreciate most about my apartment is its location. It's conveniently

situated close to my workplace and has easy access to public transportation.
Additionally, it offers a beautiful view of the city skyline, and it comes with all the
mod cons, making life more convenient.

3. What is your favorite room there?

My favorite room in my apartment is the living room. It's where I relax, watch TV,
and spend time with friends and family when they visit. It's a comfortable and
welcoming space, with plenty of home comforts.

4. What is your favorite color when decorating your home?

I'm quite fond of neutral colors when decorating my home. I find that shades of
beige and light gray create a calming and versatile atmosphere that works well
with various furniture and decor styles. These colors make my apartment feel
warm and inviting, especially when I host a house-warming party to celebrate
moving in.

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Part 2

Describe an apartment or a house that you would like to have.

 what it is like
 where it would be
 why you would like to have such a place
 and explain how you feel about the place.

I would love to have a charming, detached house nestled in the serene

countryside as my dream home. This house would be a perfect blend of
traditional and modern architectural styles, featuring a charming, rustic exterior
while boasting all the mod cons inside to ensure a comfortable and convenient
lifestyle. It would be fully-furnished with elegant and comfortable furniture,
creating an inviting and cozy atmosphere.

Ideally, this dream house would be situated on the outskirts of a picturesque

village, surrounded by lush green fields and rolling hills. It would be far away from
the hustle and bustle of city life, providing a peaceful and tranquil environment to
escape the daily stresses.

The reason I yearn for such a place is to find solace and retreat from the fast-
paced urban lifestyle. I've always been drawn to the idea of a quiet, countryside
home where I can enjoy fresh air, listen to the birds chirping, and take leisurely
walks through nature. This dream home would offer a sense of escape, a place to
unwind and recharge.

Thinking about this place makes me feel a deep sense of contentment and
tranquility. I envision spending lazy afternoons in the back garden, tending to a
vegetable patch, or simply reading a book by the fireplace. It's a place where I
could connect with nature, away from the noise and distractions of the city. This
house represents a sanctuary, a place where I can truly feel at peace and at home.

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Part 3

1. What's the difference between an apartment and a house?

Apartments and houses differ in several ways. An apartment is typically a unit

within a larger building, often sharing walls with neighboring units. They are
commonly found in urban areas and offer residents a sense of community and
security. In contrast, a house is a standalone dwelling with its own exterior and
usually more space. Houses are often found in suburban or rural areas and
provide more privacy and outdoor space. The choice between the two often
depends on individual preferences, lifestyle, and location.

2. What is the most common architectural style of buildings in your country?

In my country, the most common architectural style for buildings varies

depending on the region. In urban areas, particularly in cities, you'll find a mix of
modern skyscrapers and contemporary architecture. In suburban and rural
regions, traditional architectural styles are more prevalent. It's a reflection of the
diverse cultural and historical influences in our country. Additionally, many homes
in the suburbs come with a spacious back garden, which is highly valued by
families for recreation and gardening.

3. Is it better to own your own home or to rent?

The choice between owning a home and renting depends on one's financial
situation and long-term goals. Owning a home provides stability and an
investment opportunity, but it can also bring financial responsibilities and limits
mobility. Renting offers flexibility and less financial burden but may not provide
the same sense of ownership and potential for building equity. The decision
should be based on individual circumstances and preferences.

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 4. What factors influence people's decisions when choosing the location for
their home?

When people are deciding where to live, several factors come into play. First and
foremost is the availability of job opportunities or educational institutions in a
given area. Proximity to work or school is often a top priority, as it impacts daily
routines and commuting times. Affordability is another crucial factor; people
need to consider their budget and the current state of the property market.
Safety and the quality of the neighborhood, as well as access to green spaces and
amenities like shops and healthcare facilities, also influence their decisions.

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a big city

compared to a rural area?

Living in a big city has its advantages. Cities offer access to advanced technology
and modern conveniences. They provide diverse job markets with numerous
employment opportunities, vibrant cultural scenes, and a wide range of
entertainment options. However, the downsides include higher living costs,
increased traffic congestion, noise pollution, and a generally fast-paced lifestyle.
On the other hand, rural areas have their merits. Rural living provides a stronger
connection to nature and a sense of community. Nonetheless, rural areas may
lack some modern conveniences, job opportunities can be limited, and access to
healthcare facilities may be more distant.
The choice between living in a big city and a rural area ultimately depends on
individual preferences and priorities.

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Vocabulary

 (all the) mod cons: technology at home that makes jobs easier such as a
washing machine, dishwasher etc.
 apartment block: a large building made up of smaller units of apartments
 detached house: a house that is not physically connected to another
property
 dream home: a home you regard as perfect
 fully-furnished: a rented property with all furniture included
 home comforts: things that make a home feel comfortable to live in
 house-warming party: a party to celebrate moving into a new home
 to own your own home: to have bought the property you live in
 spacious room: a large room
 back garden: a garden at the rear of the house
 the suburbs: a residential area on the edge of towns or cities

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Topic 5. Weather

Part 1

1. What is the weather usually like in your hometown?

In my hometown, the weather is quite changeable throughout the year. We

experience all four seasons, from mild winters with temperatures occasionally
dropping below freezing to boiling hot summers with a chance of a heatwave. It's
a diverse climate.

2. What kind of weather do you like the most?

I prefer clear, sunny weather with clear blue skies and sunny spells. It's uplifting
and perfect for outdoor activities. On the other hand, I'm not a fan of bitterly cold
winters when we often experience a cold spell.

3. What do you do in hot weather?

During hot weather, I tend to stay indoors to avoid the heat. If I need to go
outside, I make sure to stay hydrated and use sunscreen to protect my skin. I also
enjoy indulging in cold beverages like iced tea or going for a swim if there's a pool
nearby.

4. Do you check the weather forecast before going out?

Yes, I always check the weather forecast before leaving home. It helps me plan
my day effectively, whether I need to dress up warm for freezing cold days, or
carry an umbrella for possible rain. Checking the forecast ensures that I'm

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prepared for any sudden changes in the weather, like a heavy rain, not to get
caught in the rain.

Part 2

Describe a time that the weather changed your plans

 when did this happen?

 where were you?
 what kind of weather was it?
 what you did instead.

One memorable instance when the weather dramatically changed my plans

occurred during a summer vacation a couple of years ago. I was visiting a town on
the east coast of the country, known for its sunny spells and mild climate.

It was a sunny morning when I had planned to go for a long hike along the rugged
coastline and explore some picturesque beaches. The clear blue skies and gentle
breeze made it an ideal day for outdoor activities. I packed my backpack with
hiking essentials and set out early in the morning, filled with excitement.

However, as I reached the halfway point of my hike, the weather changed

dramatically. Dark, ominous clouds quickly rolled in, and the wind picked up
significantly. Within minutes, it started to pour down with torrential rain. I was
completely unprepared for such a sudden shift in weather.

With no shelter in sight, I had to abandon my hiking plans and sought refuge
under a cluster of trees. I waited there for some time, hoping the rain would clear
up soon. Unfortunately, it didn't, and the rain persisted for hours. It was a real
downpour.

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Unable to continue the hike and with no way to predict when the rain would stop,
I decided to make the most of the situation. I took out a book from my backpack
and started reading while sitting under the trees. I found a small stream nearby
and filled my water bottle with fresh rainwater, which was surprisingly refreshing.

As time passed, the rain finally began to ease up. I decided to head back to my
accommodation instead of completing the hike as originally planned. While my
hiking adventure didn't go as intended due to the unexpected weather, I ended
up having a cozy afternoon indoors, enjoying a warm cup of tea and reflecting on
the unpredictability of nature.

This experience taught me the importance of checking the long-range forecast

and being prepared for sudden changes in weather when embarking on outdoor
adventures. It also reminded me that sometimes, even when plans go awry, there
can be unexpected and enjoyable moments to cherish.

Part 3

1. Does the weather affect your mood?

Yes, the weather definitely has an impact on people's moods. Bitterly cold and
overcast days can often lead to feelings of sadness or lethargy, while sunny days
with clear blue skies tend to boost our spirits and make us feel more energetic.
It's fascinating how our emotional state can be influenced by something as simple
as the weather forecast.

2. Which activities are popular in your country in different seasons?

In my country, people enjoy a variety of activities in different seasons. During
boiling hot summers, you'll find many at the beach or having barbecues in their
back gardens. In autumn, apple picking and scenic drives to admire the fall foliage
are popular. In winter, snow sports like skiing and snowboarding thrive, while

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spring brings out the gardeners and outdoor sports enthusiasts. Our activities are
heavily influenced by the mild climate we have in various regions.

3. Do you think people should be more worried about climate change than
they are?
Absolutely, people should be more concerned about climate change than they
currently are. It's not just about the occasional heatwave or flash flood; it's a
global crisis with far-reaching consequences. The permanent address of our
planet is at stake, and urgent action is needed from both governments and
individuals to mitigate its effects.

4. Is the government doing anything about climate change in your country?

Yes, the government is taking steps to address climate change. They have
introduced policies to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable
practices. However, there's a need for more comprehensive and aggressive action
to combat climate change effectively. It's a challenging issue that requires
ongoing commitment from governments.

5. Do you think it is the responsibility of the government or individuals to

reduce climate change?
Addressing climate change is a shared responsibility that involves both the
government and individuals. While governments must set policies and regulations
to reduce emissions and protect the environment, individuals also have a role to
play by making sustainable choices in their daily lives, such as reducing energy
consumption, conserving water, and supporting eco-friendly initiatives. It's a
collaborative effort to combat climate change effectively.

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Vocabulary

 to be below freezing: below zero degrees Celsius

 bitterly cold: very cold and unpleasant
 boiling hot: very hot (informal)
 changeable: weather that often changes
 clear blue skies: a sky without clouds
 to clear up: when clouds or rain disappear
 to dress up warm: to wear warm clothes to protect yourself against wintry
conditions
 a flash flood: a sudden and severe flood
 a cold spell: a short period of cold weather
 freezing cold: very cold (informal)
 a heatwave: a period of very hot weather
 heavy rain: intense rainfall
 long-range forecast: the weather forecast for several days or weeks ahead
 mild climate: a climate without extreme weather conditions
 mild winter: a winter that isn’t particularly cold
 to pour down: to rain heavily
 to get caught in the rain: to be outside when it rains unexpectedly
 sunny spells: short periods of sunny weather
 torrential rain: intense rainfall
 weather forecast: a TV/radio programme or section in a
newspaper/magazine which predicts weather conditions

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Topic 6. Clothing

Part 1

1. Do you enjoy buying clothes?

Well, I wouldn't say I'm a slave to fashion, but I do like shopping for clothes
occasionally. It's nice to keep up with the latest fashion trends and find must-
have items to add to my wardrobe.

2. What kinds of clothes do you like to wear?

I prefer a mix and match approach when it comes to clothing. I like to have a
collection of classic style pieces that are timeless and can be worn on various
occasions. However, I also enjoy getting dressed up when there's a special event
or fashion show to attend.

3. Have you ever worn a uniform?

Yes, when I was in school, I had to wear a school uniform. It was definitely not
considered fashionable, but it was a requirement. Nowadays, I take pride in my
appearance and prefer to wear smart clothes when the occasion calls for it.

4. Are there many clothes shops where you live?

Absolutely! I live in a bustling city, so there are numerous fashion houses and
designer labels available. You can find everything from off the peg casual clothes
to high-end designer pieces. It's great for those who have an eye for fashion and
like to stay on trend.

25
Part 2

Describe a person who wears clothes that you think are unusual.

 who this person is

 how you knew this person
 what clothing the person wears
 and explain why you think his/her clothes are unusual.

One person I know who is always well-dressed is my friend, Sarah. I got to know
Sarah through a mutual friend a few years ago, and since then, we've become
quite close.
Sarah has a knack for fashion, and her clothing choices are consistently the height
of fashion. She's someone who pays a lot of attention to the details of her outfits.
You'll often find her wearing classic style pieces, like well-tailored blazers, elegant
dresses, and stylish accessories. She has an eye for combining colors and patterns
that complement each other perfectly.
What I particularly admire about the way she dresses is her ability to look
effortlessly put-together. Even in casual settings, she manages to strike the right
balance between comfort and style, often using the technique of mix and match.
Whether it's a simple outing with friends or a formal event, Sarah always looks
her best.
I think her dressing style is praiseworthy because it reflects her confidence and
self-expression. She doesn't simply follow fashion trends; instead, she creates her
own unique style. Sarah's impeccable dressing not only enhances her appearance
but also leaves a lasting impression on those around her. It's inspiring to see
someone who takes pride in their appearance and has such a sense of style.

26
Part 3

1. What factors do you think affect the clothes we choose to wear?

The clothes we choose to wear can be influenced by several factors. Firstly,
cultural norms and traditions play a significant role. People often wear clothing
that aligns with the customs of their culture or community. Secondly, personal
preferences and comfort are essential. People tend to choose clothes that make
them feel comfortable and confident. Thirdly, the weather and climate can impact
clothing choices. In hot climates, people prefer lighter, breathable fabrics, while in
colder regions, they opt for warmer attire. Lastly, societal influences, such as
fashion trends and peer pressure, can also shape our clothing choices.

2. What is the difference between the clothes of older people and the young
people in your country?
In my country, there are noticeable differences in the clothing preferences of
older and younger generations. Older individuals often lean towards more old-
fashioned and conservative clothing styles. They may prefer formal attire and
neutral colors. In contrast, young people tend to embrace fashion trends and are
more open to experimenting with different styles. They often wear casual and
vibrant clothing, and they are more likely to follow the latest fashion trends.

3. Can we judge a person's character by clothing and why?

While clothing can provide some insights into a person's personality or
preferences, it's not a reliable indicator of their character. Clothing is a form of
self-expression and personal style, and people choose their attire for various
reasons, such as comfort, fashion, or cultural significance. Judging someone's
character solely based on their clothing can lead to unfair assumptions and
stereotypes. It's essential to remember that character is better assessed through
one's actions, values, and behavior, rather than their fashion choices.

27
 4. When do people wear formal clothes?
People typically wear formal clothes on occasions that require a high level of
decorum and professionalism. These occasions may include weddings, funerals,
job interviews, important business meetings, gala events, and academic
ceremonies. Formal attire usually includes items like suits, dresses, tuxedos, and
formal shoes. The choice to wear formal clothing reflects a sense of respect and
adherence to the formality of the event.

5. Do you think students like to wear uniforms?

Opinions on wearing uniforms vary among students. Some students appreciate
uniforms because they eliminate the need to decide what to wear each day,
reduce peer pressure related to clothing choices, and create a sense of equality
among students. Others may dislike uniforms because they limit individual
expression and style when compared to the freedom of choosing casual clothes.
It largely depends on the school's culture and the students' personal preferences.

Vocabulary

 to be on trend: to be very fashionable

 classic style: a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable
 designer label: a well-known company that makes (often expensive)
clothing
 casual clothes: not formal
 fashionable: in fashion
 well-dressed: to be dressed attractively
 the height of fashion: very fashionable
 fashion house: a company that sells (usually expensive) new styles in
clothes
 to have an eye for (fashion): to be a good judge of
 to have a sense of style: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish

28
 to keep up with the latest fashion: to wear the latest fashions
 to mix and match: to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren’t
part of a set outfit
 must-have: something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand
 off the peg: clothing that is ready made
 timeless: something that doesn’t go out of fashion
 a slave to fashion: someone who always feel the need to wear the latest
fashions
 smart clothes: the kind of clothes worn for a formal even
 to take pride in one’s appearance: to pay attention to how one looks

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Topic 7. Sport

Part 1

1. Do you like sports?

I enjoy sports. I find them to be a great way to stay active and healthy, and they
can also be a source of entertainment and excitement. Additionally, sports
provide an effective means to keep fit.

2. Do you like watching sports programs on TV?

Absolutely, I'm a bit of a football fan, so I often watch football matches on TV. I
also enjoy watching other sports programs, especially when they feature exciting
events like marathons or tennis tournaments.

3. Do you like to watch live sports games?

Watching live sports games can be a thrilling experience, especially when you're
in the stadium or arena surrounded by the energy of the crowd. So, yes, I do like
to watch live sports games when the opportunity arises.

4. Who do you like to watch sports games with?

I prefer to watch sports games with friends or family. It adds to the enjoyment
when you can discuss the game, cheer for your favorite team, and share the
excitement with others. It creates a sense of camaraderie and makes the
experience more memorable.

30
Part 2

Describe a famous sportsperson you know.

 who the sportsperson is

 how do you know the sportsperson?
 what the sportsperson has achieved
 and explain why the sportsperson is famous.

One of the most famous sportspersons globally is Cristiano Ronaldo, the

Portuguese professional footballer. I have knowledge of Cristiano Ronaldo
through extensive media coverage, including television, the internet, and sports
news.

Cristiano Ronaldo is renowned for his exceptional talent and numerous

achievements in the world of football. He has achieved numerous awards,
including multiple FIFA Ballon d'Or titles, which are awarded to the world's best
player. Ronaldo has played for some of the biggest football clubs in the world,
including Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Juventus. Throughout his career,
he has consistently been among the top goal scorers in various leagues and has
helped lead his teams to numerous titles, including domestic league
championships and UEFA Champions League trophies. His remarkable ability to
set records for goals and his strenuous exercise routines have inspired countless
aspiring footballers.

What makes Cristiano Ronaldo particularly famous is his remarkable consistency,

dedication, and work ethic. He's known for his incredible goal-scoring ability,
agility, and versatility on the field. Off the field, he's also recognized for his
philanthropy and charity work, demonstrating his commitment to giving back to
the community. Ronaldo has a massive global fan following and is considered one
of the greatest footballers of all time.

In summary, Cristiano Ronaldo is a famous sportsperson known for his

exceptional football skills, numerous awards and achievements, his ability to set

31
records, and his significant impact on the world of football. His talent, along with
his commitment to train hard, has made him a global sports icon.

Part 3

1. Do young people like to do sports?

Yes, many young people have a strong interest in sports. Engaging in sports
activities can be both enjoyable and fulfilling for them. It's a way to stay active,
socialize with peers, and often, it's seen as a form of strenuous exercise.
Additionally, many young individuals like to go jogging as a way to stay fit and
enjoy the outdoors. For them, running is not just a hobby but also a means to get
into shape. Being physically active through sports and jogging helps them avoid
being out of condition, ensuring they maintain good physical health and fitness.

2. What are the benefits of sports for children?

Sports offer a wide range of benefits for children. Firstly, they promote physical
fitness and overall health, helping children develop strong muscles and bones.
Secondly, sports encourage teamwork and cooperation, teaching valuable social
skills. Additionally, they instill discipline, time management, and goal-setting in
children. Sports can also boost self-esteem and confidence as children achieve
personal milestones and improve their skills. In essence, they are essential for the
fitness program of children.

3. Is it necessary to build public sports space?

Certainly, public sports spaces are necessary for several reasons. They provide
accessible opportunities for physical activity, which is crucial for a healthy
population. Public sports spaces encourage community engagement, social
32
interaction, and help in reducing sedentary lifestyles. Moreover, they contribute
to the overall well-being of residents and can serve as venues for organized sports
events and recreational activities. Building and maintaining public sports spaces is
vital for a thriving community.

4. Should people be encouraged more to take up sport?

Yes, people should be strongly encouraged to participate in sports. Engaging in

sports promotes physical fitness, mental well-being, social interaction, and skill
development. It also fosters a sense of community and provides a positive outlet
for young individuals. Encouraging sports participation is pivotal for a healthier
and more active lifestyle. Encouraging sports participation, in conjunction with
maintaining a balanced diet and adopting healthier eating habits, is pivotal for a
healthier and more active lifestyle.

5. What do you think of companies donating sports venues to poor children?

I believe that companies donating sports venues to underprivileged children is a

commendable and socially responsible initiative. It provides these children with
access to sports facilities they may not have had otherwise. This not only
promotes physical activity and a healthier lifestyle but also offers opportunities
for skill development, teamwork, and personal growth. It's a way for companies
to give back to the community and make a positive impact on the lives of less
fortunate children. Such initiatives can have far-reaching benefits, including
improved physical and mental health and the potential to discover and nurture
talent in sports. It's a great example of corporate social responsibility and can be a
valuable addition to a community's sports facilities.

33
Vocabulary

 a football fan: someone who likes football

 a fitness programme: a schedule of activities to keep fit
 to keep fit: to stay in good physically condition
 to get into shape: to become fit
 balanced diet: eating a sensible mix of different foods
 healthier eating habits: eating less sugar or salt
 to be out of condition: to not be physically fit
 to go jogging: to run around the streets
 to set a record: to achieve the best result in a sport
 sports facilities: the equipment and services needed to do a sport
 strenuous exercise: exercise that needs a lot of physical effort
 to train hard: to train with a lot of effort

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Topic 8. Technology

Part 1

1. Do you use technology in your everyday life?

Yes, I use technology in my everyday life. I'm a bit of a techie, and I rely on my
smartphone for communication, social media, navigation and to surf the web. It's
also handy for setting reminders and alarms.

2. How comfortable are you with using computers and the internet?

I'm very comfortable with computers and the internet. I use them for research,
online shopping, and work. I also often download podcasts and browse websites
for various purposes.

3. What role does technology play in your work or studies?

Technology is essential for my work and studies. I use it for research, online
classes, video conferencing and work tasks like data analysis and communication.

4. What is your favorite technological device or gadget? Why do you like it?

My favorite gadget is my laptop. It's versatile, portable, and crucial for work,
studies, entertainment, and staying connected.

35
Part 2

Describe a technological device or gadget that you find very useful.

 what the device is.

 how you use it in your daily life.
 why you find it useful.
 any interesting features or experiences related to this device.

One technological device that I find extremely useful is my tablet. It's a sleek and
versatile gadget that has become an integral part of my daily life.

I use my tablet for a wide range of purposes. Firstly, it serves as my primary

entertainment hub. I can watch movies, stream music, and read e-books on it. It's
like having a portable cinema and library at my fingertips. This is particularly
handy during long commutes or when I want to relax.

Additionally, my tablet is my go-to tool for productivity. I use it for work-related

tasks, such as reading and editing documents, as well as attending virtual
meetings. The large screen and responsive touch interface make it ideal for these
purposes. It has transformed the way I work, allowing me to be productive from
virtually anywhere.

One of the most practical features of my tablet is its wireless connectivity. I can
access the internet, send and receive emails, and connect with colleagues and
clients without the need for a traditional computer. This flexibility is especially
important in today's fast-paced work environment. I often send attachments like
documents or presentations via email directly from my tablet, which is incredibly
convenient.

Moreover, my tablet helps me stay organized. I use it to set reminders and alarms
for various tasks and appointments. This feature is especially handy in my busy
schedule, ensuring I don't forget important meetings or deadlines.

36
The reason I find my tablet so useful is its all-in-one nature. It combines
entertainment, productivity, and connectivity into a single, portable device. It
simplifies my life and keeps me connected, entertained, and productive wherever
I go.

One interesting experience related to my tablet was when I used it for digital
editing of photographs. I had taken some pictures during a vacation and wanted
to enhance them. With the tablet's touchscreen interface and editing apps, I
could make creative adjustments to the photos, making them even more
memorable.

In conclusion, my tablet is a technological marvel that I can't imagine my life

without. Its versatility, convenience, and the wide range of applications it offers
make it an invaluable gadget for both personal and professional purposes.
Whether for entertainment, productivity, or creative endeavors like digital
editing, my tablet truly enhances my daily life.

Part 3

1. How has technology changed the way people communicate with each
other in your country?

Technology has significantly transformed the way people communicate in my

country. The widespread use of smartphones and social media platforms has
made it easier for individuals to stay connected, regardless of geographical
distances. People can now send instant messages, make video calls, and share
updates with friends and family in real-time. This has made communication more
convenient and efficient. However, there are concerns about the impact of
technology on face-to-face communication, as some individuals may become
overly reliant on digital communication and neglect in-person interactions.

37
 2. In what ways has technology changed the way people access information
and news?

Technology has revolutionized how people access information and news.

Traditional newspapers and television broadcasts have been largely
supplemented or even replaced by digital news sources and social media
platforms. With the ability to access the internet, people can access a vast
amount of information and news articles at their fingertips. This has democratized
information dissemination and allowed individuals to access diverse viewpoints.
However, there are challenges related to the credibility of online news sources, as
misinformation and fake news can spread easily. Additionally, concerns about
information privacy and algorithmic bias have emerged as important issues in the
context of emerging technology.

3. What is the most recent technological advancement that you found

interesting or exciting?

One of the most recent technological advancements that I found particularly

exciting is the development of augmented reality (AR) applications and devices.
AR technology overlays digital information and interactive experiences onto the
real world through devices like AR glasses or smartphone apps. It has incredible
potential in various fields, from gaming and education to healthcare and retail.
For instance, AR can enhance learning experiences by providing interactive
educational content, and it can revolutionize shopping by allowing customers to
try on products virtually. This technology opens up new possibilities for
innovation and creative applications, making traditional approaches become
rapidly obsolete in comparison.

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of people using smartphones

and other mobile devices constantly?

The constant use of smartphones and other mobile devices has both advantages
and disadvantages. On the positive side, these devices facilitate instant
communication, access to information, and productivity. They serve as
multifunctional tools, enabling people to work remotely, stay connected with
38
loved ones, and access educational resources. However, the downside includes
concerns about addiction and people being glued to the screen. Excessive use of
mobile devices can lead to decreased face-to-face interactions, sleep
disturbances, and reduced physical activity. Additionally, there are privacy and
security risks associated with the constant sharing of personal information
through these devices.

5. Do you think technology has made our lives easier or more complicated?
Why?

Technology has certainly made our lives easier in many ways. It has streamlined
communication, simplified daily tasks, and increased access to information. Tasks
that used to take hours can now be completed in minutes. For example, online
banking and the ability to shop online have made financial transactions and
shopping more convenient. However, it has also introduced complexities. The
constant influx of information and the fast pace of technological change can lead
to information overload and stress. Moreover, the need for digital literacy and the
potential for privacy breaches have added new layers of complexity to our lives.
So, while advances in technology have brought numerous conveniences, they
have also presented challenges that require careful management.

Vocabulary

 to browse websites: to look at websites

 digital editing: to edit digital materials like audio or video files
 download (podcasts): to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own
device
 a gadget: a technological tool like a mobile phone or camera
 send an attachment: send an email with an accompanying file
 social media: media used to interact with other people such as Facebook or
Twitter

39
 access to the Internet: Able to connect to the Internet
 to surf the web: to look at a series of websites one after the other
 shop online: Shop via the Internet
 glued to the screen: Unable or unwilling to leave the digital device
 a techie: somebody who has an interest in technology
 video conferencing: to see and hear people from different locations using
the Internet
 emerging technology: Brand new machines and software
 advances in technology: Progressive forward movement in technology
 become rapidly obsolete: Quickly become out of date

40
Topic 9. Business

Part 1

1. Have you ever thought about starting your own business?

Yes, I've considered going it alone and setting up a business. Being self-employed
is appealing, and it involves careful planning, like drawing up a business plan and
understanding cash flow.

2. Do you have any experience with running or managing a business?

No, I haven't been self-employed or had personal experience with running or

managing a business. However, I have had the opportunity to work closely with
businesses in my previous job, assisting with marketing and customer relations.
So, while I haven't run a business myself, I've gained some insights into business
operations.

3. Are there any famous entrepreneurs or business leaders you admire?

Absolutely, there are several famous entrepreneurs and business leaders whom I
admire. One that comes to mind is Elon Musk. His visionary approach to
technology and sustainability, including his ability to launch a product like electric
vehicles with Tesla and space exploration with SpaceX, has had a remarkable
impact on various industries. His determination and ability to bring innovative
ideas to life are truly inspiring.

41
 4. What kind of businesses are popular in your country?

In my country, a wide range of businesses are popular, but some of the most
prominent ones include tech startups, e-commerce platforms, and hospitality
services like restaurants and cafes. With the increasing reliance on technology,
tech startups have seen significant growth, and e-commerce has gained
popularity due to its convenience.

Part 2

Describe a small successful business you know.

 what business is it?

 how do you know about it?
 what products does it sell?
 and explain why you think it is successful.

I recently came across a business that has piqued my interest, and I'm considering
something similar in the future. It's a small specialized enterprise that offers
courses, primarily focused on cooking, especially bread making. The owner
conducts these courses in his own kitchen and has formed a partnership with a
local community shop to sell the bread and cakes produced during these classes.
My introduction to this business happened last year when my wife surprised me
with one of their baking courses. During the training, I had the chance to get to
know the owner.

This is what I would describe as a lifestyle business. The owner doesn't have
grand plans for expansion or taking on employees; he's content with earning a

42
living by doing what he loves. I deeply admire his approach, and I believe many
others would find it appealing as well. He maintains a web presence, which is how
we initially discovered his company, and he leverages social media to boost the
company's visibility. The remarkable thing is that he manages the entire business
on his own, giving him complete control over its direction. This autonomy must be
incredibly fulfilling for him, as long as he keeps a handle on the finances and
maintains a healthy cash flow. I'm certain he's quite pleased with what he has
accomplished.

Part 3

1. How do small businesses differ from large corporations in terms of their

challenges and advantages?

Small businesses and large corporations face distinct challenges and advantages.
Small businesses often have limited resources, which can make it challenging to
compete on a global scale and to make a profit while trying to balance books.
However, they can be more agile and responsive to market changes. Large
corporations, on the other hand, have more resources but can struggle with
bureaucracy and slower decision-making. They may also face greater scrutiny due
to their size.

2. What qualities or skills do you think are essential for a successful

entrepreneur or business leader?

Successful entrepreneurs and business leaders need a mix of qualities and skills.
These include leadership, adaptability, creativity, and a strong work ethic.
Effective communication and the ability to motivate and inspire others are also
crucial. Additionally, financial acumen, problem-solving skills, and a keen
understanding of market trends are essential to navigate the complexities of
business.

43
 3. Why do some people prefer to work for themselves?

People prefer to work for themselves and to run their own business for various
reasons. Firstly, it offers greater autonomy and the opportunity to pursue their
passions and ideas. Entrepreneurship allows individuals to have control over their
work schedules and decision-making. Moreover, the potential for higher financial
rewards can be a strong motivator. However, it comes with higher risks and
uncertainties compared to traditional employment.

4. How has technology influenced business?

Technology has had a profound impact on businesses. It has transformed the way
companies operate, from automating routine tasks to enabling remote work and
global connectivity. E-commerce has expanded opportunities for lucrative online
sales, while cutting-edge data analytics has improved decision-making.
Technology has also facilitated marketing and customer engagement through
digital channels. However, it has introduced challenges related to cybersecurity
and the need for constant adaptation to new tools and trends.

5. How important is customer service for a successful business?

Customer service is critically important for a successful business , especially in the

context of stiff competition. It directly affects customer satisfaction and loyalty. A
business that provides excellent customer service tends to have repeat customers
and positive word-of-mouth referrals. Happy customers are more likely to
become brand advocates. Conversely, poor customer service can harm a
business's reputation and lead to lost opportunities. In today's competitive
landscape, exceptional customer service can be a key differentiator.

44
Vocabulary

 to balance the books: to not spend more money than you are earning
 to be self-employed: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer
 to draw up a business plan: to write a plan for a new business
 to launch a product: to start selling and promoting a new product
 to earn a living: to earn money
 cash flow: the money coming in and going out of a business
 to go it alone: to start your own business
 to have a web presence: to have a website or social media profile that
showcases your business
 lifestyle business: a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income
and no more
 to make a profit: to earn more money than it costs to run the business
 lucrative: money making or profitable
 cutting edge: the best new technology
 niche business: a business that serves a small, particular market
 to run your own business: to have a business of your own
 to set up a business: to start a business
 to take on employees: to employ people
 stiff competition: strong competition from other companies in the same
area of work
 to work for yourself: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer

45
Topic 10. Food

Part 1

1. Do you enjoy cooking?

I absolutely enjoy cooking. The process of preparing a meal from scratch,

especially when I'm making my favorite Italian dishes, can make my mouth water.
It's a creative outlet where I can follow a recipe or experiment with flavors to
create a balanced diet. Plus, when I'm cooking something delicious, it's hard not
to tuck into the food with pleasure once it's ready.

2. What is your favorite type of cuisine or food?

My favorite type of cuisine has to be Italian. I can eat Italian food like pasta and
pizza until I'm full up. The rich flavors and the aroma of Italian dishes are simply
irresistible. When I go to an Italian restaurant, I often choose a slap up meal,
indulging in several courses of delicious home-cooked food that never fails to
make my mouth water.

3. How often do you eat out at restaurants?

I don't eat out at restaurants very frequently, maybe once or twice a month.
While I enjoy the occasional opportunity to wine and dine and grab a bite to eat,
I mostly prefer home-cooked meals. I find it more convenient and often healthier
to have control over what I'm eating. However, when I'm in a rush or don't have
time to cook, I might opt for a quick snack or a take away.

4. Do you prefer home-cooked meals or eating at restaurants?

46
I tend to prefer home-cooked meal for most of my daily eating. It's not only more
cost-effective but also allows me to make sure I'm eating a balanced diet. I'm not
a fussy eater, but I do enjoy a variety of dishes. However, when I have guests over
or want to celebrate a special occasion, I don't mind footing the bill for a nice
restaurant dinner. It's a chance to wine and dine with friends and enjoy a ready
meal without the hassle of cooking and cleaning up afterward.

Part 2

Describe a dinner that you enjoyed.

 when did you have this meal?
 where did you have it?
 who did you eat it with?
 and explain why you enjoyed it so much.

I had the pleasure of enjoying this memorable dinner a few months ago, in the
middle of summer. It was a warm and pleasant evening, just the perfect setting
for a delightful meal.

The dinner took place at a charming seaside restaurant overlooking the ocean.
The restaurant was known for its fresh seafood and stunning sunset views,
making it an ideal spot for a slap up meal. We had reserved a table for the
evening, and by the time we arrived, I was practically dying of hunger due to the
anticipation of the delicious dishes to come.

I had the pleasure of sharing this dinner with my significant other, my partner in
both life and culinary adventures. We had been planning this dinner for a while,
and the anticipation added to the excitement. The combination of good food and
great company always makes for a special dining experience.

47
What made this dinner so enjoyable was the overall atmosphere. The sound of
the waves crashing against the shore, the warm breeze, and the beautiful sunset
created a magical backdrop for our meal. We started with a delicious seafood
platter, which included oysters, shrimp, and crab. The freshness of the seafood,
paired with a crisp white wine, was truly exquisite. As the evening progressed, we
savored our main courses, which were equally delightful.

But beyond the scrumptious meal, it was the setting and the shared experience
that made this dinner unforgettable. We laughed, talked, and enjoyed each
other's company while watching the sun dip below the horizon. It was a moment
of serenity and connection that made the meal much more than just a dinner – it
was a cherished memory. The combination of the scenic location, the delectable
dishes, and the wonderful company made it an evening to remember and
treasure.

Part 3

1. What kinds of restaurants are popular in your country?

In my country, a wide variety of restaurants are popular. This includes traditional

restaurants serving local cuisine, fast-food chains, casual dining establishments,
and international cuisine restaurants. Additionally, there has been a growing
trend in recent years toward healthier dining options, such as vegetarian and
vegan restaurants that offer nutritious food richly packed with vitamins.

2. Is it expensive to eat out in your country?

The cost of eating out in my country can vary widely. In major cities, dining at
high-end restaurants can be quite expensive, while fast-food or casual dining
options are more affordable. It's possible to find budget-friendly eateries that

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offer delicious local cuisine as well. Overall, the expense of eating out depends on
the type of restaurant and the location.

3. Why are more and more people unwilling to cook nowadays? What
effects does this have?

There are several reasons why more people are becoming unwilling to cook
nowadays. One significant factor is the fast-paced modern lifestyle, which leaves
little time for cooking. The convenience of ready-made and takeaway meals also
plays a role. Additionally, some individuals lack cooking skills or find it more
convenient to order food. The effects of this trend include potential health
consequences due to the consumption of processed foods, as well as the decline
in traditional cooking skills and family mealtime.

4. Do you agree that food nowadays is better than it was in the past?

It's challenging to make a blanket statement about whether food is better

nowadays compared to the past because it varies depending on individual
preferences and cultural contexts. While modern food technology has allowed for
greater variety and convenience, some argue that the quality and authenticity of
traditional, home-cooked meals from the past were superior. It's a matter of
personal perspective and the specific food items being compared.

5. How can people be encouraged to cook more in the future?

Encouraging people to cook more in the future can be achieved through several
strategies. Education is key, and providing cooking classes or workshops to teach
basic cooking skills can help. Promoting the benefits of homemade meals in terms
of health, taste, and cost-effectiveness can also motivate people. Additionally,
creating social initiatives or events that emphasize cooking and sharing meals can
foster a sense of community and encourage cooking as a pleasurable activity.

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Vocabulary

 to be full up: to eat to the point that you can no longer eat any more
 to be dying of hunger: an exaggerated way of saying you are hungry
 to eat a balanced diet: to eat the correct types and amounts of food
 to make your mouth water: to make you feel very hungry for something
 to follow a recipe: to cook a meal using instructions
 to foot the bill: to pay the bill
 a fussy eater: somebody who has their own very high standards about
what to eat
 to grab a bite to eat: to eat something quickly (when you’re in a rush)
 processed food: commercially prepared food bought for convenience
 home-cooked food: food cooked at home from individual ingredients
 nutritious food: food with many nutrients
 packed with vitamins: full of vitamins
 a quick snack: to eat a small amount of food between meals
 a ready meal: commercially prepared food bought for convenience
 homemade food: food made at home
 a slap up meal: a large meal
 scrumptious meal: an exceptionally tasty meal
 a take away: a cooked meal prepared in a restaurant and eaten at home
 to tuck into: to eat something with pleasure
 to wine and dine: to entertain someone by treating them to food and drink

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Topic 11. Holidays

Part 1

1. Do you enjoy traveling?

Yes, I absolutely enjoy traveling. Exploring new places, experiencing different

cultures, and discovering unique landscapes, like a breathtaking view, are some
of the things that make traveling so exciting for me. It's an opportunity to break
away from the routine and create lasting memories. I often plan my trips with the
help of a travel agent to ensure a smooth experience.

2. Have you traveled to any foreign countries?

Yes, I have traveled to several foreign countries, and each trip has been a unique
and enriching experience. I've used various travel options, from all-in packages to
self-catering holidays, depending on the destination and my preferences. One of
the most memorable trips was a guided tour in Africa for a wildlife safari, where I
had the chance to observe wild animals in their natural habitat.

3. Do you prefer to travel alone or with others

I don't have a strict preference for either traveling alone or with others because
both options have their merits. Traveling with a group can be like going on a
guided tour, providing a chance to share experiences with fellow travelers. On the
other hand, traveling alone allows for more freedom and spontaneity, which is
perfect when I want to get away from it all.

4. Are there any countries or cities you would like to visit in the future?

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Yes, there are several countries and cities that I would love to visit in the future.
One dream destination is New Zealand, known for its stunning landscapes and
breathtaking views. I'm also intrigued by the rich history and culture of Greece,
and I've always wanted to wander through the ancient ruins of Athens. These
places of interest are on my bucket list for a holiday of a lifetime.

Part 2

Describe a place you would like to visit in the future

 where is it?
 how would you travel there?
 what do you want to do there?
 and explain why you want to go.

One place I've always dreamt of visiting in the future is the city of Paris, France.
Paris is a captivating destination that has a perfect blend of history, art, and
romance. It's located in the heart of France and is known for its rich cultural
heritage, stunning architecture, and the romantic ambiance that envelops the
city.

To travel to Paris, I would prefer to take a long-haul flight. This would be a

significant journey, flying over vast landscapes and oceans to reach this iconic
European city.

Once I arrive in Paris, there are several activities I'd love to immerse myself in.
First and foremost, I would explore Paris's historic landmarks and monuments,
including the iconic “Eiffel Tower”, the “Louvre Museum”, and the “Notre-Dame
Cathedral”. These sites not only hold immense historical significance but also
offer breathtaking views of the city's stunning landscape. However, I would need

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to plan my visit carefully to avoid the hordes of tourists that flock to these
attractions.

I'd also like to indulge in the city's culinary delights. Paris offers a culinary journey
like no other, and it would be an essential part of my short break in the city.

The reason I want to visit Paris is primarily to immerse myself in its rich cultural
heritage and embrace the artistic treasures it holds. Paris has been a hub of
creativity for centuries, and the opportunity to explore world-class museums,
wander through charming neighborhoods, and experience the city's romantic
ambiance is truly enticing. However, I would need to be cautious not to fall into
the trap of overpriced souvenirs or restaurants that cater mainly to tourists, as
Paris can sometimes be seen as a tourist trap in that regard.

In conclusion, Paris is a place that promises an enchanting blend of history, art,

and romance, and I'm eagerly looking forward to the day when I can explore this
captivating city.

Part 3

1. What are the benefits of traveling?

Traveling offers numerous benefits. Firstly, it provides opportunities for personal

growth and learning. Exploring new cultures, meeting people from different
backgrounds, and experiencing diverse lifestyles can broaden one's perspective
and enhance cultural awareness, especially when visiting exotic destinations.
Secondly, travel allows individuals to relax and escape from the stresses of daily
life, promoting mental well-being while enjoying scenic views and memorable
experiences. Additionally, it can be a source of inspiration, sparking creativity and
a sense of adventure. Lastly, travel often leads to unforgettable memories and
experiences that can enrich a person's life. It's a form of getting away from it all
and offers a holiday of a lifetime.

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 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism for a tourist
destination?

Tourism can bring several advantages to a holiday destination. It can stimulate

the local economy by generating income from tourists' spending on
accommodation, food, transportation, and souvenirs. It also creates job
opportunities in various sectors, from hospitality to transportation. Moreover,
tourism can promote cultural exchange and foster a sense of pride in local
heritage.

However, there are also disadvantages. Over-tourism can strain local resources,
harm the environment, and lead to overcrowding and increased living costs for
residents. Cultural authenticity can be compromised as destinations cater more to
tourists' expectations. Balancing the benefits and drawbacks of tourism is
essential for the sustainable development of a tourist destination. It's important
to address the issue of hordes of tourists and promote local crafts to preserve
authenticity.

3. What is the best mode of transport to use to travel around a country?

The best mode of transport for traveling around a country depends on various
factors, including the country's size, infrastructure, and personal preferences. In
smaller countries with well-developed transportation networks, trains and buses
are often convenient and eco-friendly options, allowing you to soak in
magnificent landscapes and explore quaint villages. For larger countries with vast
landscapes, domestic flights may be faster. Additionally, for those seeking a more
immersive experience, road trips with a car or camper van can provide the
flexibility to explore off-the-beaten-path destinations. It's essential to choose a
mode of transport that suits the specific needs of your journey.

4. How can the problems with tourism be solved?

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Addressing the challenges of tourism requires a multi-faceted approach.
Sustainable tourism practices, such as limiting visitor numbers in fragile
ecosystems and promoting responsible travel behavior, can help protect the
environment and culture of tourist destinations. Local communities should be
involved in tourism planning and benefit from its economic gains. Infrastructure
development, waste management, and efficient public transport systems can
mitigate the negative impacts of tourism. Governments and businesses must
collaborate to strike a balance between promoting tourism and preserving the
integrity of the destination, even in places swarming with tourists. Solving these
problems is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of tourist destinations.

5. Should young people go traveling before they start university?

Traveling before starting university can be a valuable experience for young

people, especially if they venture to a far-off destination. It provides an
opportunity for personal growth, exposure to different cultures, and a break from
formal education. Travel can foster independence, self-discovery, and a broader
perspective on the world. However, the decision to travel before university
should be made based on individual circumstances and goals. Some young people
may prefer to start their academic journey right away, while others may benefit
from the insights gained through travel before pursuing higher education. A short
break for affordable travel can be an excellent way to prepare for the challenges
of university life.

Vocabulary

 affordable travel: travel which is within your price range

 all-in package/package holiday: a holiday where you purchase the travel
and accommodation together
 efficient public transport: a functioning transport system intended for the
use of residents and visitors

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 breathtaking view: an extremely beautiful view
 magnificent landscapes: impressive scenery
 quaint villages: old-fashioned or charming small towns
 far-off destination: somewhere a long way away
 exotic destinations: unusual or strange holiday destinations
 to get away from it all: to take a holiday to escape a busy or stressful
lifestyle
 holiday of a lifetime: a special holiday that you are unlikely to repeat
 hordes of tourists: crowds of tourists
 local crafts: objects produced locally
 holiday destination: where you go for a holiday
 memorable experiences: activities that you will remember for years
 places of interest: sites of interest to tourists
 guided tour: an organized group shown around a place of interest by an
expert
 wildlife safari: a holiday, often in Africa, to observe wild animals
 off-the-beaten-path: not known or popular with many people
 self-catering: a holiday where you supply your own food
 short break: a short holiday
 stunning landscape: extremely beautiful countryside
 scenic views: lovely scenes
 tourist trap: somewhere where too many tourists go
 swarming with tourists: full of holidaymakers

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Topic 12. Shopping

Part 1

1. Do you enjoy shopping?

Yes, I enjoy shopping, particularly when it comes to exploring the latest fashion
trends and finding unique home decor items. It's a great way for me to unwind
and discover new products. Occasionally, I also come across must-have products
that I didn't even know I needed, which adds to the excitement of shopping.

2. Where do you usually go shopping?

I usually go shopping at shopping malls, department stores and local shops in my

city. These establishments offer a wide variety of products, making it convenient
to find everything I need in one place. Occasionally, I also shop online for specific
items.

3. Do you prefer shopping online or in physical stores?

While I appreciate the convenience of online shopping, I tend to prefer physical

stores for certain items like clothing and shoes. Being able to try on the clothes
and ensure a perfect fit is a significant advantage. Additionally, I enjoy the
experience of browsing through the store, which sometimes includes a bit of
window shopping, to explore the latest styles and trends firsthand.

4. How often do you go shopping for clothes?

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I go shopping for clothes quite regularly, approximately once every couple of
months. Staying updated with the latest fashion trends is important to me, and I
also need to replace some worn-out clothing items from time to time. However, I
have to be on a tight budget while shopping to ensure I stay within my financial
limits.

Part 2

Describe a memorable shopping experience you had.

 When and where it happened.

 What you bought.
 How you felt during and after the shopping.
 Why it was memorable to you.

One of my most memorable shopping experiences took place a few years ago in
the vibrant and bustling streets of Istanbul. It was during a family vacation, and
we had set aside a day for exploring the famous shopping districts of the city.

We started our shopping adventure in the morning at the bustling Grand Bazaar,
known for its labyrinthine alleys and countless small shops. While the Grand
Bazaar is famous for its high street names and traditional markets, I was more
interested in discovering independent stores tucked away in the corners of the
bazaar.

As we strolled through the colorful streets, we came across a quaint little

boutique that caught my eye. The store's window display featured an exquisite
handcrafted leather bag in a unique design that immediately piqued my interest.
It was a true gem hidden among the more well-known high street names.

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Upon entering the boutique, I was greeted by a friendly shopkeeper who was also
the artisan behind these beautifully crafted leather goods. She shared her passion
for creating unique products that you couldn't find in larger, more commercial
stores.

After spending some time browsing the shop and admiring the craftsmanship, I
decided to buy the leather bag. However, I didn't rush into the purchase. Instead,
I decided to shop around a bit more, visiting other stores in the Grand Bazaar to
compare prices and quality. It's a habit of mine to shop until I drop when I'm
looking for something special.

In the end, I returned to the boutique with the leather bag because it truly stood
out in terms of design and quality. The shopkeeper had also offered me a
competitive price.

It was a day filled with excitement, exploration, and the thrill of finding something
extraordinary in a city known for its rich history and shopping culture.

Part 3

1. What factors influence people's choices when they shop?

People's choices when they shop are influenced by various factors. One of the
primary factors is personal preferences and tastes. Individual style, needs, and
desires play a significant role in determining what people choose to buy.
Additionally, factors such as price, quality, brand reputation, and the latest
fashion trends can also influence purchasing decisions. Advertising campaigns
often play a crucial role in shaping consumer choices. These campaigns create
awareness about products and highlight their features, which can sway shoppers
towards particular brands or products.

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 2. How has online shopping changed the way people shop?

Online shopping has brought about significant changes in the way people shop.
Firstly, it has introduced convenience and accessibility, allowing shoppers to
browse and purchase products from the comfort of their homes. It has expanded
the range of available products, including those from international sellers. Online
reviews and ratings provide valuable insights into product quality, aiding decision-
making. However, online shopping also reduces the sensory experience of
physically touching and trying out products, which can be a disadvantage for
some consumers. They no longer have the opportunity to try something on to see
if an item of clothing fits or is suitable before making a purchase.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of shopping at large

shopping malls?

Large shopping malls, often dominated by big brand names, offer several
advantages, such as a wide variety of stores and products, making it a one-stop
destination for shoppers. They often provide entertainment options, dining
facilities, and ample parking, enhancing the overall shopping experience.
Additionally, sales and discounts are common in malls. However, there are
disadvantages too. Malls can be crowded, especially during peak hours, leading to
a less pleasant shopping environment. Prices in malls may also be higher due to
overhead costs, and the sheer size of malls can make navigation challenging.

4. How do advertisements and marketing strategies affect people's shopping

habits?

Advertisements and marketing strategies such as summer sales play a significant

role in shaping people's shopping habits. Effective advertising can create
awareness about products and influence consumer preferences. Marketing
strategies like discounts, promotions, and limited-time offers can encourage
impulse buying. Moreover, branding and emotional appeals can establish strong
connections between consumers and specific products or brands. In the digital
age, targeted online advertising and social media influencers have further
amplified the impact of marketing on shopping habits. However, it's essential for
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consumers to be cautious and not let these strategies tempt them to get into
debt by overspending.

5. Do you think people are becoming more or less materialistic in today's

society?

The perception of whether people are becoming more or less materialistic in

today's society can vary. While consumerism and the desire for material
possessions are still prevalent, there is also a growing awareness of minimalism
and sustainability. There is a growing awareness of the dangers of running up a
credit card bill to satisfy materialistic desires. So, it's a mixed picture, with both
materialistic and non-materialistic values coexisting in society today.

Vocabulary

 local shops: community shops

 big brand names: large well-known companies or product names
 must-have product: a product that is very popular that a lot of people want
to have
 to be on a tight budget: to have a limited amount of money to spend
 window shopping: to visit a store to look at items without the intention of
buying anything
 to shop around: to try different shops to find the best deal
 to shop until you drop: to do a lot of shopping
 independent stores: small shops independent of large companies
 advertising campaign: a series of advertisements to persuade people to
buy something
 to run up a credit card bill: to owe money on a credit card
 summer sales: a period in the year when things are sold cheaply
 to try something on: to see if an item of clothing fits or is suitable
 to get into debt: to owe money

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Topic 13. Environment

Part 1

1. Are people in your country concerned about environmental issues?

Yes, many people in my country are concerned about environmental issues.

Pollution, climate change, and other environmental problems have become
important topics of discussion, and various pressure groups actively advocate for
solutions and policy changes to address these concerns.

2. How do you personally contribute to protecting the environment?

I do my part by recycling, conserving energy and water, and reducing single-use

plastics. I also use public transportation to reduce emissions and participate in
local clean-up efforts.

3. What are common environmental issues in your region?

Common issues in my region include air pollution, deforestation, and habitat loss
due to urbanization and industry. These problems have put several species of
wildlife under threat, and if not addressed, they could become extinct.

4. Can individuals make a difference in addressing environmental issues?

Yes, individuals can make a difference by adopting environmentally friendly

habits and raising awareness in their communities. Supporting sustainable policies
and environmental organizations is also important.

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Part 2

Describe an environmental problem in your country that concerns you.

 what the problem is

 how it affects the environment and people
 what measures have been taken to address it
 what more can be done to solve this problem

One environmental problem in my country that deeply concerns me is air

pollution, particularly in major cities. Air pollution arises primarily from the
emission of harmful pollutants from vehicles, industrial processes, and other
human activities, which has a significant impact on both the environment and
people.

One of the critical consequences of air pollution is the loss of habitat for various
plant and animal species. As pollutants accumulate in the air and soil, they disrupt
ecosystems and make it difficult for certain species to survive. Additionally,
elevated pollution levels directly affect the air quality, making it hazardous to
breathe, especially for those with respiratory conditions.

The heavy presence of exhaust fumes from vehicles and heavy industry in urban
areas contributes significantly to this problem. These emissions release harmful
chemicals into the atmosphere, which not only worsen air quality but also
contribute to global climate change.

Furthermore, air pollution has severe health impacts on the people living in these
areas. It can lead to various respiratory issues, cardiovascular diseases, and other
health problems. Vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, are
most at risk.

To address this issue, several measures have been taken, including stricter
emissions regulations and the promotion of cleaner transportation options.

63
Additionally, efforts have been made to raise public awareness about the impact
on health and the environment.

However, more needs to be done to combat this problem effectively.

Transitioning to renewable energy sources and reducing the reliance on fossil
fuels in heavy industry is crucial for the well-being of future generations.

Part 3

1. How do industrial activities impact the environment in your country?

Industrial activities have a significant impact on the environment in my country.

One of the primary impacts is pollution. Industries release various pollutants into
the air, water, and soil, leading to air and water pollution, soil contamination, and
habitat degradation. This pollution harms ecosystems, affects wildlife, and poses
health risks to humans. Additionally, industrial activities contribute to factory
emissions, exacerbating climate change.

2. What role should the government play in addressing environmental

issues?

The government should play a central role in addressing environmental issues. It

has the responsibility to establish and enforce regulations and policies that
promote environmental protection and sustainability. This includes setting
emission standards for industries, investing in renewable energy, preserving
natural habitats, promoting energy conservation and wildlife conservation, and
encouraging eco-friendly practices.. The government also has a role in raising
public awareness and funding research on environmental challenges in the
natural environment.

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 3. Are there any environmental policies or regulations in your country that
you think need improvement?

Yes, there are some areas where environmental policies and regulations in my
country could be improved, especially in the outskirts of larger towns. For
instance, there could be stricter regulations on emissions from industries and
vehicles. Additionally, policies related to waste management and recycling could
be more comprehensive and better enforced. Furthermore, there's room for
improvement in promoting renewable energy sources and reducing the reliance
on fossil fuels.

4. How can individuals and communities contribute to reducing air

pollution?

Individuals and communities can contribute to reducing air pollution in several

ways. Firstly, they can reduce personal exhaust fumes by using public
transportation, carpooling, or using electric vehicles. Secondly, energy
conservation practices, such as using energy-efficient appliances and reducing
energy consumption, can help. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources
like solar panels at the community level is also beneficial. Furthermore, planting
trees and supporting green initiatives within communities can improve air quality.

5. What are some challenges in promoting environmental awareness and

sustainability?

Promoting environmental awareness and sustainability faces several challenges.

One significant challenge is the resistance to change, as many people are
accustomed to certain lifestyles that may not be environmentally friendly and
may contribute to the degradation of the natural world. Moreover, economic
factors can hinder sustainability efforts, as eco-friendly products and practices
may be more expensive. Additionally, there's often a lack of awareness or
misinformation about environmental issues, which hampers efforts to mobilize
communities for sustainable action. Lastly, the political will and commitment to
enact and enforce environmental policies can be inconsistent, affecting the

65
overall success of sustainability initiatives and potentially leading to man-made
disasters.

Vocabulary

 pressure group: a group of people who try to raise awareness of issues and
try to affect the views and actions of people and organisations
 air quality: the cleanliness of the air we breathe
 environmentally friendly: behaviour and products that do not harm the
environment
 to become extinct: to no longer exist
 fossil fuels: energy resources like gas and oil that are produced deep below
the ground over millions of years
 future generations: the people who live after us
 global warming: the increasing temperature of the world brought about by
gases such as carbon dioxide
 heavy industry: the manufacture of heavy articles and materials in large
numbers
 factory emissions: smoke and pollution from factories
 impact on: the effect on
 energy conservation: the careful management of energy resources to
ensure they last as long as possible
 wildlife conservation: to protect animals and plants and their habitats
 loss of habitat: the decline in areas of land where animals and plants would
normally exist
 man-made disaster: widespread damage or loss of life brought about by
the action of humans
 pollution levels: the amount of toxic waste
 pressure group: a group of people who try to raise awareness of issues and
try to affect the views and actions of people and organisations
 outskirts of large towns: areas outside the city centre, suburbs or industrial
district

66
 natural environment: the place where animals and plants would
normally be found in nature
 the natural world: the world of nature

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Topic 14. Advertising

Part 1

1. Do you like watching advertisements on TV?

Well, I wouldn't say I enjoy watching advertisements on TV, but I understand their
importance. Some ads can be entertaining or informative, but I usually prefer the
actual TV shows or movies. Advertising agencies create these commercials, and
they play during the commercial break, especially during prime time.

2. How do you feel about online advertising?

I think online advertising can be quite effective when it's relevant and not too
intrusive. However, excessive online ads can be annoying, especially when they
disrupt my browsing experience. Brands often use online platforms and social
media for their advertising campaigns. Sometimes, I even receive spam email or
see junk mail online.

3. Do you think advertising is necessary for businesses?

Yes, I believe advertising is essential for businesses. It's a way for them to reach
their target audience, create brand awareness, and inform customers about their
products or services. Without advertising, it would be challenging for businesses
to grow and succeed. They often allocate a significant advertising budget to
ensure their brand remains competitive.

4. Have you ever bought a product because of an advertisement?

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Yes, I have. There have been times when I saw an advertisement for a product
that genuinely interested me, so I decided to give it a try. However, I'm also
cautious and do some research before making a purchase based solely on an
advertisement. Sometimes, a celebrity endorsement can influence my decision,
especially if it's a niche product that aligns with my interests.

Part 2

Describe an advertisement that you remember well.

 where and when you saw it.

 what it was about.
 why you remember it.

I'd like to discuss a recent advertising campaign that I found quite intriguing. It
was for a niche product, a unique type of handcrafted luxury watch. I
encountered this ad while browsing my social media feed on Instagram, which is a
popular platform for targeted advertising.

What made this campaign stand out was its effective use of both celebrity
endorsement and word of mouth marketing. The brand had partnered with a
well-known actor. His endorsement added credibility to the product. I remember
seeing a short video clip of him wearing the watch and talking about its
craftsmanship and attention to detail.

What caught my attention was the subtle but powerful call to action in the ad.
Instead of directly urging viewers to buy the watch, the actor encouraged them to
explore the brand's website and learn more about the watch's history and design.
It created a sense of curiosity and engagement rather than a hard sell.

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This advertisement campaign quickly gained traction and went viral on social
media. People started sharing the video, and discussions about the watch spread
like wildfire. It was fascinating to see how an ad could generate so much buzz and
interest solely through social media platforms.

The brand also utilized a mailing list to keep interested customers informed about
the product launch. I received a beautifully designed digital brochure in my email
with stunning visuals of the watch and its features. It felt like a personalized
approach, even though I knew it was sent to a wide audience.

In conclusion, this advertising campaign demonstrated how a well-thought-out

campaign can capture the attention and interest of a specific target audience and
create a buzz that extends far beyond traditional advertising methods.

Part 3

1. How does advertising influence consumer behavior?

Advertising plays a significant role in shaping consumer behavior. It can create

brand awareness by making people more familiar with specific products or
services. For instance, when consumers repeatedly see an ad for a particular
brand of soft drink, they become more likely to choose that brand when making a
purchase decision. Additionally, advertisements often include a call to action,
such as "Buy Now" or "Click Here," which encourages consumers to take
immediate steps, influencing their behavior. When companies launch a product,
effective advertising can drive consumer interest and sales.

2. What are the ethical considerations in advertising?

Ethical considerations in advertising encompass various aspects, including brand

loyalty and brand awareness. Advertisers should strive to build and maintain

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brand loyalty by being honest and transparent in their messaging. For example,
they should avoid making exaggerated claims about their products, which can
damage consumer trust. Ethical advertising also means respecting consumer
privacy and being mindful of not invading individuals' personal spaces with
excessive advertisements.

3. Do you think there's too much advertising nowadays?

The perception of whether there's an excessive amount of advertising nowadays

varies from person to person. Some individuals may feel overwhelmed by the
sheer volume of ads, especially in mass media like TV and on social media
platforms. The advertising budget for many companies has grown significantly in
the digital age, leading to more ads being displayed. However, advertising is
essential for businesses, so finding a balance between effective marketing and not
overwhelming consumers is essential. Companies must carefully choose where
and when to place an advert to ensure it reaches the right audience without
causing ad fatigue.

4. How has advertising evolved with the rise of digital media?

Advertising has undergone a significant transformation with the rise of digital

media. Digital platforms offer precise targeting capabilities, allowing companies to
reach their target audience effectively. The ability to go viral on social media has
become a powerful advertising strategy, and product placement in online
content, such as YouTube videos or social media posts, has gained prominence.
Companies can also use sales pages and mailing lists to reach potential customers
directly, tailoring their messages to specific consumer segments.

5. Can advertising be misleading, and what measures can be taken to

prevent this?

Advertising can sometimes be misleading, which raises concerns about press

releases and the integrity of advertising agencies. To prevent misleading

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advertising, governments and industry organizations often establish regulations
and guidelines. Advertisers must adhere to these rules, ensuring their claims are
accurate and not deceptive. In cases of false advertising, consumers can use
platforms like social media to share their experiences and concerns, putting
pressure on companies to be more truthful in their messaging. Additionally, word
of mouth recommendations made by individuals can counteract misleading
advertisements by providing authentic insights into products and services.

Vocabulary

 advertising agency: a company that creates adverts for other companies

 advertising budget: the amount of money a company decides to spend on
advertising
 brand awareness: how well people know a particular brand
 brand loyalty: the degree to which people continue to buy from the same
brand or company
 call to action: something that encourages someone to take a particular
action, such as making a purchase or clicking a link on a website
 celebrity endorsement: to have a well-known person promote a product
 commercial break: the short period during TV programmes when
advertisements are shown
 to go viral: to quickly become extremely popular on the Internet through
social media
 junk mail: unwanted promotional leaflets and letters
 press release: something written by a company for newspapers and
magazines and websites to share and publish
 to place an advert: to put an advert somewhere
 prime time: the time during the viewing schedule when most people watch
TV or listen to a broadcast
 product placement: to advertise a product by using it as a prop in a TV
show or film
 sales page: a page specifically used to promote a product or service

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 mailing list: a list of names and contact details used by a company to send
information and advertisements
 social media: websites that enable users to create and share content or to
participate in social networking.
 spam email: unwanted, promotional email
 target audience: the people a company want to sell their product or service
to
 word of mouth: recommendations made by individuals to other
individuals about a product of service
 mass media: large media outlets like TV, newspapers and magazines
 niche product: a product that is aimed at a distinct group of people
 to launch a product: to introduce a new product

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Topic 15. Cities

Part 1

1. What do you like about your city?

One of the things I appreciate about my city is the variety of places of interest it
offers. From historic landmarks to trendy fashion boutiques, there's always
something to explore. Additionally, the lively bars and restaurants make the
inner-city nightlife truly vibrant, creating a fantastic atmosphere.

2. How has your city changed over the years?

Over the years, my city has undergone several transformations. One noticeable
change is the rise of high-rise flats in the residential areas, which has helped
accommodate the growing population. However, in some neighborhoods, there
are still issues with poor housing, and it's not uncommon to see boarded up
shops due to businesses closing down.

3. What are some popular tourist attractions in your city?

My city boasts a range of tourist attractions. Some of the most famous ones
include the sprawling city's well-preserved historical sites, which are always
popular among visitors. Additionally, the upmarket shops in the shopping malls
draw in tourists looking for high-end fashion and luxury items.

4. What modes of transportation are commonly used in your city?

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In my city, the public transport system plays a crucial role in getting around.
Buses and trains are the primary means of commuting, especially for those living
in the suburbs. Multi-story car parks are also available, but traffic congestion can
be a challenge during peak hours.

Part 2

Describe a city you have visited and liked.

 Where and when you visited this city.

 What you did there.
 What you liked the most about the city.

I visited Barcelona, Spain, in the summer of 2019. It was a memorable trip where I
had the opportunity to explore this vibrant city.

During my visit, I immersed myself in the rich culture and history of Barcelona. I
spent my days wandering through the charming streets of the inner-city, admiring
the fashionable boutiques, and sipping coffee at delightful pavement cafes. One
of the highlights was visiting the famous Sagrada Familia, a magnificent basilica
designed by the renowned architect Antoni Gaudí. The intricate architecture and
stunning stained glass windows left me in awe. To get around the city, I used the
efficient public transport system, which made it easy to reach various tourist
attractions.

What I liked the most about Barcelona was its unique blend of tradition and
modernity. The city seamlessly combines its places of interest, such as the historic
Gothic Quarter, with contemporary attractions like the upmarket shops and lively
bars. The local cuisine was also a delight, and I enjoyed trying traditional Catalan
dishes at various restaurants.

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Overall, Barcelona's diversity, from its rich history to its bustling urban life,
captivated me. It's a city that offers a little something for everyone, and I can't
wait to visit again in the future.

Part 3

1. What are some factors that attract people to live in cities?

In cities, there are several factors that attract people. Firstly, employment
opportunities play a significant role. Cities offer a wide range of job prospects in
various industries. Secondly, access to quality education and healthcare facilities
is often better in cities, making them a choice for families. Additionally, the
abundance of cultural and entertainment options in cities, such as theaters,
museums, and restaurants, draws individuals looking for vibrant social lives.

2. How does city life compare to rural life in terms of social interactions?

City life and rural life differ significantly in terms of social interactions. City life is
characterized by a fast-paced and diverse social environment. People in cities
have access to a broader range of social activities, events, and cultural
experiences due to the density of the population. In contrast, rural areas often
have more limited social interactions but feature stronger community bonds and
a slower pace of life.

3. What are the environmental challenges faced by major cities?

Major cities face several environmental challenges. Air pollution is a significant

issue due to high population density and increased vehicle emissions, resulting in
poor air quality. Traffic congestion is another problem, driven by the sheer

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volume of vehicles, leading to pollution and reduced productivity. In addition,
waste management is crucial, requiring efficient disposal and recycling systems.

4. How can cities improve the quality of life for their residents?

Cities can enhance the quality of life for residents through various measures.
Firstly, investing in public transportation is essential to reduce traffic congestion
and air pollution. Secondly, addressing housing affordability issues is vital to
ensure decent living conditions. Also, expanding access to quality education and
healthcare services benefits the community as a whole. All in all, the availability of
local facilities and the development of a well-rounded residential area contribute
significantly to the overall improvement of urban living conditions.

5. What role does public transportation play in reducing traffic congestion in

cities?

Public transportation plays a crucial role in reducing traffic congestion in cities. It

offers an alternative to private vehicles, alleviating road congestion and reducing
the environmental impact of excessive car use. Efficient and well-connected
public transportation systems encourage residents to opt for buses, subways, and
trains, reducing the number of cars on the road. This leads to less traffic,
improved air quality, and a smoother flow of urban life, ultimately enhancing the
overall quality of life for city residents.

Vocabulary

 boarded up shops: shops that are no longer doing business

 chain stores: well-known brands with shops in multiple cities
 fashionable boutiques: fashionable clothes shops

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 to get around: to travel around
 high-rise flats: multi-story apartments
 inner-city: the central part of a city where people live and where conditions
are often poor
 in the suburbs: the outer area of large towns and cities where people live
 lively bars/restaurants: bars or restaurants with a good atmosphere
 local facilities: local buildings or services serving the public
 multi-story car parks: car parks on several floors
 places of interest: buildings that have a particular interest for visitors
 public transport system: public vehicles such as buses and trains that
operate at regular times on fixed routes
 residential area: an area where people live
 poor housing: housing that is not in good condition
 upmarket shops: expensive fashionable shops
 shopping malls: large indoor shopping centres
 pavement cafe: cafes with tables outside on the pavement
 sprawling city: a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide
area
 tourist attraction: a place of interest to tourists
 traffic congestion: heavy traffic making it difficult to move around a town
or city

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Topic 16. Education

Part 1

1. Do you enjoy studying?

Yes, I do enjoy studying. Whether it's attending face-to-face classes at my

university or engaging in distance learning through online courses, the process of
acquiring knowledge is something I find quite fulfilling.

2. What is your favorite subject in school?

My favorite subject in school was history. I attended a public school where

subject specialists taught us about various historical events and eras. Learning
about the past always fascinated me.

3. How do you feel about exams?

Exams can be quite challenging, and there were times when I felt I might fall
behind with my studies. However, they are an essential part of the educational
process, helping students measure their progress and knowledge. I believe that
with proper preparation and time management, one can sit an exam and perform
well.

4. How important do you think education is for children?

Education, including higher education at colleges and universities, plays a vital

role in shaping a child's future. It equips them with skills, knowledge, and the
ability to meet deadlines, which are essential in today's competitive world.

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Education is the key to opening doors to a wide range of opportunities, and I
believe every child should have access to quality education.

Part 2

Describe a memorable teacher you had when you were a student.

 who the teacher was

 what subject they taught
 what made them memorable
 explain how they influenced your education.

A memorable teacher from my school days was Mrs. Johnson, who taught English
literature during my sophomore year. Mrs. Johnson was a remarkable educator
who left a lasting impression on me for several reasons.

Firstly, Mrs. Johnson had an innate passion for literature that was infectious. She
would often start our classes by sharing personal anecdotes related to the books
we were studying or by reciting beautiful passages from classic novels. Her
enthusiasm made the subject come alive and piqued our interest in literature. I
remember feeling genuinely excited about attending her class, even on Monday
mornings.

What made Mrs. Johnson truly memorable was her dedication to her students.
She went above and beyond to ensure that we not only understood the material
but also developed a deep appreciation for literature. She encouraged us to think
critically, analyze themes, and engage in thoughtful discussions. Mrs. Johnson
created a safe and inclusive classroom environment where everyone felt
comfortable expressing their opinions, and she valued every student's

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perspective. She always took the time to give feedback on our work, which was
immensely helpful in our learning journey.

Mrs. Johnson's influence on my education extended beyond the classroom. Her

encouragement and guidance inspired me, as a mature student, to explore
literature independently, and I started reading more books outside of the
curriculum. Her lessons in critical thinking and effective communication have
proven invaluable not only in my academic pursuits but also in my professional
life.

In conclusion, Mrs. Johnson was a remarkable teacher who taught English

literature and left an indelible mark on me. Her passion for the subject, dedication
to her students, and storytelling skills made her classes enjoyable and
educational. Her influence extended far beyond the classroom, shaping my love
for literature and enhancing my overall education. Mrs. Johnson's teaching style
and values continue to inspire me to this day, reminding me of the profound
impact a passionate and dedicated teacher can have on a student's life.

Part 3

1. Do you think schools should focus more on academic subjects or practical

skills?

Schools should strike a balance between academic subjects and practical skills.
While academic subjects provide students with a strong foundation of knowledge,
practical skills are essential for real-world application. A well-rounded education
should equip students with both theoretical understanding and the ability to
apply that knowledge practically, as this combination prepares them better for
future careers and life challenges.

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 2. What do you think about online education and its impact on traditional
classroom learning?

Online education has become increasingly popular, offering the flexibility of

distance learning. However, it should complement rather than replace traditional
face-to-face classes. While online education is convenient, it lacks the personal
interactions and feedback that can be crucial for students' success. Traditional
classroom learning, particularly in state schools, provides a well-rounded
educational experience and should not be considered outdated.

3. What qualities make a teacher effective in the classroom?

Effective teachers are not just subject specialists; they also excel in fostering a
positive classroom atmosphere. They encourage face-to-face classes, where they
can give feedback directly to students. Effective teachers recognize the varying
paces of learning and work diligently to ensure no student falls behind with their
studies. They make learning enjoyable and memorable, encouraging students to
learn something by heart.

4. How can schools encourage students to be more motivated to learn?

Schools can motivate students by offering a mix of academic subjects and

practical skills through a well-structured curriculum. Encouraging intensive
courses can help students achieve their goals in a shorter time. Recognizing their
achievements, such as through a graduation ceremony, can boost their
confidence. Moreover, schools should provide opportunities for students to work
at their own pace to ensure they keep up with their studies.

5. What role does technology play in modern education?

Technology plays a significant role in modern education by enhancing distance

learning and providing access to vast resources, interactive tools, and multimedia
content. It also enables distance learning and collaboration among students

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globally. Additionally, it enables mature students to return to education
conveniently and those who need to work their way through university by
offering flexible learning options.

Vocabulary

 distance learning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the
Internet or by post
 higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is
followed after high school or secondary school
 face-to-face classes: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of
studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher
 to fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than others
 to give feedback: to offer guidance on a student’s work
 a graduation ceremony: an event where a successful student receives his
or her academic degree
 an intensive course: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a
goal in as short a time as possible
 subject specialist: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the
subject they teach
 outdated: old fashioned
 to attend classes: to go to classes
 to keep up with your studies: to not fall behind
 to learn something by heart: to memorize it
 to work your way through university: to have a paid job whilst studying to
support yourself financially
 a mature student: a student who is older than average and who has usually
returned to education after a period at work
 state school: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general
public
 to sit an exam: to take an exam

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Topic 17. Personality

Part 1

1. What personality traits do you admire in others?

People who are self-assured and possess a good sense of humour often create a
positive and enjoyable atmosphere. On the contrary, I find it challenging to
connect with those who are two-faced or self-centred, as honesty and sincerity
are vital to me.

2. Do you think your personality is similar to or different from your family

members' personalities?

My personality is somewhat similar to that of my parents. I've inherited my

mother's bend-over-backwards attitude to help others and my father's self-
effacing nature, where he doesn't like to draw attention to his accomplishments.
However, I also have some traits that are quite distinct, such as being more
extroverted compared to my siblings, who are often reserved.

3. How do you think your personality has changed since you were a child?

As a child, I was narrow-minded and quick-tempered, but over the years, I've
become more laid-back and thick-skinned when it comes to criticism. I've also
developed a self-confidence that I didn't possess earlier, which has helped me
take on challenges and responsibilities with a self-assured approach.

4. Are there any specific experiences or events that have had a significant
impact on your personality?

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One particular experience that influenced my personality was my time
volunteering in a remote community. It allowed me to become more self-
confident and trustworthy as I had to adapt to different situations and work
closely with diverse groups of people. It also reinforced my belief in putting
others first and being good company when needed.

Part 2

Describe a person with an interesting personality that you have met.

 who this person is

 how you met them
 what makes their personality interesting
 explain how this person has influenced you or others.

The person with an intriguing personality that I had the pleasure of meeting is my
colleague, Sarah. Sarah is a colleague from my workplace, and I had the
opportunity to meet her when I joined the company a few years ago.

What makes Sarah's personality truly captivating is her unique combination of

being the life and soul of the party and bend over backwards to help others. She
has an uncanny ability to effortlessly blend these seemingly contrasting traits.
Sarah is an extrovert, always radiating energy and enthusiasm. Her sense of
humor and lively nature make her the center of attention in social gatherings, and
she is the one who brings liveliness to every party or event.

But what sets Sarah apart is her genuine and compassionate nature. She goes out
of her way to assist her colleagues, even at the busiest of times. She's the first to
offer help or guidance when someone is in need, and she does it with such easy-

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going and self-assured grace. It's not just her fun-loving side but also her
trustworthiness and selflessness that make her personality so captivating.

Sarah's influence on me and others in our workplace has been remarkable.

Personally, she has inspired me to be more broad-minded and open to different
personalities and perspectives. Her presence has created a more vibrant and
friendly atmosphere. She has encouraged team bonding and collaboration,
making our work environment more enjoyable. Her example has led others to
become more open, approachable, and willing to support each other. All in all,
her influence on me and our workplace has been highly positive.

Part 3

1. How can a person's personality affect their relationships with others?

A person's personality plays a significant role in their relationships with others.

For example, individuals who are extroverted tend to be more outgoing and
social, making it easier for them to form and maintain friendships. On the other
hand, someone who is an introvert may have a smaller circle of friends but may
develop deeper and more meaningful connections. Additionally, traits like being
self-assured and fair-minded can contribute to building trust and healthy
relationships.

2. Do you think it's important for people to be aware of their own

personality traits?

Yes, self-awareness of one's personality traits is crucial. It helps individuals

understand their strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to work on personal
growth and development. Being aware of one's personality can also enhance
interpersonal relationships, as it helps individuals navigate social situations and
better communicate with others.

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 3. How do cultural factors influence the development of personality?

Cultural factors have a significant impact on the development of personality.

Different cultures may prioritize specific personality traits. For example, some
cultures may emphasize collectivism, valuing traits like cooperation and
conformity, while others may prioritize individualism, valuing traits like
independence and assertiveness. Cultural norms and values shape the way
individuals express and develop their personalities.

4. Is there a link between a person's hobbies or interests and their

personality traits?

There is a clear link between a person's hobbies and their personality traits. For
instance, extroverted individuals tend to engage in social hobbies, while painfully
shy individuals may prefer solitary pursuits. Creative personalities often pursue
artistic hobbies, while detail-oriented individuals enjoy precision-focused
activities. Adventurous individuals seek hobbies that provide excitement and an
adrenaline rush. This alignment between hobbies and personality traits fulfills
emotional and psychological needs, contributing to satisfaction and well-being.

5. Do you believe that certain jobs or professions are better suited for
people with specific personality traits?

Definitely. Certain jobs or professions may be better suited for individuals with
specific personality traits. For example, professions that require extensive self-
confidence and assertiveness, like sales or leadership roles, may be better suited
for individuals with such traits and exceptional interpersonal skills. Conversely,
roles that demand patience and attention to detail, like research or data analysis,
may be better suited for individuals who exhibit these traits. However, it's
essential to recognize that a diverse range of personalities can excel in various
professions, and personality should not be the sole determinant of career choice.

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Vocabulary

 to be the life and soul of the party: a fun person, someone who is the
centre of activity
 to bend over backwards: to try very hard to help someone
 broad-minded: prepared to accept other views or behaviours
 easy-going: relaxed and not easily worried about anything
 extrovert: an energetic person who likes the company of others
 fair-minded: to treat people equally
 fun-loving: to enjoy having fun
 good company: enjoyable to socialise with
 good sense of humour: the ability to understand what is funny
 introvert: someone who is shy
 laid-back: relaxed
 painfully shy: very shy
 to put others first: to think of others before yourself
 narrow minded: not willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are
different from your own
 quick-tempered: to become angry quickly
 reserved: shy
 self-assured: confident
 self-centred: thinks only of oneself
 self-confident: believes in one’s own ability or knowledge
 self-effacing: to not try to get the attention of others
 thick-skinned: not easily affected by criticism
 trustworthy: can be trusted
 two-faced: not honest or sincere
 interpersonal skills: be good at talking to others

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