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Course Title: Economic Development
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Introduction

This module emphasizes the comparative development in the new millennium. The module also
introduces the basic development goal across the world and the basic measure of comparison
between economic development performance countries.

Learning Targets

After studying this module, you are expected to

a. To know and understand Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development

Goals.
b. To determine the different basic indicators of Development.
c. To identify what do we mean by Purchasing Power Parity and New Human Development
Index.
d. To classify the Developing Countries.
e.

Activity

1. Quiz No. 1
2. Presentation of Module Week 2 and Chapter End Activities.
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Discussion

ENGAGE:

Determine the Country code and Continent of the following country below. Identify if the country is a
Least Develop Countries, Landlocked Develop Countries or Small Island Developing States.

1. Trinidad and Tobago

2. Bahamas
3. Paraguay
4. Bhutan
5. Angola
6. Kazakhstan

EXPLORE:

1. “Social and institutional innovations are as important for economic growth as technological
and scientific inventions and innovations.” What is meant by this statement? Explain your answer.

2. What is the meaning of a “colonial legacy”? Discuss any disadvantages and possible advantages.

3. What is meant by the statement that many developing nations are subject to “dominance,
dependence, and vulnerability” in their relations with rich nations? Can you give some examples?
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EXPLAIN:

2.1 AmBisyon Natin 2040 and Millennium Development Goals

AmBisyon Natin 2040

According to National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) AmBisyon Natin 2040 represents
the collective long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people for themselves and for the country
in the next 25 years. It describes the kind of life that people want to live, and how the country will be by
2040. As such, it is an anchor for development planning across at least four administrations.

It is the result of a long-term visioning process that began in 2015. More than 300 citizens participated
in focus group discussions and close to 10,000 answered the national survey. Technical studies were
prepared to identify strategic options for realizing the vision articulated by citizens. The exercise
benefitted from the guidance of an Advisory Committee composed of government, private sector,
academe, and civil society.

By 2040, Filipinos enjoy a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life. In 2040, we will all enjoy a
stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that we have enough for our daily needs and
unexpected expenses, that we can plan and prepare for our own and our children’s future. Our family
lives together in a place of our own, and we have the freedom to go where we desire, protected, and
enabled by a clean, efficient, and fair government.

1. Filipinos are strongly rooted (Matatag) – Family is together, Time with friends, Work-life Balance
and Volunteering.
2. Filipinos are comfortable (Maginhawa) – Free from hunger and poverty, Secure home ownership,
good transport facilities and Travel and vacation.
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3. Filipinos are secure (Panatag) - Enough resources for day-to-day needs, unexpected expenses
and savings, Peace, and security, Long and healthy life and Comfortable retirement.

Priority Sectors of AmBisyon:

1. Housing and Urban Development - Construction, construction-related

manufacturing, house development-related manufacturing, and utilities (electricity, gas, and
water).
2. Manufacturing - Food processing, housing related, construction-related, transport
manufacturing, and other manufacturing.
3. Connectivity - Roads and bridges, port, airports, vehicles, transport systems, and
communication.
4. Education Services - Formal education and re-tooling services.
5. Tourism and Allied Services - Resort, rest-recreation hotels, accommodation, travel and tour
cultural shows, heritage sites, etc.
6. Agriculture - Food production, commercial and industrial crop, agricultural biotechnology, etc.
7. Health and Wellness Services - Primary, secondary, and tertiary care, pharmaceuticals, wellness
facilities, sports, and fitness facilities, etc.
8. Financial Services - Consumer financing, enterprise financing, and insurance savings
mobilization.
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Millennium Develoment Goals

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – which range from halving extreme poverty rates to
halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015
– form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development
institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s poorest. The
UN is also working with governments, civil society and other partners to build on the momentum
generated by the MDGs and carry on with an ambitious post-2015 development agenda.

The implementation of these eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration was agreed to begin 1st of
January 2001, and the UN agreed to be holding such summits every five years to assess its progress
towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Since 2001, the UN has given a lot of priority to the implementation of these MDGs, and though most of
the targets had not been achieved by 2015, a substantial positive progress has been recorded over the 15
years.

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY & HUNGER

Target:
1. To halve the proportion of people whose daily income is less than $1.25.
2. To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work for all, including young
people and women.
3. To halve the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger in the period between 1990 and 2015.
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Achievement:

1. Extreme poverty has declined significantly over the last two decades. In 1990, nearly half of the
population in the developing world lived on less than $1.25 a day; that proportion dropped to 14 per cent
in 2015.
2. Globally, the number of people living in extreme poverty has declined by more than half, falling from
1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015. Most progress has occurred since 2000.
3. The number of people in the working middle class—living on more than $4 a day—has almost tripled
between 1991 and 2015. This group now makes up half the workforce in the developing regions, up from
just 18 per cent in 1991.
4. The proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions has fallen by almost half since
1990, from 23.3 per cent in 1990–1992 to 12.9 per cent in 2014–2016.

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

Target:

To ensure that children universally – including both boys and girls – will be able to complete a full course
of primary education by 2015.

Achievement:

1. The primary school net enrolment rate in the developing regions has reached 91 percent in 2015, up
from 83 percent in 2000.
2. The number of out-of-school children of primary school age worldwide has fallen by almost half, to
an estimated 57 million in 2015, down from 100 million in 2000.
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3. Sub-Saharan Africa has had the best record of improvement in primary education of any region since
the MDGs were established. The region achieved a 20-percentage point increase in the net enrolment rate
from 2000 to 2015, compared to a gain of 8 percentage points between 1990 and 2000.
4. The literacy rate among youth aged 15 to 24 has increased globally from 83 percent to 91 percent
between 1990 and 2015. The gap between women and men has narrowed.

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

Target:

To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education
by 2015.

Achievement:

1. Many more girls are now in school compared to 15 years ago. The developing regions have achieved
the target to eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary, and tertiary education.
2. In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today,
103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys.
3. Women now make up 41 per cent of paid workers outside the agricultural sector, an
increase from 35 per cent in 1990.
4. Between 1991 and 2015, the proportion of women in vulnerable employment as a share of total female
employment has declined 13 percentage points. In contrast, vulnerable employment among men fell by
9 percentage points.
5. Women have gained ground in parliamentary representation in nearly 90 percent of the 174 countries
with data over the past 20 years. The average proportion of women in parliament has nearly doubled
during the same period. Yet still only one in five members are women.
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GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY

Target:

To reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds in the period between 1990 and 2015

Achievement:

1. The global under-five mortality rate has declined by more than half, dropping from 90 to 43 deaths per
1,000 live births between 1990 and 2015.
2. Despite population growth in the developing regions, the number of deaths of children under five has
declined from 12.7 million in 1990 to almost 6 million in 2015 globally.
3. Since the early 1990s, the rate of reduction of under-five mortality has more than tripled globally.
4. In sub-Saharan Africa, the annual rate of reduction of under-five mortality was over five times faster
during 2005–2013 than it was during 1990–1995.
5. Measles vaccination helped prevent nearly 15.6 million deaths between 2000 and 2013. The number
of globally reported measles cases declined by 67 percent for the same period.
6. About 84 percent of children worldwide received at least one dose of measles containing vaccine in
2013, up from 73 percent in 2000.

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH

Target:

1. To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 percent

2. To achieve universal access to reproductive health
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Achievement:

1. Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 45 per cent worldwide, and most of the
reduction has occurred since 2000.
2. In Southern Asia, the maternal mortality ratio declined by 64 per cent between 1990 and 2013, and in
sub-Saharan Africa it fell by 49 per cent.
3. More than 71 percent of births were assisted by skilled health personnel globally in 2014, an increase
from 59 percent in 1990.
4. In Northern Africa, the proportion of pregnant women who received four or more antenatal visits
increased from 50 percent to 89 percent between 1990 and 2014.
5. Contraceptive prevalence among women aged 15 to 49, married or in a union, increased from 55
percent in 1990 worldwide to 64 percent in 2015.

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES

Target:

1. To halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

2. To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who need it by 2010
3. To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015

Achievement:

1.New HIV infections fell by approximately 40 percent between 2000 and 2013,
from an estimated 3.5 million cases to 2.1 million.
2. By June 2014, 13.6 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART)
globally, an immense increase from just 800,000 in 2003. ART averted 7.6 million deaths from AIDS
between 1995 and 2013.
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3. Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under
five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37
percent and the mortality rate by 58 percent.
4. More than 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets were delivered to malaria-endemic countries
in sub-Saharan Africa between 2004 and 2014.
5. Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions saved an
estimated 37 million lives. The tuberculosis mortality rate fell by 45 percent and the prevalence rate by
41 percent between 1990 and 2013.

GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Target:

1. To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every nation’s policies and programs and
reverse the depletion of environmental resources.
2. To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the rate of loss by 2010.
3. To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to clean and safe
drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.
4. To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

Achievement:

1. Ozone-depleting substances have been virtually eliminated since 1990, and the ozone layer is expected
to recover by the middle of this century.
2. Terrestrial and marine protected areas in many regions have increased substantially since 1990. In
Latin America and the Caribbean, coverage of terrestrial protected areas rose from 8.8 per cent to 23.4
per cent between 1990 and 2014.
3. In 2015, 91 percent of the global population is using an improved drinking water source, compared to
76 percent in 1990.
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4.Of the 2.6 billion people who have gained access to improved drinking water since 1990, 1.9 billion
gained access to piped drinking water on premises. Over half of the global population (58 percent) now
enjoys this higher level of service.
5. Globally, 147 countries have met the drinking water target, 95 countries have met the sanitation target
and 77 countries have met both. Worldwide, 2.1 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation.
The proportion of people practicing open defecation has fallen almost by half since 1990.
6. The proportion of urban population living in slums in the developing regions fell from approximately
39.4 per cent in 2000 to 29.7 per cent in 2014.

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

Target:

1. To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non-discriminatory trading and economic system
2. To address the special needs of the least developed countries
3. To address the special needs of small island developing States and landlocked developing countries
4. To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations
5. To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing world – in collaboration with
pharmaceutical companies
6. To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications, in collaboration
with the private sector

Achievement:

1. Official development assistance from developed countries increased by 66 percent in real terms
between 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion.
2. In 2014, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom continued to exceed the
United Nations official development assistance target of 0.7 percent of gross national income.
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3. In 2014, 79 percent of imports from developing to developed countries were admitted duty free, up
from 65 per cent in 2000.
4. The proportion of external debt service to export revenue in developing countries fell from 12 percent
in 2000 to 3 percent in 2013.
5. As of 2015, 95 percent of the world’s population is covered by a mobile-cellular signal.
6. The number of mobile-cellular subscriptions has grown almost tenfold in the last 15 years, from 738
million in 2000 to over 7 billion in 2015.
7. Internet penetration has grown from just over 6 per cent of the world’s population in 2000 to 43 percent
in 2015. As a result, 3.2 billion people are linked to a global network of content and applications.

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 is the first medium-term plan to be anchored on
the 0-10 point Socioeconomic Agenda and is geared towards the Ambisyon Natin 2040 which articulates
the Filipino people’s collective vision of a MATATAG, MAGINHAWA, AT PANATAG NA BUHAY
PARA SA LAHAT. It also takes into account the country’s international commitments such as the 2030
Sustainable Development Goals.
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2.2 Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for
all. They address the global challenges we face, including poverty, inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs is a broader set of goals compared to MDGs. The SDGs focuses
on a wider range of beneficiaries whether rich, middle, or poor countries unlike the MDGs which only
focuses on developing countries.

1. No Poverty: End extreme poverty in all forms.

The decline of extreme poverty continues, but the pace has slowed, and the world is not on track to
achieving the target of ending poverty by 2030. Extreme poverty today is concentrated and
overwhelmingly affects rural populations. Effective social protection schemes and policies, along with
government spending on key services, can help those left behind get back on their feet and find a way
out of poverty.

2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
Despite earlier extended progress, the number of people suffering from hunger has been on the rise since
2014, efforts are needed to implement and scale up interventions to improve access to safe, nutritious and
sufficient food for all. Specifically, attention needs to be given to increasing the agricultural productivity
and incomes of small-scale food producers, implementing resilient agricultural practices, and ensuring
the proper functioning of markets.
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3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Major progress has been made in improving the health of millions of people. Maternal and child mortality
rates have been reduced, life expectancy continues to increase globally, and the fight against some
infectious diseases has made steady progress. Far too many deaths occurred because trained health
workers or routine interventions, such as immunizations, were not available. In fact, at least half the
world’s population, many of whom suffer financial hardship, are still without access to essential health
services.

4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
Millions of children are still out of school, and not all who do attend are learning. More than half of all
children and adolescents worldwide are not meeting minimum proficiency standards in reading and
mathematics. As a result, many students are not fully prepared to participate in a highly complex global
economy.

5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
The world is a better place for women today than it was in the past. Fewer girls are forced into early
marriage; more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership; and laws are being reformed
to advance gender equality. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership.
Across the globe, women and girls perform a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic work. Achieving
gender equality will require bold and sustainable actions that address the structural impediments and root
causes of discrimination against women.
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6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all.
Like other natural resources, water is under threat. The demand for water has outpaced population growth,
and half the world’s population is already experiencing severe water scarcity at least one month a year.
While substantial progress has been made in increasing access to clean drinking water and sanitation,
billions of people—mostly in rural areas—still lack these basic services.

7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern
energy for all.
The world is making progress towards Goal 7 with encouraging signs that energy is becoming more
sustainable and widely available. Access to electricity in poorer countries has begun to accelerate, energy
efficiency continues to improve, and renewable energy is making impressive gains in the electricity
sector.

8. Decent and Economic Growth: Promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all.
Sluggish growth overall has prompted a rethinking of economic and social policies to achieve the
transformational objectives of Goal 8 to meet economic growth targets in least developed countries.

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
LDCs, in particular, need to accelerate the development of their manufacturing sector if they are to meet
the 2030 target, and scale up investment in scientific research and innovation. Total official flows for
economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $59 billion in 2017, an increase of 32.5 per cent
in real terms since 2010.
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10. Reduce Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Inequality within and among countries is a persistent cause for concern, despite progress in some areas.
Income inequality continues to rise in many parts of the world. Additional efforts are needed to further
increase zero-tariff access for exports from poorer countries, and to provide technical assistance to LDCs
and small-island developing States seeking to benefit from preferential trade status.

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable.
The world is becoming increasingly urbanized. Since 2007, more than half the world’s population has
been living in cities, and that share is projected to rise to 60 per cent by 2030. Rapid urbanization is
resulting in a growing number of slum dwellers, inadequate and overburdened infrastructure and services
(such as waste collection and water and sanitation systems, roads and transport), worsening air pollution
and unplanned urban sprawl.

12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns.
Globally, we continue to use ever-increasing amounts of natural resources to support our economic
activity. The efficiency with which such resources are used remains unchanged at the global level. About
one third of the food produced for human consumption each year is lost or wasted, most of it in developed
countries.

13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact.
Climate change is the defining issue of our time and the greatest challenge to sustainable development.
Its compounding effects are speeding up its advance, leaving very little time to act if we want to prevent
runaway climate change. Sea levels continue to rise at an accelerating rate.
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14. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainable use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
Oceans produce about half the oxygen we breathe and act as a climate regulator, absorbing atmospheric
heat and more than one quarter of man-made CO2. Extreme weather events and coastal erosion
exacerbate ongoing threats to marine and coastal resources from overfishing, pollution and habitat
degradation.

15. Life On Land: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
Human activity continues to erode the health of ecosystems on which all species depend. The loss of
forests is slowing but continues at an alarming rate; one million plant and animal species are at risk of
extinction according to a recent United Nations report, and an estimated 20 per cent of the Earth’s land
area was degraded between 2000 and 2015. The severity of the situation requires immediate action and
a fundamental transformation of our relationship with the Earth to halt biodiversity loss and protect
ecosystems for the benefit of all.

16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable, and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
Millions of people have been deprived of their security, rights and opportunities, while attacks on human
rights activists and journalists are holding back development.

17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.
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A growing share of the global population has access to the Internet, and a Technology Bank for LDCs
has been established, yet the digital divide persists. Global growth has slowed due to ongoing trade
tensions, and some governments have retreated from multilateral action.

2.3 What are the old measures of Development?

1. Mercantilist Ideas
By the year 16th-18th century, the accumulation of brilliants such as gold, silver and other precious metals
as the measure of economic prosperity.

2. Physiocratic Ideas
In the 18th century, French Physiocratic ideas emphasizes the agriculture or land-based activities as a
main source of nation’s wealth.

2. Classical Ideas
In the year 1776, Adam Smith introduced on his book “The Wealth of the Nations”, national income as
a measurement of the nation’s economic development.
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2.4 What are the basic indicators of Development?

1. Real Income Per Capita

– Gross National Income (GNI) - The total value of goods and services produced in a country in
a year plus any income from abroad.
– Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Which is define as the total final output of goods and services
produced by the country’s economy within the country’s territory by residents and non-
residents, regardless of its allocation between domestic and foreign claims.
– Gross National Income per Capita - Is achieve when GNI is divided by the quantity of people
in the country. It results to the average amount of income per person. It is regarded as a good
indicator of the general standard of living in a country.

2. Health

– Life Expectancy - It is the average number of years newborn children would live if subjected to
the mortality risks prevailing for their cohort at the time of their birth.

High fertility can be both a consequence and a cause of underdevelopment, so the birth rate is
considered as another part of basic indicators in economic development.

- Child Mortality - The infant mortality rate (IMR), defined as the number of deaths in children
under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in the same year, has in the past been regarded as highly
sensitive measure of population health in the economy.
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– Undernourishment - This means consuming too little food to maintain normal levels of
activity, often called the problem of hunger.

3. Education

– Literacy – Ability to read and write. It impacts the development of the country in the following
way:
a. High literacy rate effects the quality of human population.
b. High literacy rate will allow people to avail better job employment opportunities
and contribute to the growth of economy.

2.5 Purchase Power Parity

What is Purchasing Power?

The Amount of Goods and Services can buy with the certain amount of money.

What is Parity?

Exchange rate between the currencies of two countries making the purchasing power of both currencies
substantially equal.

Purchasing Power Parity?

Number of units of a foreign country’s currency required to purchase the same quantity of goods and
services in the local developing country market.

Calculation of GNI using a common set of international prices for all goods and services, to provide
more accurate comparisons of living standards.
 LEARNING
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
MODULE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QR/CBA/0__
Course Title: Economic Development
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 7 September 2020 Page No. 21

2.6 Human Development Index

What is HDI?
An index measuring national socioeconomic development, based on combining measures of education,
health, and adjusted real income per
capita.

What is New Human Development Index?

ranks each country on a scale of 0 (lowest human development) to 1 (highest human development) based
on three goals or end products of development:
long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth.
knowledge as measured by a combination of average schooling attained by adults and expected years of
schooling for school-age children.
decent standard of living as measured by real per capita gross domestic product adjusted for the
differing purchasing power parity of each country’s currency to reflect cost of living and for the
diminishing marginal utility of income.

2.7 Who are the Developing Countries?

1. Lower levels of living and productivity

2. Lower levels of human capital
3. Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty
4. Higher population growth rates
5. Greater social fractionalization
 LEARNING
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
MODULE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QR/CBA/0__
Course Title: Economic Development
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 7 September 2020 Page No. 22

6. Larger rural populations but rapid rural-to-urban migration

7. Lower levels of industrialization
8. Adverse geography
9. Underdeveloped financial and other markets
10. Lingering colonial impacts such as poor institutions and often external
dependence.

Assessment

ELABORATE:

1. Do you think that there is a strong relationship among health, labor productivity, and income
levels?

2. What are good economic institutions, why do so many developing countries lack them, and
what can developing countries do to get them? Justify your answer.

3. What are some additional strengths and weaknesses of the Human Development Index as a
comparative measure of human welfare?
 LEARNING
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
MODULE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QR/CBA/0__
Course Title: Economic Development
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 7 September 2020 Page No. 23

Exercise

EVALUATE:
I. Identification:

1. __________________ This goal focuses on a wider range of beneficiaries whether rich, middle, or
poor countries unlike the MDGs which only focuses on developing countries.

2. __________________ It consists of eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for
improving the lives of the world’s poorest people.

3. __________________ It is an index measuring national socioeconomic development, based on

combining measures of education, health, and adjusted real income per capita.

4. __________________ It is the exchange rate between the currencies of two countries making the
purchasing power of both currencies substantially equal.

5. __________________ It is a basic indicator of development which measures GNI and GDP.

References

Todaro, Michael. Smith, Stephen. (2015). Economic Development. 12th edition. Pearson

National Development Economic Authority. Ambisyon Natin 2040. Retrieved from

http://2040.neda.gov.ph/about-ambisyon-natin-2040/.

Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat et. al (2015).
Millenium Development Goals Report.
 LEARNING
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
MODULE COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QR/CBA/0__
Course Title: Economic Development
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 7 September 2020 Page No. 24

Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations

Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations
Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations