Introduction to Offshore Structures

OE 6200
DESIGN OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURES

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
8/4/2014 1
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology Madras-36
Introduction to Offshore Structures

CONTENTS
Loads on Offshore Structures
Wind Loads; Wave and Current Loads; Calculation based on
Maximum base Shear and Overturning Moments; Design Wave
heights and Spectral Definition; Hydrodynamic Coefficients and
Marine growth; Fatigue Load Definition and Joint Probability
distribution; Seismic Loads;

Concepts of Fixed Platform Jacket and Deck

Jacket concepts, redundant framing arrangement; Launch and Lift
jackets; Simple Deck configurations for Lift and float-over
installations; In-service and Pre-service Loads and analysis

Steel Tubular Member Design

Principles of WSD and LRFD; Allowable stresses and Partial Safety
Factors; Tubular Members, Slenderness effects; Column Buckling,
Design for Hydrostatic pressure; Design for combined axial and
bending stresses (API RP 2A guidelines);
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

CONTENTS – Contd..

Tubular Joint Design for Static and Cyclic Loads

Simple tubular joints, design using allowable loads; stress
concentration factors; S-N curves and fatigue damage calculations

Jackup Rigs
Configuration and operation of jackups; Simplified analysis; Spudcan
penetration and extraction; Spudcan – pile interaction; Design of
jackup legs;

Design against Accidental Loads (Fire, Blast and

Collision)
Behaviour of steel at elevated temperature; Fire Rating for
Hydrocarbon fire; Design of structures for high temperature; Blast
Mitigation-Blast walls; Collision of Boats and energy absorbtion;
Platform survival capacity and Plastic design methods

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Oil and gas exploration

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Exploration/Exploitation

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Hydrocarbon Production and Transportation

Riser
Well Fluid

Tie-in Spool

Conductors (wells)

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

OIL AND GAS PROJECT SEGMENTS

The overall oil and gas project can be classified into following three
segments from drilling to final product at refinary
 Upstream Production
- Reservoir assessment and Drilling
- Oil, water and gas separation from 3 phase fluid
- Heating, compression and pumping
 Transportation
- Transporting Crude oil and natural gas to land
 Downstream Refining
– oil refinery, which converts crude oil into high-octane motor
fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gases
(LPG), jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils,
lubricating oils, asphalt and petroleum coke;
- natural gas processing plant, which purifies and converts
raw natural gas into residential, commercial and industrial
fuel gas, and also recovers natural gas liquids (NGL) such
as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes;
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

OIL AND GAS PROJECT SEGMENTS

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

FIELD DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS

Field development concepts highly depends on the technology available
and the capacity of the reservoir. The concepts generally revolve around
processing and pumping schemes and their economic consideration

 Onshore Field
- Both upstream and downstream activities on land and
could be optimised to obtain good results.
 Offshore - Shallow water Fields
– Involves conventional fixed platform structures with all
processing technology similar to onshore concepts.
Sometimes special processing and pumping technology
adopted
 Offshore - Deep water Fields
– Involves latest technology in both offshore installations
and processing concepts;

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Exploration

 Seismic Survey and Block Identification

 Exploratory Drilling and Reservoir Estimate

 Exploratory Drilling
 Reservoir Depth
 Fluid Composition
 Reservoir Assessment

 Development Concept

 Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

 Process Concept
 Project Development Definition
 Detailed Project Report
 Final Implementation
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

JACKUP RIG FOR DRILLING

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Can be classified into three broad categories

based on their foundation concepts
 Bottom Fixed Structures
 Jacket or Template type structures
 Compliant Structures
 Semi-fixed Structures (Jackups)
 Floating Structures (Buoyant but Moored)
 Tension Leg Platforms
 Semi-submersible
 Articulated Towers
 FPSO’s
 Gravity Based Structures
 Concrete Gravity Base Structure
 Steel Gravity Base Structure
 Subsea Structures
 Gravity Templates Structure
 Piled Templates Structure (PLEM)
 Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM)
 Well Template

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Introduction to Offshore Structures
Offshore Structures for Oil and Gas Exploration

Spectrum of offshore structures concepts developed over the last century. These
concepts range from fixed and floating structures.

Fixed structures are those resting on seabed with pile foundations transferring all
gravity and environmental loads to seabed.

Floating structures are those floating on water with gravity loads supported by
buoyancy and the environmental loads transferred to seabed by mooring system
and anchor foundations.
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Fixed Platforms
 Wellhead Platforms
 Generally 4 legged or Tripods (3 legged)
 Supports minimum topside
 Supports Well conductors sizes ranging from 16” to 30”
 In Persian Gulf, typical water depths around 30-70m,
most jacket installed by lifting with weight ranging from
600T to 2000 T
 Process Platforms
 Generally 8 legged or 6 legged
 Large topsides either installed by modular lifts or float-
over
 Large 8 legged Jackets weight vary from 4000T to 6000 T
depending on water depth
 South China Sea water depth ranging from 90m to 120m
Introduction to Offshore Structures
A fixed Offshore Platform

An offshore platform for drilling and production of

oil and gas interconnected by a bridge.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Jackup Rigs
Movable Jackup is a semi-fixed
Drill Floor structure with floating hull.

Jackups are predominantly

used for drilling though in
some cases, it is also used
for production in marginal
field

Jackups are supported on

legs conventionally lattice
frames or tubular
construction.
A jackup rig drilling a well through an existing wellhead platform using a cantilever
rig floor. The jackup rig is supported on to seabed through legs fitted with large mat
foundation called Spudcan.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Wellhead platforms

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Introduction to Offshore Structures
Process platforms

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

As we move away from shallow water depth, the safety in

design revolves around economy and new technology

Wellhead and Process, Living Wellhead, Process, Living facilities in

platforms separated by a distance a single platforms
Introduction to Offshore Structures

Fixed Offshore Structures

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

What it means…
Offshore Structures subjected to most onerous and severe loading
conditions….

 Storm Wind, Waves and Currents

 Water Depths in excess of 600m for fixed structures

 Water Depths in excess of 3000m for floating structures

 Operating in Temperature far below normal temperature

 Special Materials required resist corrosive environment

 Loads are cyclic and fatigue loading will be important

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

YOU WILL BE DESIGNING

STRUCTURES TO SERVE IN MOST HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

AS HIGH AS SKY SCRAPERS

Comparison
Platforms are as high
as skyscrapers

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Twister

Design in Difficult Environment does not mean

Complicated design, but keep it as simple as possible
Always think how you will execute it!!

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

When do we opt for floating structures ?

 Water Depth exceeding 500m
 Design and installation of fixed structures
becomes uneconomical and practically
impossible !
 Hostile Environmental conditions
 Possible to relocate to safe areas in case of
extreme environmental conditions if operations
permit.
 Large Topside Loads (both weight and size)
 Often limited by pile foundation capacity and
footprint size of superstructure

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

What can they designed for ?

 Drilling
 Structures suitable even in shallow water due
to their mobility – Drill ships and semi’s used
for drilling
 Production
 Can support large size topsides – often a
problem in fixed structures
 Storage
 Not possible in fixed structures and is a useful
method for marginal fields where offloading is
not continuous

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

FLOATING STRUCTURES
 Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
 Spar Platform (Classic or Truss)
 Articulated Tower
 Floating Production System (FPS)
 Floating Production, Storage and Offloading
System (FPSO)

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Semi-
TPG 500 Unideck Spar EDP FPSO
submersible

Source : Technip

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Source : MMS, USA

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Source : MMS, USA

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Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Tension leg platform

 Tension Leg Platform concept is arising from a
set of buoyant columns held on to the sea bed
by means of cables, thus producing effective
tension in the cables.

 The TLP uses tubular members as tension

supports between the pontoon and the seabed
and thus the effective tension avoid the buckling
of the tubes under any compression loading
during movement of the floater downwards.

 The floater supports the topside payload by

means of sufficient buoyancy from the hull.

 This reduces the vertical motion considerably.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures
Tension leg platform
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) is a floating hull,
usually supported on four columns and
pontoons.

The columns are connected to hull through

vertical tethers and anchored to seabed with a
pretension. The pretension is achieved from the
excess buoyancy.

The gravity loads from the hull and the topsides

are supported by buoyancy from the hull similar
to the ships.

TLPs are very common for deep water

applications for drilling and production in excess
of 1000m water depth.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

TENSION LEG PLATFORMS

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Semi-submersibles

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Spar
SPAR – Single Point mooring And Reservoir

 Spar is a deep draft cylindrical hull

floating upright

 Payload supported by buoyancy

 Moored to seabed by Taut or

Catenary mooring lines

 Combined Centre of Gravity of

Payload, Spar and Ballast kept below
the Centre of Buoyancy

 Has large volume for storage

(Reservoir)

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Truss Spar

 Truss Spar is a variation of the floating

cylinder with additional extension
using open truss at the bottom.

 This provides additional supports

below the hull to the risers.

 Further, the ballast tank is located at

the bottom of the truss to increase the
stability by shifting the COG
downwards.

 This is the most commonly used Spar

hulls in the industry

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Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Typical Section of Spar

Similar to any floating hulls such as the
ships, the Spar hull is divided in to
compartments both in vertical and
horizontal direction.

The central area is open to the sea

called “Moon pool” allows the drilling
and production risers from seabed to
the topsides.

Compartments are as 4 or 6 or 8 in plan

and number of compartments in vertical
direction is made depending on the
storage and buoyancy requirements.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Spar Hull types

CLASSIC TRUSS CELL TRUSS

Source : Technip

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

SPAR Hull Section

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SPAR PLATFORM

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO)

Floating Production, Storage & Offloading System (FPSO)
consists of a large tanker type vessel moored to the seafloor.

An FPSO is designed to process and store production from nearby

subsea wells and to periodically offload the stored oil to a smaller
shuttle tanker.

The shuttle tanker then transports the oil to an onshore facility for
further processing.

An FPSO may be suited for marginally economic fields located in

remote deep water areas where a pipeline infrastructure does not
exist.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

TYPICAL FPSO MODULAR ARRANGMENT

Courtesy : Wikipedia

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

TURRET MOORED FPSO’s

D R IL L IN G /S U B S T R U C T U R E

P IP E R A C K P O W E R G E N E R A T IO N
PROCESS LQ
O FF- H E L ID E C K
L O A D IN G

TURRET +
M O O R IN G THRUSTERS

External Turret Moored FPSO Internal Turret Moored FPSO

Turret mooring is a device attached to the FPSO so that the mooring lines are
attached to the seabed and the device allows the FPSO to revolve around. The
is termed as weather waning and thus reduces the motion response of the ship
considerably. This also permits the flow of fluid through a swival at the top
without damaging the fluid pipe.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

SPREAD MOORED FPSO

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Gravity Base Structures - Development

The early development of gravity platforms in the 1970s was driven by
the generic requirement to store large volumes of oil and support a
heavy topsides in deep water. A large number of platforms were
constructed of this type, characterized by the Olav Olsen's "Condeep"
concept.

All of these structures were partially built in a dry dock and then
completed afloat in sheltered waters. At that time, there was no pipeline
infrastructure, and the capacity of heavy lift vessels was only a few
thousand tons. It was determined that the oil storage requirement could
be used to design a structure with sufficient buoyancy and stability to
transport a heavy topsides from an inshore location to site.

Therefore, topsides could be assembled inshore, mated with the

substructure at a sheltered deep water location and extensively hooked
up inshore, before the whole facility was transported to the field and
installed.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

The key characteristics singly, or in

combination, that make CGBS units
the preferred solution are:
 Requirement for oil or
condensate storage
 Heavy topsides
 Soil conditions that make piled
substructures unattractive, such
as on Australia's North-West
Shelf
 Remote hub applications at the
edge of the continental shelf
where shallow water processing
can be provided for deep water
subsea wells
 Desire to have a higher local
content than has been achieved
on previous field developments.
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Concrete Gravity Base Structures - Elements

 Base Caisson: Used to provide buoyancy during wet
tow of the CGBS from the casting basin to the
installation site
 Open Cells: The open cells provide additional
buoyancy for float-out from the casting basin. Once
the CGS reaches sufficiently deep water the open
cells are flooded to prevent uncontrolled filling by
green water during wet tow. After installation of the
CGS crushed rock ballast is placed in the open cells
to provide additional on-bottom weight for global
stability during extreme environmental conditions.
 Shafts: The four full height shafts are used to
support the topsides. The risers and appurtenances
may be installed on the inside or outside of the
shafts. The shafts have conservatively been
designed for the wave loading attracted by externally
mounted appurtenances, although there is sufficient
internal shaft space to locate most appurtenances
internally. The final location of the appurtenances will
be determined in subsequent phases of design.
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Installation
 The CGBS shall be installed using the inclined installation method.
 The stability during each stage of the installation shall be checked to
ensure a sufficient margin of positive stability.

Installation sequence

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Ballasting Compartments
 The ballasting compartments within the base shall be formed from
interconnected structural cells.
 Individual cells shall be interconnected both at a high and low level by
penetrations through the intermediate walls to permit flow of water
and to vent air from the cells.
 The compartments shall be designed to be watertight when subjected
to design hydrostatic pressures.
 All of the compartments within the caisson base shall have to be
required for installation.
 The shafts continue below the caisson roof and will not be flooded until
after installation.
Sea Water Inlets
 A minimum of two sea water inlets should be provided to ensure that
installation may continue with one inlet blocked. This may be due to a
valve that cannot be opened or detritus blocking the inlet.
 The inlets should not be located close together so as to reduce the risk
of common mode blockage.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Construction

Construction of Base Slab Construction of Base Caisson Walls

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Concrete Gravity Base Structures – Construction

Construction of Roof Slab Construction of Shafts

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Concrete Gravity Base Structures – Float-out /

Towing

Float-out from casting basin Wet Towing to installtion site

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Concrete Gravity Base Structures – Installation

CGBS Installation Topsides Float-over

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Steel Gravity Base Structures

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Gravity Base Foundations - Overview

Steel gravity base
Shall satisfy several design requirements:
• have sufficient area to give adequate
foundation bearing capacity
• carry the loads induced in the legs during dry
transportation and wet towing
• provide fixity to the leg, thereby lowering the
natural sway period of the platform
• cater for a range of soil strengths at the
candidate platform locations
• deal with unevenness in the sea floor
• be used to control leg verticality
• be suitable for relocation
• be configured to avoid excessive settlement.

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

Steel Gravity Base Structures– Installation

3
1 2

5 6
4

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Steel Gravity Base Structures - Examples

Erection of Pontoon Structure

Erection of Hybrid Tubular top

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Steel Gravity Base Structures - Examples

Load-out and Dry Towing SGBS @ Installation site

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Gravity Base Structures – Future Concepts

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Introduction to Offshore Structures

SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

Subsea Support Structures become essential for deep water
developments. These structures support

 Wellheads
 Piping and Valve Manifold
 Piping Junctions
 Under water Production systems
 Under water Control points

These structures needs to be designed the same way the structures

such as fixed structures or concrete gravity structures except that these
are completely in water. Hence the installation becomes much more
difficult than the surface piercing structures.

Due to their location in deeper water, it is essential to note the high

hydrostatic pressure and lower temperature.
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Introduction to Offshore Structures

SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

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SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

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SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

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SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

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SUBSEA TEMPLATES AND STRUCTURES

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