Analysis of Offshore Structures

ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURES

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
8/4/2014 1
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Contents
 Structural Model  Analysis methods
 Foundation Model  Static Analysis
 Foundation Linearisation  Pseudo static Analysis
 Super-element  Dynamic Wave Response Analysis
 Non-linear Pile Soil Interaction  Non-linear Analysis
(PSI)  Introduction to dynamics
 Hydrodynamic Model  Spring-Mass System (SDOF)
 Structural Members  Free Vibration – undamped
 Non-structural items systems
 Anodes  Free Vibration – damped system
 Boat Landing  Forced Vibration
 Buoyancy tanks  Dynamic Amplification
 Mudmat  Free Vibration Analysis
 Equivalent diameter method  Dynamic Response Analysis
 Equivalent Cd and Cm  Seismic Analysis
 Mass Modeling for Dynamics  API RP 2A Guidelines
 API RP 2A Guidelines  IS 1893 Provisions
 IS 1893 Provisions  Analysis procedure
 Analysis procedure

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 2
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

ANALYSIS MODEL

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 3
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
STRUCTURAL MODEL
The structural model should include all
necessary stiffness contributing elements
including the following.

 Primary Structure of jacket and deck

 Conductors
 Piles

Following items shall be modeled to include

the hydrodynamic loads only

 Caissons
 Boat landing
 Anodes
 Secondary structures such as walkway,
handrail and pad-eyes.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 4
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
FOUNDATION MODEL
The foundation model for the jacket
structures can be any one of the following
three types.

 Equivalent pile stub or depth of fixity

 Super Element at pile head
 Non-linear pile soil interaction

Conductors shall be modeled as non-load

sharing element as they suppose to
transfer the load to the jacket and partly to
soil.

Usual practice is to model the conductors

up to a 10 diameter as the depth of fixity.
Pile soil interaction can also be performed
with appropriate boundary condition at the
jacket – conductor interface.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 5
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Foundation Linearisation
 Two methods can be used
 Pile Stup or calculate the depth of pile at which it gets
fixed, i.e., Depth of Fixity
 Calculate the pilehead springs (6x6 matrix) also called
super element in SACS Terminology
 Pile stub commonly used for preliminary design
 Length below seabed level can be simply calculated as
5 to 8D (D is pile diameter)
 Or it can be calculated using empirical formulas
available in the text books
 Or It can be found using SACS Single Pile analysis
 Super Element commonly used for detail design
 It is generated using a PSI analysis with Super Element
creation as an option
 All the loads representing the particular for which super
element is required shall be included in the load
combination
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 6
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Nonlinear Soil Springs Equivalent Pile Stub Linearised Pile head Springs
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 7
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
SUPER ELEMENT
Super element is a 6x6 stiffness matrix attached to the pile head.
The non-linear soils springs applied to the pile all along the length
is condensed to pile head.

The is obtained by carrying out a static analysis of the platform

with representative horizontal load that corresponds to the fatigue
sea state. Since the fatigue sea state contains several wave loads,
the representative sea state is taken as the center of fatigue
damage sea state.

The center of fatigue damage sea state shall be calculated

using the wave scatter data assuming a Rayleigh
distribution of the sea state.

Once this 6x6 matrix is obtained, the analysis of the

structure can be carried out.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 8
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
NON-LINEAR PILE SOIL INTERACTION
Non-linear behaviour of soil is modeled using load displacement
characteristics for skin friction, end bearing and lateral reaction.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

t-z curve for deformation

of a pile under vertical
axial loading

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 10
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Hydrodynamic Model
Hydrodynamic model of the following appurtenances shall be
included in the simulation of wave loading on jacket structures
 Hydrodynamic coefficients for structural elements
 Circular cylinders
 Non-circular members

 Hydrodynamic model for secondary structures

 Caissons
 Boat landing
 Anodes
 Secondary structures such as walkway, handrail and pad-eys.

 Marine growth

 Appropriate Mass models for dynamic analysis

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 11
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Hydrodynamic Model
Even though the weight of the non-structural items has been calculated
and applied accurately, the following characteristics shall be simulated
so that the wave/current loads and the buoyancy effects are taken care
correctly
 Buoyancy
 Actual Dimensions for wave load calculation
 Equivalent Hydrodynamic coefficients

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 12
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Anodes
The wave loads on the anodes shall be considered carefully and the
number and shape of anodes affect this considerably. Following methods
are in use for the calculation of equivalent wave loads due to the
presence of anodes.
 Equivalent Cd and Cm
 Equivalent increase in Member Diameter

Typically the increase is around 5 to 10% depending on the number

and distribution of anodes in the jacket.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 13
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Boat Landing and Barge Bumpers
Boat Landing shall usually be modeled since large number of the members are
tubular and only fenders shall be treated carefully. However, for preliminary
analyses, the boat landing can be treated as equivalent tube with diameter and Cd
and Cm of the total boat landing approximately.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 14
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
BOAT LANDING AND BARGE BUMPER MODEL

Barge
Bumper

Boat Landing

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 15
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Mudmat and Supports

Mud mat is not modeled in the

in place analysis. However,
some times it may be worth
modeling if large number of
external braces supporting the
mud mat are required.

These braces will induce

additional wave loads

Hence case to case basis, one

shall make a decision to include Mudmat Braces
the mud mat system or not.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 16
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Buoyancy Tanks Bouyancy

Buoyancy Tanks are provided Tanks
during installation to enhance
the floatation properties of the
jacket.

These tanks are not required

after the installation is
complete.

However, not always these

tanks can be removed.

If these tanks are left

permanently, then the wave
loads on these tanks shall be
considered.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 17
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
 Analysis of Offshore Structures
ANODES BOUYANCY TANKS
Bouyancy Tank Pile Guide
Skirt Sleeve

Anode

Mudmat

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 18
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Equivalent Diameter Method
This method predicts the drag
component correctly but does
Drag Area
not include the inertia
Known
component. This method is easy
to apply as the member
diameter can be increased for
wave load calculation only L
Anode
' (πdL) + n * A anodes
d =
L Original
Structural
where
Member
n – number of anodes
d d’
Aanodes – surface area of anodes
Surface area of Anode includes the area of core and anode
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 19
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Equivalent Cd and Cm Method

In this method, the equivalent Cd’ and Cm’ are calculated and applied for each
member.
As both drag and inertia components are taken in to account, this method is
more accurate than the other methods.
Equivalent Cd’
In this method, the equivalent Cd’ and Cm’ are calculated and applied for each
member
n * A *C
C =C +
d' dm
a da

A T

Cd’ – Equivalent Drag Coefficient with effect of anodes

Cdm – Drag Coefficient of the original member
Cda – Drag Coefficient of anode
n – Number of anodes in the member
Aa – Surface area of anode
AT – Total surface area of member and anodes
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 20
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Equivalent Cm’
In this method, the equivalent Cd’ and Cm’ are calculated and applied for each
member

n * V *C
C =C +' mm
a ma

m
V T

Cm’ – Equivalent Inertia Coefficient with effect of anodes

Cmm – Inertia Coefficient of the original member
Cma – Inertia Coefficient of anode
n – Number of anodes in the member
Va – Volume of anode
VT – Total volume of member and anodes

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 21
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Walkways and handrails
The tubular members for walkways and handrails shall be included in
the calculation of equivalent Cd and Cm calculations
Caissons and Risers
Normally the Risers and Caisson will be modeled as part of the
structural model but can be deleted after the generation of
environmental loads. Some of the commercial software have the
capability to carry out such simulation
Launch Cradle
Launch Cradle has different dimensions
and shall be treated carefully for the
calculation of the environmental loads
and buoyancy.

Dimensions W and H shall be specified

for appropriate wave load calculations

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 22
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Shear and Yoke Plates
Skirt Piles are normally connected to the jacket legs using plated
connection for simplicity and economical.

Further, the fatigue design of tubular members between the skirt sleeve
and the jacket leg may be more difficult to handle.

These plated connections need to be modeled as accurately as possible

to simulate the load path correctly using finite elements.
However, Drag are shall be provided to simulate the wave/current loads

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 23
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SHEAR PLATE / YOKE PLATE CONNECTION

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 24
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Mass Modelling
Since the dynamic analysis involves accurate modeling of mass,
following items shall be included in the model for their mass
contribution in addition to the primary structure with stiffness.
 Deck Plate  Boat Landing
 Platforms  Anodes
 Monorails  Barge Bumper
 Padeyes  Padeyes
 Equipment  Mudmat
 Walkways  Walkways
 Handrails  Handrails and Grating
 Grating  Risers and Caissons
 Piping  Launch Cradle
 Supports  Flooding and Grouting pipes
 Crane Boom rest  Bouyancy Tanks
 Shear / Yoke Plates
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 25
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

INPLACE ANALYSIS

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
8/4/2014 26
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

INPLACE ANALYSIS - PURPOSE

 Structural analysis to simulate the behavior of structure as close as
possible and to obtain the response to all loads during its service
 To check the global integrity of the structure against premature
failure
 To check the components (members and joints) against the loads
that they are carrying and transmitting to the foundation
 To satisfy code requirements against safety of structure and
supporting foundation
 Termed as “In-service analysis or Inplace Analysis and Design”
 Analysis against Storm Environment (Single occurrence – largest wave)
 Analysis against Fatigue Waves (repeated load – number of times in design life)
 Analysis against Seismic Loads (Load from seismic acceleration of ground)
 Analysis against Iceberg movement (North Sea)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 27
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

INPLACE ANALYSIS
 Jacket Geometry
 Member Sizes
 Wave Directions
 Hydrodynamic Coefficients
 Basic Loads and Combinations
 Pile-Soil Model (P-Y, T-Z and Q-Z Curves)
 Analysis Methods
 Dynamic Effects
 Pile capacity and Factor Of Safety
 Members and Joint Design
 Allowable Stress Modifiers

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 28
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Jacket Geometry
 Jacket Geometry depends on the space requirements of the
topsides and water depth.
 Most of the jackets in shallow water is either 4 or 8 legged
structure.
 Depending on whether the jacket in lift installed or launch installed,
the arrangement may differ as additional launch truss will be added
for the launch jackets.
 Jacket structure geometry differs also due to topside installation
scheme such as modular installation or float-over installation.
 Jacket geometry is also influenced by the geotechnical conditions
at the site. Depending on the soil strata, the number of legs may
also be determined such that the pile arrangement becomes
possible to design and install.

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 29
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Simulated Structural Models

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 30
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

LOAD COMBINATIONS
 Typical Combinations are as below
 Maximum Dead Load + Live Load + Environmental Load
 Minimum Dead Load + Environmental Loads
 Maximum Dead Loads + Live Loads + maximum
Environmental Loads
 All the environmental loads shall be acting in the same
direction
 The wave loads need to be calculated based on maximum
wave period and height for the direction considered

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 31
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Maximum Environmental Loads

 When combining maximum environmental Loads following
shall be noted
 Maximum wave height and Period and associated wind speed
shall be combined
 Maximum wind speed and associated wave height and period
shall be considered
 Maximum wave height and wind speed need not be
considered unless otherwise they coexist
 Similarly, the associated current speed shall be considered for
each case

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 32
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Design Wave Height / Period

 1 year return period wave height and associated peak period shall
be considered for operating cases
 100 year return period wave height and associated peak period
shall be considered for storm and pullout cases

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 33
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Design Wind speed

DESIGN WIND
STRUCTURE / COMPONENTS
SPEED

Jacket global analysis 1 Hour average

Deck Global Analysis 1 minute average

Local Element Response 3 second gust

Typical design wind speed (1 hour average) in Bombay High field

reaches as much as 192 km/hour (53.3 m/sec) for storm conditions
(100 year return period) and 118 km/hour (32.7 m/sec) for operating
cases (1 year return period)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 34
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
LOAD COMBINATIONS – WELLHEAD PLATFORMS
DESIGN CONDITION
LOAD CATEGORY
I II III
1. Dead Loads X X X
2. Equipment / Piping Bulk Loads
(a) Operating X X
(b) Dry X
3. Blanket Global Live Loads (unoccupied areas) X X
4. Drilling Rig Reaction Loads
(a) Operating X
(b) Storm X X
5. Environmental Loads (Wind/Wave/Current)
(a) Operating X
(b) Storm X X
Design Condition I – Normal Operation (Production / Drilling)
Design Condition II – Pullout Condition (No Drilling and no blanket loads)
Design Condition III – Storm Condition (Drilling Not allowed but platform may produce remotely)
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 35
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
LOAD COMBINATIONS – PROCESS PLATFORMS
DESIGN CONDITION
LOAD CATEGORY
I II III
1. Dead Loads X X X
2. Equipment / Piping Bulk Loads
(a) Operating X X
(b) Dry X
3. Blanket Global Live Loads (unoccupied areas) X X
4. Crane Loads
(a) Dead Loads X X X
(b) Lifting Loads X
5. Environmental Loads (Wind/Wave/Current)
(a) Operating X
(b) Storm X X
Design Condition I – Normal Operation (Production)
Design Condition II – Pullout Condition (No blanket loads)
Design Condition III – Storm Condition
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
4th Aug 2014 36
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

ANALYSIS METHODS

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
8/4/2014 37
Department of Ocean Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Soil - Structure Interaction

 An offshore jacket structure is a

space frame supported by piles.
 The piles are often very long.
 Lateral/transverse deformation of
the of the pile is very significant.
 Beam-column effect in the piles is
very important.
 The mechanical characteristics of
the soil is (materially) nonlinear.
 A static, quasi-static and dynamic
models for the jacket-pile system is
discussed

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 38
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Jacket Structure – Pile foundation Interaction

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 39
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

ANALYSIS METHODS
1) Linear Static Analysis
2) Linear Static Analysis (Pseudo-Static)
3) Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Frequency Domain)
4) Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Time Domain)
5) Nonlinear Analyses (material or geometric)
Primarily, the loads from topsides are gravity loads and are static in
nature – not varying with time. Hence the dynamic load for the
platform is wave load and seismic load.

The evaluation of the natural period of the structure and the acting
period of wave load or seismic load is essential to verify whether the
structure has potential of reaching resonant condition with large
amplitude of response
All the above methods (except 5) uses a linear stress – strain principles
within elastic limit and assumes small displacement assumptions as
most of practical applications in fixed offshore structures fall within this
region.
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 40
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Analysis using Stiffness Method

Stiffness method of analysis is very common structural analysis
of beams and columns. For a cantilever beam, we can write the
lateral deflection at the tip as
 L3   3EI   3EI 
δ =F   3 δ = F and K = 3 
 3 EI   L   L 
The above equation can be re-arranged to yield
stiffness-displacement-force relationship which
can be used to solve multiple degrees of
freedom.

[ K ]{δ } = {F } Force vector

Displacement vector
Stiffness matric
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 41
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Static Analysis
Static analysis can be performed when the loads are static (not
varying with time). This method is very similar to simple stiffness
methods. For very large structures, matrix methods are employed.

[ K ]{ X } = {F }
where K is the stiffness matrix
F is the force vector
X is the displacement vector
This type of assumptions are true, when the natural periods
(frequency) of structure is away from the loading (frequency).

Typical example of natural period of jacket less than 3 sec, is away

from the wave period of say 10 sec. Hence the loads due to wave
can be assumed to be static or quasi-static. However, this needs to
considered carefully if the wave periods is less than 10 sec.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 42
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Features of Static Analysis

 Structure is subjected to gravity loads in one step
 Wind loads are assumed to be static (with no major dynamic
effect as the frequency variation is too far away from the
structural natural period).
 Maximum amplitude of wave/current load over one cycle is
calculated and applied as equivalent static load.
 Stiffness equation is solved for displacements, shear forces,
bending moment.
 These internal forces on the structure are then used to
calculate the member stresses and final code check is
performed.
 Deflections are assumed to be small – Small deflection
theory is used.
 Deflection is proportional to the applied load as the linear
portion of the stress-strain curve is used and only elastic
properties material and section is applicable.
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 43
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Features of Static Analysis

 Static analysis is applicable only when the inertial forces
are small. For example, consider the equation of motion
and the same can be re-written as

inertial force Damping force

[ K ]{ X } + [ M ]{ X } + [C ]{ X } = {F }
[ K ]{ X } = {F } − [ M ]{ X} − [C ]{ X }
[ K ]{ X } = {F }
 The above is true only when the displacement of the
system subjected to loads especially varying loads such as
wave, wind and current are slowly varying but very small
variation with respect to time, i.e. acceleration is too small.
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 44
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Quasi Static Method of Analysis

 Quasi Static method of analysis is required when the inertial
forces not too small to be ignored.
 There are two ways to look in to the issue. Due to the
presence of inertial loads, the defection may increase. This
can be obtained by multiplying the calculated deflection by
factor “Dynamic Amplification Factor” (DAF).

[ K ]{ X } = {F } Static

[ K ]{ X }(DAF) = {F } Quasi Static

 The second method is to estimate the additional inertial force
due acceleration using approximate method using SDOF system
and applied to the structure, which will in turn lead to increased
deflection, member forces etc.
[ K ]{ X } = {Fquasi − static } + {Finertia } Quasi Static

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 45
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (SDOF)
Dynamic amplification of a
structure can be calculated using a
approximate equivalent model of
the structure using Single Degree
of Freedom System (SDOF).
1
DAF = 2

 T   T 
2

1 −  +  2ς 
N n

 T   T
2

TN – Natural Period of the structure

T – Wave Period
ζ – Structural Damping Ratio

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 46
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (DAF)

10

9
Damping = 0.1%
8 Damping = 5%

6
Damping = 15%
5
DAF

Damping = 50%
4
Damping = 100%
3

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Frequency Ratio β β = TN / T
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 47
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Structural Response – Wave Response analysis

 If the natural period of the platform is close to the wave
period, assumption of equivalent static analysis may lead to
erroneous response.
 Due to sensitivity of the response to the wave period,
equivalent quasi static methods using DAF or additional
inertial forces may also lead to conservative or non-
conservative results.
 Dynamic Wave Response analysis is warranted for this
situation.

 For fixed structures, when using spectral methods, the wave

response method may be used- spectral fatigue analysis.

 For member design, code provisions does not have provision

for thus method.

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 48
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Wave Response Analysis

Time Domain Approach
 The response of the structure is obtained for each load step
including the effect of inertia forces and damping present in
the system.
 Disadvantage Too many design state and conclusion on
member or system safety is too complex.
 Normally not used for fixed structures.
Frequency Domain Approach
 The wave energy is represented by a spectra. Response is
also obtained as response spectra.
 Significant values from the spectra represents the system
failure or safety state
 Disadvantage  Current practice using codal procedure for
fixed structures does not have provision for this method

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 49
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Wave Response analysis
If the natural period of the platform is close to the wave period,
assumption of equivalent static analysis does not hold good. Simple
calculations for DAF using SDOF model for will result in very conservative
or non-conservative results depending on the assumptions made on
average wave periods for the calculation of DAF. Hence a Dynamic Wave
Response analysis needs to be performed.

Wave response analysis is performed using mode superposition principles.

The details of this method can be referred in standard text books.
However, brief details are given below. The equation for computation of
response is
[ K ]{ X } + [ M ]{ X } + [C ]{ X } = {F }
 
where M is the structural mass matrix
C is the structural damping matrix
X, X and X  are displacement, velocity and acceleration vectors
The solution to the above can be performed using iterative methods such
Wilson-theta or Newton-Raphson methods. But this cannot be combined with
pile soil interaction which is another iterative technique.
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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Free Vibration Analysis
Free vibration analysis of multi-element framed structures can be performed using
the following equation.
The above equation can be
[ ]{ } [ ] { }
K X + M X = 0 written in a simple form for a
single degree of freedom
Using the above, mass [M] and stiffness matrices [K] equation as
can be generated, which can be used for further
analysis for dynamic responses. Further, mode ω= K/M
shapes (normalized displacements) and Eigen
frequencies (ω) are also extracted from the above
analysis.
Hence a dynamic wave response analysis can be performed in two stages including
Pile Soil Interaction analysis (PSI).
Free Vibration Analysis [ K ]{ X } + [ M ]{ X } = 0

Dynamic Response Analysis [ K ]{ X } + [ M ]{ X } + [C ]{ X } = {F }

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

BASICS OF DYNAMICS

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Undamped Spring – Mass system

At equilibrium: kδ = mg
st

Sum of Forces:

mg − k (δ + x ) = mx
st

− kx = mx mx + kx = 0
This is an ordinary differential equation in second
order (two derivative with respect to time), linear
and homogeneous (right side=0) and on
substitution, we get
k
x+
 x=0
m
x + ωn 2 x = 0,
 where ωn = k
m
In which ωn is termed as the frequency of motion of
the body or natural frequency of vibration
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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
Damped Spring – Mass - Dashpot system

At equilibrium: kδ = mg
st

Sum of Forces:

−k (δ + x ) + mg = mx
st

− k (δ + x ) + kδ − cx − = mx
st st

−kx − cx = mx

mx + cx + kx = 0
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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
Forced Oscillation of SDOF System

At equilibrium: kδ = mg
st

(
F (t ) + mg ) − ( kx + kδ st ) −
 
cx − 
mx =0
Damping force Inertia force
External force Spring force
acting on force
acting on system acting on mass

Upon substitution of kδ = mg
st

mg − kx − mg − cx − mx = − F (t )

mx + cx + kx = F (t )

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Free Vibration of Damped SDOF System

The differential equation for a damped system

mx(t ) + cx (t ) + kx (t ) = 0
Assume a solution of the form x ( t ) = e λt
Then the derivatives of the same with time becomes

x (t ) = λeλt , x(t ) = λ2eλt

Upon substitution of derivatives, the equation of motion becomes

mλ e + cλ e + ke = 0
2 λt λt λt

e ( mλ + cλ + k ) = 0
λt 2

Hence ( mλ + cλ + k ) = 0
2

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Particular Solution

c k
λ + aλ + b = 0
2
if a = and b =
m m
This is the characteristic equation which has 2 roots
1
(
λ1 = −a + a 2 − 4b ,
2
) 1
(
λ2 = −a − a 2 − 4b
2
)
So there are two solutions:
λ1t λ2t
x1 (t ) = e , x2 (t ) = e
For the undamped case, a=0, so:

− −i
i
− bt i
− bt
x1 (t ) = e =e bt
, x2 (t ) = e =e bt

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
General Solution
i −i
x(t ) = c1 x1 (t ) + c2 x2 (t ) + c1e bt
+ c2 e bt

x(t ) = c1 (cos bt + i sin bt ) + c2 (cos bt + i sin bt )

We note that the sum of 2 solutions is also a solution and a solution
multiplied by a constant is also a solution
1
( x1 (t ) + x2 (t )) = cos bt
2
1
( x1 (t ) − x2 (t )) = sin bt
2i
So both cos bt and sin bt are solutions, the general solution is a linear combination
of the two solutions

x(t ) = A cos bt + B sin bt

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Natural Frequency, ω

x(t ) = A cos bt + B sin bt

Where A & B are determined from initial conditions. For our spring-mass
system:

b=k
m
From our general solution above, we know that b is a frequency
term. We will call b the natural circular frequency, ωn

ωn = b = k m , ωn2 = k m

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Values of A & B

x(t ) = A cos ωnt + B sin ωnt

x(t ) = − Aω sin ω t − Bω cos ω t

 2

n n
2

n n

Now, apply initial conditions:

x(0) = x0 = A + 0 → A = x0
x0
x(0) = x0 = 0 + Bω n → B =
ωn

Which yields:
x(t ) = x 0 cos ωnt + ( x0 / ωn ) sin ωnt

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Substituting back the values of a and b in the solution

2 2
c  c  k c  c  k
λ1 = − +   − and λ2 = − −   −
2m  2m  m 2m  2m  m
The shape of the solution depends on whether:

• The roots are real.

• The roots are complex.

The borderline case is given by:

2
 c  k
  − =0 ccrit = 2 km = 2mω
 2m  m
Ccrit = critical damping
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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Critically Damped Structure

• Structures with c ≥ ccrit do not oscillate!

• The structure returns asymptotically to its initial position.
• We call this critical (c=ccrit) or supercritical (c > ccrit) damping.
• The damping ratios for civil structures are well below the critical
threshold!

− ωt
x (t ) = ( A + Bt )e

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Damping Ratio

The damping ratio is defined as the quotient of actual

damping and critical damping:
c
ξ= c = ξccrit = 2ξmω
ccrit
 ξ is given or chosen by the structural engineer
 m and k are given by the problem
 ω is computed from k and m
 c is computed from ξ, m, ω

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Solution of the under Damped System

Eigenvalues of the oscillator:

λ1/ 2 = −ξω ± iω 1 − ξ = −ξω ± iωd

2

Circular Eigen frequency of the damped system

ωd = ω 1 − ξ 2

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

General Solution
− ξωt
x (t ) = ( A cos ωd t + B sin ωd t )e

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Influence of the Damping

 Typical structures in civil engineering:

 ξ in the range of 0.5 % and 5.0 %
ωd = 0.9987 ω for ξ = 5 %

 Even for the extremely high damping of 5 % there is

almost no change in the eigenfrequency!

ωd ≈ ω, fd ≈f, Td ≈ T

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Dynamic Load Types

F(t) F(t)

F(t) F(t)

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Inhomogeneous Differential Equations

Total Solution

Homogeneous equation: Inhomogeneous equation:

General solution Particular solution
Initial conditions loading

Transient Response: Stationary Response:

• Start of oscillation • Long-time forced
• End of oscillation response

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Harmonic Load Mathematical Description

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Particular solution: Trial function

 Differential equation:

mx + cx + kx = Fo sin(ωt + ϕ )

 Trial function:
x (t ) = A cos(ωt + ϕ ) + B sin(ωt + ϕ )

x (t ) = − Aω sin(ωt + ϕ ) + Bω cos(ωt + ϕ )
x (t ) = − Aω 2 cos(ωt + ϕ ) − Bω 2 sin(ωt + ϕ )
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Determination of the Coefficients

cos (ωt + ϕ ) ( −mω 2 A + cω B + A)
+ sin (ωt + ϕ ) ( −mω 2 B + cω A + B ) = Fo sin (ωt + ϕ )

−mω 2 A + cω B + A = 0 for ω t+ϕ =0

−mω 2 B − cω A + B = Fo for ω t+ϕ =π / 2

−cω k − mω 2
A= 2 2 F B= 2 2 F
c ω + ( k − mω )
2 2 o
c ω + ( k − mω )
2 2 o

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Final solution
x (t ) = A cos(ωt + ϕ ) + B sin(ωt + ϕ )

x (t ) = xdyn sin(ωt + ϕ − φ )
1
2 2 xdyn = Fo
xdyn = A +B c ω + ( k − mω )
2 2 2 2

A cω
tan φ = − tan φ =
B k − mω 2

1
x (t ) = Fo sin(ωt + ϕ − φ )
c ω + ( k − mω )
2 2 2 2

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 Analysis of Offshore Structures

Normalisation to the Static Displacement

Static deformation δstat:
F
Maximum load amplitude acts permanently x =
stat
o

Fo k
xdyn =
k c 2ω 2 + ( k − mω 2 ) 2

k = ωn m 2 ωn 2
xdyn = xstat
c = ξccrit = 2ξmω
4ξ ωn ω + (ωn − ω )
2 2 2 2 2 2

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Introduction of the Frequency the Ratio “β”

Definition: frequency ratio β :

ω
β=
ωn

1
xdyn = xstat = f dyn (ξ , β ) xstat
(2ξβ ) + (1 − β )
2 2 2

fdyn: dynamic amplification factor (DAF)

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Dynamic Amplification and Resonance

The dynamic amplification depends only on the damping and
the frequency ratio r. For a specific rres it becomes maximum:
1
{2(1 − β 2
)(−2 β ) + 2 ⋅ 2ξβ ⋅ 2ξ }
df 2 (1 − β ) + (2ξβ )
2 2
= =0 β res = 1 − 2ξ 2
dβ
{ }
2
(1 − β 2 ) + (2ξβ ) 2

1
Resonance: f max =
The dynamic amplification is only 2ξ 1 − ξ 2
limited by the damping. In the case of no
damping the deformations would grow beyond
all bounds.
Resonance:

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 Analysis of Offshore Structures

Resonance for Small Damping

civil engineering: ξ is small

β res ≈ 1 resonance occurs if ω = ωn

No safety factor can ever be
ξ(%) f large enough to cover
1
f max ≈ 0.5 100 resonance!
2ξ
1.0 50
Structure must be designed
2.0 25 so that resonance does not
occur

Design not for strength but for

dynamic properties

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Spectra
x (t ) = xdyn sin(ωt + ϕ − φ )
The stationary response depends on 2 parameters:
Amplitude and phase
1 2ξβ
xdyn = xstat tan φ =
(2ξβ ) 2 + (1 − β 2 ) 2 1− β 2

Both are functions of the frequency ratio β.

A description of a parameter in terms

of a frequency is called “spectrum” Amplitude Spectrum

Phase Spectrum
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR

1 ω T
DAF = where β= or β= n

(1 − β ) + ( 2ξβ )
2 2 2
ω n
T

1 1
DAF = 2 2
or DAF =
 ω   ω
2 2

 1 − T  +  2ξ T 
2 2

 1 − ω  +  2ξ ω     
n n

 T   T
2

   
2

n n

Tn – Natural period of the structure

ωn – Natural frequency of the structure
T – Wave period
ω – Wave circular frequency = 2π/T
ξ – Structural damping ratio = c/ccrit
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (DAF)

10

9
Damping = 0.1%
8 Damping = 5%

6
Damping = 15%
5
DAF

Damping = 50%
4
Damping = 100%
3

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Frequency Ratio β
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Example

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

SEISMIC ANALYSIS

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN METHOD

The base excitation is applied to the structure and the

response of the system is evaluated using “Response
Spectra Method”.

The response spectra for each site depends on the

following parameters.
 Site specific soil conditions
 Magnitude of earthquake
 Type and stiffness of the structure

API RP 2A requires that the Peak ground acceleration is

applied to the structure at the foundation level and all
three directions.

The response is evaluated as a cantilever system with

distributed mass along the structure.

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

Peak Ground Acceleration

(PGA)

0.82 m/sec2

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Design Criteria

API RP 2A IS 1893
STRENGTH LEVEL EQ DESIGN BASIS EQ
(200 YEARS) (DBE)

DUCTILITY LEVEL EQ MAXIMUM

(2000 YEARS) CONSIDERED EQ
(MCE)

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Earthquake Design Criteria

Specific design criteria depends on the country, location and type of soil
stratum etc.

IS 1893 - 2005
Design Basis Earthquake. (DBE)
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)

API RP 2A - 2005
Strength Level Earthquake (SLE)
Ductility Level Earthquake (DLE)

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CRITERIA

OPERATIONAL EARTHQUAKE (200 YEARS RETURN PERIOD)

• No failure to structure
• conventional structural design
• Allowable stresses can be increased

EXTREME EARTHQUAKE (2000 YEARS RETURN PERIOD)

• No immediate collapse
• Achieved by Redundant framing
• Ductile failure expected

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

API RP 2A GUIDELINES ON SEISMIC DESIGN

Peak Ground Strength Requirements Ductility Requirements
Acceleration (PGA)

< 0.05g
Low Seismic Zone No seismic analysis is required
0.05g to 0.10g Seismic response analysis Waived.
Moderate seismic shall be carried out using rare
zone intense earthquake.
> 0.10g Strength requirements as per Ductility requirements as per site
High seismic zone site specific spectra specific spectra – push over analysis
to justify the ductile failure

Waived if following is satisfied

–8 Legged jacket
- DLE/SLE < 2
- D/T < 38
- kL/r < 80
- Legs to be designed for twice SLE
- Horizontal diagonal bracing is
provided between legs

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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
SEISMIC ZONE MAP FOR INDIA

IS: 1893-2000 does not provide PGA

values directly to be used with seismic
analysis using API RP 2A Guidelines.
Instead the code specifies the zone
factor “Z” from which a PGA values
needs to be calculated.

ZONE FACTORS AS PER IS: 1893-2000

ZONE SEISMIC ZONE

INTENSITY FACTOR

II Low 0.10

III Moderate 0.16

IV Severe 0.24

V Very severe 0.36

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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION – IS 1893
IS 1893-2000 defines the PGA as Effective PGA or ZPA as

 ( Sag ) + ( Sag )   Z   I 
PGA = 0.4  0.1s 0.3 s
  
 2   2   R 
For a Sa/g = 2.5 for 0.1sec and 2.5 for 0.3sec, taking I=2 and R=4 for jacket
structures, the PGA values for various zones can be summarized.
ZONE SEISMIC INTENSITY ZONE FACTOR PGA Ah
II Low 0.10 0.025 0.0625

III Moderate 0.16 0.04 0.10

IV Severe 0.24 0.06 0.15

V Very severe 0.36 0.09 0.225

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Response spectra for rock and soil sites for 5% damping (IS 1893)

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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION – API RP 2A
API RP 2A defines the PGA for various zones as below

ZONE SEISMIC INTENSITY ZONE FACTOR PGA

0 - 0 0.0

1 Low 0.10 0.05

2 Low to Moderate 0.10 0.10

3 Moderate 0.20 0.20

4 Moderate to severe 0.25 0.25

5 Very severe 0.40 0.40

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Response Spectra—Spectra Normalized to 1.0 Gravity (API RP 2A)

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Methods of Analysis
• Seismic co-efficient method
• Time series method
• Response spectra method

Response consideration
• Horizontal acceleration both orthogonal directions
• Vertical acceleration
• Number of modes to be combined by complete quadratic combination (CQC)
• Directional combination to be combined using SRSS. (Square Root of Sum of
Sequences)
e.g.
( ERX ) + ( ERY ) + ( ERZ )
2 2 2
ER =

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Seismic Co-efficient method

To be read from
Design horizontal co-efficient response spectra

 Z   I   Sa 
Ah =      
 2  R  g 
Factor to include type of
construction and importance

Where Taken as 50% since the zone

factors corresponds to MCE
Z =zone factor
I =importance factor
Sa
=average response acceleration co-efficient
g
R =response reduction factor
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 Analysis of Offshore Structures
GEOMETRY
Seismic Analysis Steps AND
SEASTATE
SOIL MODEL
PSI INPUT
FILE
LINEARISE
FOUNDATION
SUPERELEMENT

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
MODE SHAPES DYNINP
& FREQUENCIES

DYNAMIC RESPONSE SEISMIC

RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA METHOD API / IS 1893

LOAD COMBINATION
MODEL: CQC
DIRECTIONAL: SRSS

MEMBER CHECK
PRST 1.0
PRSC

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

FATIGUE ANALYSIS

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Contents

 Fatigue Analysis methods

 Fatigue analysis steps
 Deterministic Method
 Wave scatter data
 Directional Distribution
 Spectral method
 Stress Transfer function
 Selection wave frequencies
 Centre of Fatigue Damage
 Wave Spectra
 Linear System
 Fatigue Damage

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

FATIGUE ANALYSIS METHODS

 DETERMINISTIC METHODS (STATIC OR DYNAMIC)
 Wave Induced
 Motion Induced

 SPECTRAL METHODS (STATIC OR DYNAMIC)

 Wave Induced
 Wind Induced
Deterministic or Spectral methods, one can include dynamic
effects depending on the type of structure and loading. For
example, fixed structures such as jacket may not be sensitive to
dynamic loading and hence quasi-static methods is sufficient
where as slender fixed structures such as monopod, complaint
tower may require dynamic response as the natural period may
fall within the wave energy regime.

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
FATIGUE ANALYSIS STEPS
The various steps involved in the fatigue analysis of offshore
structures is listed below irrespective of the method. The major
difference comes in the response evaluation. The reminder of the
procedure is some what similar.
Deterministic Spectral

 Structural Model  Structural Model

 Wave Climate (Scatter Data)  Wave Climate (Scatter Data)
 Hydrodynamic Model  Centre of fatigue damage wave
 Wave Load Estimation  Drag Linearization
 Non-linear Pile Soil Interaction  Foundation Linearization
 Structural Response  Structural Response
 Dynamic effects (if required)  Dynamic effects (if required)
 Cyclic Stress Estimation  Cyclic Stress Estimation
 SCF Calculation  SCF Calculation
 Hot Spot Stress Computation  Hot Spot Stress Computation
 Estimate of N using S-N curve  Estimate of N using S-N curve
 Selection of Factor of Safety  Selection of Factor of Safety
 Fatigue Damage Calculations  Fatigue Damage Calculations
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

DETERMINISTIC
METHOD

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Deterministic Method
Deterministic analysis is based on the
discrete wave scatter data with wave
height and period and associated
number of occurrences for each sea
state. This method is suitable if the
distribution of wave energy is away
from the natural period of the structure.
Two methods are adopted depending
the dynamic characteristics of the
structure.
 Static Response
 Dynamic Response
If the natural period of the structure is
less than 3 seconds, normally the
dynamic effects can be ignored.
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

All wave directions All sea states

ni
D= j =1
i =1 Ni

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Directional distribution of wave height and period

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

2.39%
1.25%
27.38%

0.31%
28.00%

0.42%
13.67%
26.54%
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 338 25145 6701 372 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32557
1.395 0 22186 132098 16856 4561 879 100 50 17 0 0 0 176746
2.325 0 59 14474 14469 2940 1206 292 31 9 6 0 0 33487
3.255 0 0 497 1351 1906 803 324 162 7 0 0 0 5050
4.185 0 0 0 16 25 59 39 20 8 0 0 0 167
5.115 0 0 0 1 2 13 23 13 6 1 0 0 58
6.045 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6.975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 338 47390 153770 33066 9433 2961 777 276 46 8 0 0 248065

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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 248 18392 4901 272 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23813
1.395 0 12968 77213 9853 2666 514 58 29 10 0 0 0 103311
2.325 0 13 3132 3131 636 261 63 7 2 1 0 0 7246
3.255 0 0 24 67 94 40 16 8 0 0 0 0 249
4.185 0 0 0 17 26 63 41 21 9 0 0 0 177
5.115 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 3 1 0 0 0 15
6.045 0 0 0 0 0 4 18 15 6 2 0 0 45
6.975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 248 31373 85272 13339 3423 884 202 83 28 4 0 0 134856

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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 31 2284 609 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2957
1.395 0 2565 15270 1949 527 102 12 6 2 0 0 0 20431
2.325 0 7 1744 1743 354 145 35 4 1 1 0 0 4035
3.255 0 0 148 404 569 240 97 49 2 0 0 0 1509
4.185 0 0 1 47 75 178 116 59 25 1 0 0 502
5.115 0 0 0 3 6 47 80 45 20 5 0 0 206
6.045 0 0 0 0 1 16 74 61 25 8 1 0 187
6.975 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 30 13 3 1 0 69
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 46 24 3 1 0 91
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 15 2 0 0 36
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 25 4 1 1 46
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 5 0 0 22
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 31 4856 17772 4180 1533 730 455 336 163 32 3 1 30091

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Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 38 2818 751 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3649
1.395 0 3257 19392 2474 670 129 15 7 2 0 0 0 25946
2.325 0 8 1905 1904 387 159 38 4 1 1 0 0 4407
3.255 0 0 149 404 570 240 97 49 2 0 0 0 1510
4.185 0 0 1 36 57 136 89 45 19 1 0 0 384
5.115 0 0 0 11 24 184 315 176 77 20 0 0 808
6.045 0 0 0 0 3 33 152 125 52 17 2 0 385
6.975 0 0 0 0 0 6 89 126 52 11 2 0 287
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 2 53 146 77 8 2 0 290
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 44 36 4 1 1 90
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 19 3 1 1 36
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 31 14 0 0 57
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 19 8 0 0 34
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 28 17 0 0 51
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 25 21 0 0 59
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 24 8 0 0 48
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 35 0 0 0 58
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 9
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 9
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 38 6083 22197 4871 1711 890 857 808 520 141 8 2 38126

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Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 75 5544 1477 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7178
1.395 0 112592 670387 85545 23147 4461 505 253 84 0 0 0 896973
2.325 0 1664 407678 407527 82800 33973 8229 877 242 182 0 0 943172
3.255 0 0 15689 42686 60190 25363 10229 5130 225 0 0 0 159511
4.185 0 0 44 2018 3198 7608 4983 2544 1060 47 0 0 21502
5.115 0 0 0 22 50 378 648 362 158 41 1 0 1660
6.045 0 0 0 1 11 121 553 452 189 63 7 1 1398
6.975 0 0 0 0 1 19 285 403 166 34 7 1 917
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 3 68 187 98 11 3 0 371
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 172 142 15 5 2 353
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 32 53 9 1 2 98
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 29 82 36 0 1 150
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 35 14 0 0 62
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 8 0 0 22
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 8 0 0 21
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 26 9 0 0 51
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 47 0 0 0 79
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 57
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 9 0 0 28
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 0 27
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 17
Total 75 119799 1095275 537881 169396 71927 25522 10507 2718 508 32 7 2033647

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 4 312 83 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 404
1.395 0 13043 77660 9910 2681 517 59 29 10 0 0 0 103909
2.325 0 505 123751 123705 25134 10313 2498 266 73 55 0 0 286300
3.255 0 0 14828 40344 56887 23971 9668 4848 213 0 0 0 150759
4.185 0 0 156 7208 11422 27174 17800 9088 3786 169 0 0 76802
5.115 0 0 0 799 1802 13775 23575 13171 5757 1500 29 10 60419
6.045 0 0 0 23 314 3541 16167 13215 5514 1851 199 15 40839
6.975 0 0 0 0 25 463 6974 9852 4066 838 163 31 22412
7.905 0 0 0 0 13 113 2419 6630 3465 382 100 6 13128
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 12 329 3521 2918 311 97 49 7237
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 910 1514 269 41 46 2810
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 357 1013 440 0 8 1844
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 141 433 173 0 0 757
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 41 258 163 0 0 476
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 61 51 0 0 143
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 27 9 0 0 54
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 0 0 0 18
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 74
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 48 0 0 143
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 31 0 0 61
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 0 48
Total 4 13860 216478 181994 98278 79878 79569 62125 29320 6314 653 165 768637

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Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 4 307 82 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 397
1.395 0 17691 105333 13441 3637 701 79 40 13 0 0 0 140935
2.325 0 490 120085 120040 24389 10007 2424 258 71 53 0 0 277818
3.255 0 0 19826 53942 76061 32051 12926 6482 284 0 0 0 201573
4.185 0 0 342 15852 25118 59759 39146 19986 8325 371 0 0 168900
5.115 0 0 0 2573 5805 44370 75937 42425 18545 4832 94 31 194613
6.045 0 0 0 94 1279 14444 65947 53906 22492 7549 811 62 166584
6.975 0 0 0 0 125 2306 34749 49085 20257 4176 810 156 111665
7.905 0 0 0 0 60 542 11625 31864 16655 1837 482 30 63095
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 58 1555 16644 13793 1469 461 230 34210
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 5107 8502 1512 228 257 15778
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 1027 2914 1266 0 24 5303
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 266 819 328 0 0 1433
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 48 307 194 0 0 565
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 104 87 0 0 243
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 15 5 0 0 29
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 0 9
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 6 0 0 18
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 18 0 0 35
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 4 18487 245667 205947 136475 164238 244669 227204 113141 23702 2886 791 1383212

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Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax and Tz)

Zero Crossing Period
HMAX(m) Total
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
0.465 414 30790 8205 456 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39866
1.395 0 181700 1081870 138052 37354 7199 815 408 136 0 0 0 1447534
2.325 0 1409 345282 345153 70127 28773 6969 743 205 154 0 0 798816
3.255 0 0 12156 33074 46635 19651 7926 3974 174 0 0 0 123590
4.185 0 0 36 1666 2640 6281 4114 2101 875 39 0 0 17751
5.115 0 0 0 37 83 635 1087 607 265 69 1 0 2785
6.045 0 0 0 0 1 16 74 61 25 8 1 0 187
6.975 0 0 0 0 0 3 50 71 29 6 1 0 162
7.905 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 10 5 1 0 0 19
8.835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 9
9.765 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 2 0 0 18
10.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 9
11.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 9
12.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13.485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16.275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18.135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 414 213900 1447548 518438 156841 62559 21039 7988 1739 283 4 1 2430755

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

SPECTRAL METHOD

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

The spectral analysis used for the determining stress

response to sea state loadings.

The analysis is used to properly account for the actual

distribution of wave energy over the entire frequency
range.

The spectral approach can be subdivided based upon the

method used to develop transfer functions.

 Static Transfer Function Methods

 Dynamic Transfer function methods

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

REGULAR WAVE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Transfer functions developed using regular waves in the

frequency domain.

 Characterize the wave climate using either the two, three, four
or eight parameter format.

 Select a sufficient number of frequencies to define all the peaks

and valleys inherent in the jacket response transfer functions.

 Select a wave height corresponding to each frequency. A

constant wave steepness that is appropriate for the wave climate
can be used. A minimum height of one foot and a maximum
height equal to the design wave height should be used.

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
GENERATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION

A)Wave Period Selection

 Multiples of natural period of structure

 Sufficient number of periods mean natural period
 Wide range covering scatter of wave height in the field.

B) Wave Height

 Wave height shall be as 1/20 to 1/25 of wave length.

This means with limiting wave steepness in deep water.

C) Methods

 Regular wave in time domain.

 Regular wave in frequency domain.
 Regular wave in time domain.
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

SELECTION OF WAVE FREQUENCY FOR TRANSFER FUNCTION

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Stress Range Transfer Function

Compute a stress range transfer function at each point where fatigue
damage is to be accumulated for a minimum of four platform
directions.
 For jackets with unusual geometry or where wave directionality
or spreading or current is considered, more directions may be
required
 At each frequency, a point on the transfer function is determined
by passing an Airy wave of the appropriate height through the
structure and dividing the response stress range by the wave
height.
 A sufficient number of time steps in the wave cycle at which
members stresses are computed should be selected to
determine the maximum brace hot spot stress range.
 A minimum of four hot spot locations at both the brace and
chord side of the connection should be considered.
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Spectral Representation
Spectral analysis is useful in
representing the sea state energy
accurately as approximation is discrete
wave scatter data is removed. Again
the response can be generated either
of the methods discussed above.

If the structure system responds

dynamically to the incident loads,
spectral analysis with dynamic effects
is suitable.

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

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Department of Ocean Engineering
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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Centre of Fatigue Damage Wave
The partial damage, Di, j caused by a particular
sea state is hence proportional to the number of
occurrences of the sea state, ni, j, and the
significant wave height, HS, raised to the power
(m) of the slope of the S-N curve. Proportionality
to the number of stress cycles in the sea state
translates into an inversely proportional
relationship to the mean zero crossing period, Tz
Consequently:

N i , j  0.5 ( H i + H i +1 ) 
m
The above calculation is repeated for each
Di , j =
0.5 ( T j + T j +1 )
sea state in the wave scatter diagram to
produce a damage scatter diagram with
relative damages in the state bins.
TZ mean zero-crossing period
HS significant wave height
TC central value of the mean zero crossing period
HC central value of the significant wave height
Di, j fatigue damage from sea states with Hi<Hs<Hi+1 and Tj<Tz<Tj+1
Di fatigue damage from sea states with Hi<Hs<Hi+1
Dj fatigue damage from sea states with Tj<Tz<Tj+1
D fatigue damage from sea states falling within indicated range of Hs and Tz

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Analysis of Offshore Structures

CENTRE OF FATIGUE DAMAGE SEASTATE

Significant wave height at the

HS =
D H i si
centre of damage Di
Zero crossing period at the
Tz =
DT i si
centre of damage Di

Significant wave height at the H d = 1.86 H s

centre of damage

Zero crossing period at the Td = 1.27Tz

centre of damage

Using the above wave height and period, an analysis of the structure can
be carried out which represents the same cumulative effect.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 123
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

All wave directions All sea states

ni
D= j =1
i =1 Ni

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Wave Scatter Data
Wave scatter data is the information relating wave height, period and the
occurrences for defining the sea state at a particular site during a specified period.
This can be expressed in following two ways.

Two Parameter Scatter Diagram

This is specified as a relationship between the number of occurrences for a
particular wave height (Hmax) and period (Tz) The specified waves shall be
maximum wave height with zero crossing period for that group of occurrences.
Two parameter scatter data can be developed for each direction and used for the
deterministic fatigue analysis using the relationship between wave direction (θ) and
wave period (Tz).

Directional Scatter Data

Directional scatter data includes three parameters : Significant wave height (Hs),
Peak Period (Tp) and the mean direction.

This data is normally used for spectral distribution of wave energy represented by
Hs and Tp for each direction.

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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Two Parameter Wave Scatter Data
0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
0
H1
n00 n01 n02 n03 n04 . . . . nr0

H2
n10 . . . nr1
n20 . . nr2
H3
n30 . . nr3
H4
H5 n40 nr4
H6
. nr5

H7
. nr6

H8
. nr7

H9
. nr8
nc0 nc1 nc2 nc3 nc4 nc5 nc6 nc7 nc8 n
n00, n01,. . . are number of occurrences for each set of wave height and period
nc0, nc1,. . . are summation for each wave period and
nr0, nr1,. . . are summation for each wave height and
n is the total number of occurrences for all wave height and period
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Analysis of Offshore Structures
Directional distribution for wave height
N NE E SE S SW W NW Total
0
d00 d01 d02 d03 d04 . . . nh0
H1
d10 . . . nh1
H2
d20 . . nh2
H3
H4
d30 . . nh3
d40 nh4
H5
. nh5
H6
. nh6
H7
H8
. nh7

H9
. nh8
nd1 nd2 nd3 nd4 nd5 nd6 nd7 nd8 n
d00, d01,. . . are number of occurrences for each set of wave height and direction
nd0, nd1,. . . are summation for each direction and nh0, nh1,. . . are summation
for each wave height and n is the total number of occurrences.
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 127
Department of Ocean Engineering
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

LINEAR SYSTEM
Response of a linear system can be described by

R( f ) = Z ( f )F ( f )
where
Z(f) = Response transfer function
F(f) = Fourier Transform of forcing function
R(f) = Fourier Transform of Response

If the forcing function has many number of sinusoidal function with

unit amplitude, such as decomposed Random waves, then for each
forcing function, the above equation can be written as,

R1 ( f1 ) = Z1 ( f1 ) F1 ( f1 )

In matrix notation, it can be written as

Ri ( f ) = Z i ( f ) Fi ( f )
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

Multiplying the variable and retaining the diagonal terms

Ri ( f ) Ri ( f ) = H i ( f ) H i ( f ) F 2
(f)
For a stationary random process of y(f), the power spectral density
Sy(f) is y2(f) and hence the displacement can be written as
∞
y ( t ) =  S y ( f ) df
2

 i ( f ) SF ( f )
RMS value of 2
displacement
YRMS = R
0
where
Sy(f) = Power spectral density of response
SF(f) = Power spectral density forcing function.
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Department of Ocean Engineering
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Analysis of Offshore Structures
SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF JACKET STRUCTURE
This transfer function approach can be applied to a realistic system such as
jacket structure response (in this case stress at a particular point in the
structure). Following assumptions are made in the development of stress
transfer function.
 Sea state is assumed to be a
stationary Gaussian random
process. The stationary process
has the joint probability
distribution that des not
change with time or space.
 The Spectra representing the
state is assumed to be narrow
banded.
 The stress response of the Incident Transfer
jacket structure can be wave height function of
simulated by Rayleigh spectra stresses
Distribution for a narrow band
wave spectra.
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF JACKET STRUCTURE
The sea state at the location of the jacket shall be represented by a typical
spectra of either P-M, or JONSWAP type.
The spectrum shall be
divided in to several sub
segments as shown in
figure each with a
constant frequency range
df and energy density
SHi(f).

This procedure is
repeated for all
directions with each
direction represented by
a spectrum with different
significant wave height
and peak period

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Department of Ocean Engineering
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Analysis of Offshore Structures

From the definition of linear system for the transfer function, the
transfer function Zi (f) and the forcing function Fi(f) can be related
as
∞

Z ( f )F ( f )
2 2
RMS Response of R
RMSi = i i
structure
0
Replacing spectral density of forcing function with SHi(f) – spectral
density of wave height, the equation can be written as

∞
RMS stress response of
structure
σ RMS =
i  Z ( f )S ( f )
0
i H

Stress transfer function

Power spectral density of wave
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 132
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

The expected number of cycles n(s) associated with the spectrum during the
design life (DL) can be calculated for each sea state induced stress (s) in which the
term dL is the fraction of spectrum of the sea state that prevails and Tz is the zero
crossing period.
d D
Number of cycles applied
for each stress state (s)
n ( s) =
i
L L
T zi
The response in terms of stress at a particular location in the jacket and
corresponding zero crossing period can be written as

RMS stress range

σ RMS =  0∞ H i2 ( f ) S H ( f )df
i i

σ RMS
Zero crossing period Tzi = i

2 2
 f i H i ( f ) S H i ( f )df
∞
0
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 133
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Using Rayleigh probability distribution function (PDF) of the stress range at a

location in the jacket, the probability of the stresses in terms of RMS response
stress can be expressed as
s  s  2
p( s ) = exp − 2 
σ RMS
2
 σ RMS 
The partial fatigue damage due to stress range between s and s+ds using the S-N
curve and the number of cycles that corresponding sea state n(s) can be computed
as
n( s )
dD( s ) = p( s )ds
N (s )
The cumulative fatigue damage due to stress ranges in the complete spectrum can
be computed by integrating between 0 and ∝ frequencies of the spectrum

n( s) ∝ p( s)  s 2 
Cumulative fatigue
D=  exp − 2 ds
damage
σ 2 0 N ( s)  σ RMS 
RMSi  i 
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 134
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Probability Distribution of Stress Response

The probability distribution of stress response using Rayleigh distribution is shown in
figure.

s  s2 
p( s) = exp − 2 
σ RMS
2
 σ RMS 

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 135
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

Linearisation of Wave Forces

In linearizing the applied wave force, drag forces are approximated by sinusoidally
varying forces and inundation effects are approximated or neglected. As a result,
the equations of motion can then be solved without performing direct time
integration. For typical small waves the effects of linearization are not of great
importance; however, for large waves they may be significant if inundation effects
are neglected
1 πD 2
Morison Equation FT = C D ρ w D V V + C M ρW a
2 4
The square term in the drag part of the Morison can be linearized using stochastic
principles.
1 8 π D2
Linearized Morison FT = ρ wCd σ VV + ρ wCm a
Equation 2 π 4
where σV is the standard deviation of the velocity obtained using Gaussian
process probability density function.

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 136
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Jacket Models

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 137
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures
Directional distribution of significant wave height and
peak period

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 138
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

2.39%
1.25%
27.38%

0.31%
28.00%

0.42%
13.67%
26.54%
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 139
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF HS and TP)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0027 0.2000 0.0533 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2590
0.75 0.0000 0.2130 1.2683 0.1618 0.0438 0.0084 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.6970
1.25 0.0000 0.0007 0.1630 0.1629 0.0331 0.0136 0.0033 0.0004 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.3770
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0060 0.0163 0.0230 0.0097 0.0039 0.0020 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0610
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0003 0.0007 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0027 0.4137 1.4906 0.3442 0.1002 0.0327 0.0090 0.0032 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 2.3970

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 140
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0019 0.1444 0.0385 0.0021 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1870
0.75 0.0000 0.1230 0.7324 0.0935 0.0253 0.0049 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9800
1.25 0.0000 0.0001 0.0359 0.0359 0.0073 0.0030 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0830
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0008 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0030
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0004 0.0011 0.0007 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0030
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0019 0.2676 0.8071 0.1325 0.0342 0.0095 0.0026 0.0011 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.2570

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 141
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0002 0.0178 0.0047 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0230
0.75 0.0000 0.0251 0.1495 0.0191 0.0052 0.0010 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2000
1.25 0.0000 0.0001 0.0203 0.0203 0.0041 0.0017 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0470
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0022 0.0059 0.0083 0.0035 0.0014 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0220
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0012 0.0028 0.0019 0.0009 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0080
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0009 0.0016 0.0009 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0016 0.0013 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0004 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0010 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0002 0.0430 0.1767 0.0463 0.0189 0.0103 0.0077 0.0064 0.0036 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.3140

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 142
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0004 0.0263 0.0070 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0340
0.75 0.0000 0.0331 0.1973 0.0252 0.0068 0.0013 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2640
1.25 0.0000 0.0001 0.0229 0.0229 0.0047 0.0019 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0530
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0023 0.0062 0.0087 0.0037 0.0015 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0230
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0009 0.0021 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0060
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0034 0.0059 0.0033 0.0014 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0150
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0032 0.0026 0.0011 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0080
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0019 0.0026 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0060
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0030 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0060
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0010 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0009 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0004 0.0595 0.2295 0.0554 0.0216 0.0133 0.0156 0.0164 0.0111 0.0030 0.0002 0.0001 0.4260

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 143
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0008 0.0602 0.0161 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0780
0.75 0.0000 1.3119 7.8110 0.9967 0.2697 0.0520 0.0059 0.0029 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10.4510
1.25 0.0000 0.0227 5.5565 5.5544 1.1285 0.4630 0.1122 0.0120 0.0033 0.0025 0.0000 0.0000 12.8550
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.2606 0.7092 0.9999 0.4214 0.1699 0.0852 0.0037 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.6500
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0367 0.0581 0.1383 0.0906 0.0463 0.0193 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.3910
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0009 0.0066 0.0113 0.0063 0.0028 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0290
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0025 0.0115 0.0094 0.0039 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0290
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0065 0.0092 0.0038 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0210
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0017 0.0045 0.0024 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0090
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0039 0.0032 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0080
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0016 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0030
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0022 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0011 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0010
Total 0.0008 1.3948 13.6449 7.2983 2.4574 1.0844 0.4101 0.1833 0.0542 0.0107 0.0010 0.0002 26.5400

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 144
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

SOUTH WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0000 0.0031 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
0.75 0.0000 0.1614 0.9611 0.1226 0.0332 0.0064 0.0007 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.2860
1.25 0.0000 0.0073 1.7994 1.7988 0.3655 0.1500 0.0363 0.0039 0.0011 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 4.1630
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.2627 0.7148 1.0079 0.4247 0.1713 0.0859 0.0038 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.6710
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0033 0.1534 0.2430 0.5781 0.3787 0.1934 0.0805 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 1.6340
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0193 0.0436 0.3333 0.5705 0.3187 0.1393 0.0363 0.0007 0.0002 1.4620
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0082 0.0931 0.4252 0.3475 0.1450 0.0487 0.0052 0.0004 1.0740
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0126 0.1904 0.2690 0.1110 0.0229 0.0044 0.0009 0.6120
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0031 0.0660 0.1808 0.0945 0.0104 0.0027 0.0002 0.3580
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0095 0.1017 0.0843 0.0090 0.0028 0.0014 0.2090
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0272 0.0453 0.0081 0.0012 0.0014 0.0840
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0112 0.0319 0.0138 0.0000 0.0003 0.0580
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0043 0.0131 0.0053 0.0000 0.0000 0.0230
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0013 0.0081 0.0051 0.0000 0.0000 0.0150
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0017 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0027 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0010 0.0000 0.0020
Total 0.0000 0.1719 3.0274 2.8095 1.7024 1.6017 1.8510 1.5471 0.7670 0.1690 0.0181 0.0047 13.6700

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 145
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0000 0.0031 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
0.75 0.0000 0.2033 1.2108 0.1545 0.0418 0.0081 0.0009 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.6200
1.25 0.0000 0.0069 1.6879 1.6873 0.3428 0.1407 0.0341 0.0036 0.0010 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 3.9050
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.3527 0.9596 1.3531 0.5702 0.2300 0.1153 0.0051 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.5860
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0074 0.3416 0.5413 1.2879 0.8436 0.4307 0.1794 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 3.6400
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0617 0.1392 1.0638 1.8207 1.0172 0.4446 0.1159 0.0023 0.0008 4.6660
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0024 0.0325 0.3674 1.6773 1.3711 0.5721 0.1920 0.0206 0.0016 4.2370
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0033 0.0610 0.9186 1.2976 0.5355 0.1104 0.0214 0.0041 2.9520
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0016 0.0148 0.3180 0.8717 0.4556 0.0503 0.0132 0.0008 1.7260
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0016 0.0442 0.4729 0.3919 0.0417 0.0131 0.0065 0.9720
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0050 0.1505 0.2506 0.0446 0.0067 0.0076 0.4650
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0022 0.0310 0.0879 0.0382 0.0000 0.0007 0.1600
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0080 0.0246 0.0098 0.0000 0.0000 0.0430
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0015 0.0098 0.0062 0.0000 0.0000 0.0180
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0017 0.0034 0.0029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0080
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0000 0.2133 3.2596 3.2072 2.4557 3.5154 5.8958 5.7736 2.9633 0.6216 0.0773 0.0221 28.0050

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 146
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Analysis of Offshore Structures

NORTH WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)

Peak Period
Hs(m) Total
1.91 3.18 4.45 5.72 6.99 8.26 9.53 10.80 12.07 13.34 14.61 15.88
0.25 0.0036 0.2657 0.0708 0.0039 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3440
0.75 0.0000 1.9238 11.4545 1.4617 0.3955 0.0762 0.0086 0.0043 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 15.3260
1.25 0.0000 0.0172 4.2144 4.2128 0.8559 0.3512 0.0851 0.0091 0.0025 0.0019 0.0000 0.0000 9.7500
1.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.1624 0.4418 0.6230 0.2625 0.1059 0.0531 0.0023 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.6510
2.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0246 0.0390 0.0927 0.0607 0.0310 0.0129 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.2620
2.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0013 0.0103 0.0176 0.0098 0.0043 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0450
3.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0016 0.0013 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
3.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0018 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0040
4.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
4.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010
5.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Total 0.0036 2.2067 15.9025 6.1454 1.9148 0.7933 0.2809 0.1112 0.0255 0.0040 0.0001 0.0000 27.3880

Prof. S. Nallayarasu
9/13/2016 147
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36