10/30/2006 Receiver Dynamic Range 1/1

4. Receiver Dynamic Range

Q: So can we apply our new knowledge about noise power to a

super-het receiver?

A: HO: Receiver Gain and Noise Figure

Q: What about the input signal power? You said it can be

very large or very small. Are there any limits to the signal
power?

A:
.

HO: The Minimum Detectable Signal

HO: Receiver 1dB Compression Point

HO: Receiver Dynamic Range

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

10/30/2006 Example Receiver Gain and Noise Figure 1/5

Example: Receiver Gain

and Noise Figure
We cam now determine the overall gain and noise figure of a
super-het receiver!

Consider the following example:

Ps in Ps out
3
1 2 4 5

Let’s look at each device individually:

Antenna - We assume that the antenna noise temperature is

TA = To = 290 K D , therefore NA = −174 dBm Hz . Also, the antenna
couples in a desired signal with power Ps in .

1. LNA - This device has a gain G1 = 10.0 (10 dB) and a noise
figure F1 = 1.5 (1.76 dB).

2. Preselector – This device has an insertion loss of 1 dB.

Therefore:

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

10/30/2006 Example Receiver Gain and Noise Figure 2/5

G2 (dB ) = −1.0 ⇒ G2 = 0.8

F2 (dB ) = 1.0 ⇒ F2 = 1.26

3. Mixer - This device has an conversion loss of 6 dB.

Therefore:
G3 (dB ) = −6.0 ⇒ G2 = 0.25

F3 (dB ) = 6.0 ⇒ F2 = 4.0

4. IF Amp - This device has a gain G4 = 103 (30 dB) and a

noise figure F4 = 4.0 (6 dB).

5. IF Filter - This device has an insertion loss of 2 dB.

Therefore:
G5 (dB ) = −2.0 ⇒ G2 = 0.63

F5 (dB ) = 2.0 ⇒ F5 = 1.58

The total gain of the receiver is easy to determine, its simply

the product of the gains of all devices:

GRx = G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
= (10 )( 0.8 )( 0.25 )(1000 )( 0.63)
= 1260
or,

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

10/30/2006 Example Receiver Gain and Noise Figure 3/5

GRx (dB ) = G1 (dB ) + G2 (dB ) + G3 (dB ) + G4 (dB ) + G5 (dB )

= 10 − 1 − 6 + 30 − 2
= 31

Note that:
10 log10 [1260 ] = 31.0

Now, determining the noise figure of the receiver is a bit

more challenging.

F2 − 1 F3 − 1 F4 − 1 F5 − 1
FRx = F1 + + + +
G1 G1G2 G1G2G3 G1G2G3G4
1.26 − 1 4 −1 4 −1
= 1 .5 + + +
(10 ) (10 )( 0.8) (10 )( 0.8 )( 0.25 )
1.58 − 1
+
(10 )( 0.8)( 0.25 )(1000 )
= 1.5 + 0.026 + 0.375 + 0.094 + 0.0003
= 2.0

Therefore:
FRx (dB ) = 3.0

Note then that the noise power at the receiver output is:

Pn out = FRx GRx kTA BIF

= (2 )(1260 ) kTA BIF
= 10 −17 BIF W

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

10/30/2006 Example Receiver Gain and Noise Figure 4/5

Now, let’s se what happens if we move the LNA to the end of

the receiver!

Ps in Ps out
3 1
2 4 5

We find the gain is unchanged!

GRx (dB ) = G2 (dB ) + G3 (dB ) + G4 (dB ) + G5 (dB ) + G1 (dB )

= −1 − 6 + 30 − 2 + 10
= 31

But not the noise figure:

F3 − 1 F4 − 1 F5 − 1 F1 − 1
FRx = F2 + + + +
G2 G2G3 G2G3G4 G2G3G4G5
4 −1 4 −1
= 1.26 + +
( 0.8 ) ( 0.8 )( 0.25 )
1.58 − 1 1.5 − 1
+ +
( 0.8 )( 0.25 )(1000 ) ( 0.8)( 0.25 )(1000 )( 0.63)
= 1.26 + 3.75 + 15.0 + 0.003 + 0.004
= 20.0

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

10/30/2006 Example Receiver Gain and Noise Figure 5/5

The receiver noise figure has increased to 13 dB—10 dB

larger than before!

As a result, the noise output power has likewise increased by a

factor of 10 times!

Pn out = FRx GRx kTA BIF

= (2 )(1260 ) kTA BIF
= 10 −16 BIF W

This example demonstrates how important the LNA is to

effective receiver design.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 1/6

Minimum
Detectable Signal
Ps in ,NA Ps out , Pn out

Rx
SNR in
Rx
SNRRxout
= SNRDin

Let’s review what we have discovered! The noise power at the

output of a receiver (i.e., the input of the demodulator) is:

Pn out = FRx GRx kTo BIF

while the signal power at the receiver output is:

Ps out = GRx Ps in

Thus, the SNR at the receiver output (the detector input) is:

Ps out
SNRout
Rx = out
Pn
GRx Ps in
=
FRx GRx kTo BIF
Ps in
= = SNRDin
FRx kTo BIF

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 2/6

Q: OK, so the expression above provides a method for

determining the value of SNRRxout ; but what should this value
be? What value is considered to be sufficiently large for
accurate signal detection/demodulation??

A: It depends! It depends on modulation type, demodulator

design, and system accuracy requirements.

From all these considerations we can determine the minimum

required SNR (i.e., SNRDmin )—a value that must be exceeded at
the detector/demodulator input in order for an sufficiently
accurate demodulation to occur. I.E.,

SNRRxout > SNRDmin for accurate demodulation

The value of this minimum SNR can be as small as -20 dB (or

even lower), or as large as 40 dB (or even greater), depending
on the application and its requirements.

Q: How can we insure that SNRRxout > SNRDmin ??

A: Of course, we do need to make the noise figure of the

receiver as small as possible. However, the value SNRRxout
ultimately depends on the signal power Ps in —if this signal
power drops toward zero, so too will SNRRxout !

Thus, the requirement SNRDmin ultimately translates into a

minimum signal power—any signal above this minimum can be
accurately detected, but signal power below this value cannot.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 3/6

Makes sense! If the input signal

power is too small, it will be
“buried” by the receiver noise.

We call this minimum input signal power the

Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS)—a.k.a the
Minimum Discernable Signal. I.E.,

Ps in > MDS for accurate demodulation

This Minimum Discernable Signal thus determines the

sensitivity of the receiver.

Q: What is the value of MDS? How can we determine it?

A: We know that for sufficiently accurate demodulation:

Ps in
SNR out
Rx = > SNRDmin
FRx kTo BIF

Thus:
Ps in > FRx kTo BIF SNRDmin

And so it is evident that:

MDS = FRx kTo BIF SNRDmin

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 4/6

Radio engineers often express MDS as dBm! The above

expression can written logarithmically as:

⎡ FRx kTo BIF SNRDmin ⎤

MDS (dBm ) = 10 log10 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 mW ⎥⎦
⎡ FRx kTo BIF SNRDmin 1 Hz ⎤
= 10 log10 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 mW 1 Hz ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 Hz ⎤
= 10 log10 FRx + 10 log10 ⎢kTo ⎥
⎣ 1 mW ⎦
⎡B ⎤
+10 log10 ⎢ IF ⎥ + 10 log10 SNRDmin
⎣ 1 Hz ⎦

Recall that we earlier determined that :

⎡ 1 Hz ⎤
10 log10 ⎢kTo ⎥ = −174
⎣ 1 mW ⎦

And so the sensitivity of a receiver can be determined as:

⎡ BIF ⎤
MDS (dBm ) = −174 + FRx (dB ) + SNRDmin (dB ) + 10 log10 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 Hz ⎦

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 5/6

Every radio engineer worth his or

her salt has this expression
committed to memory. You do the
same, or I’ll become even more
grumpy and disagreeable than I
already am!

Now, let’s do an example!

Say a receiver has a noise figure of 4.0 dB and an IF

bandwidth of 500 kHz. The detector at the receiver output
requires an SNR of 3.0 dB. What is the sensitivity of this
receiver?

⎡ BIF ⎤
MDS (dBm ) = −174 + FRx (dB ) + SNRDmin (dB ) + 10 log10 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 Hz ⎦
= −174 + 4.0 + 3.0 + 10 log10 ⎡⎣5 × 103 ⎤⎦
= −174 + 4.0 + 3.0 + 57.0
= −110.0

Q: Yikes! The value -110 dBm is 10 femto-Watts! Just one

percent of one billionth of one milli-Watt! Could this receiver
actually detect/demodulate a signal whose power is this
fantastically small?

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Minimum Detectable Signal 6/6

A: You bet! The values used in this example are fairly typical,
and thus an MDS of -110 dBm is hardly unusual.

It’s a good thing too, as the signals delivered to the receiver

by the antenna are frequently this tiny!

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 1/14

Receiver
Saturation Point
Given the gain GRx of a receiver, we know that the output
signal power (i.e., the signal power at the demodulator) is:

PDin = Ps out = GRx Ps in

Of course, Ps in can theoretically be any value; but Ps out is

limited!

Q: Limited by what?

A: Many of the devices in a receiver have compression points

(e.g., mixers and amplifiers)!

In other words, as Ps in increases, one of the devices in the

receiver will eventually compress (i.e., saturate). As we
increase the signal power Ps in beyond this point, we find that
the receiver output power will be less than the value GRx Ps in .

Æ Precisely the same behavior as an amplifier or mixer!

Accordingly, we can define a 1dB compression point for our

receiver.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 2/14

We can approximately determine the compression point of our

receiver if we know both the gain (attenuation) and
compression point of each and every one of its components.

Q: This sounds very much like how we determined the overall

noise figure of a receiver (i.e., with knowledge of G and F for
every component). Give me the equivalent equation so I can
get busy calculating the compression point of my receiver!

A: Not so fast! The procedure for determining the

compression point of a receiver is quite a bit more complex
than finding its noise figure.

The problem is that the compression point of a receiver is not

some function of the all the compression points of each
device. Instead, it is dependent only on the compression point
of the device that saturates first as Ps in increases.

Big problem Æ we do not know what device will saturate first!

Q: Won’t it simply be the device with the lowest 1 dB

compression point?

A: Nope! The gain (or attenuation) of all of the devices that

precede a component will likewise determine the value of
receiver input power Ps in at which that component saturates.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 3/14

Thus, we must individually determine the value of receiver

input power Ps in that will cause each of the components in our
receiver to saturate. The smallest of these values will be the
compression point of the receiver!

Perhaps this is best explained by an example. Consider a

simple super-het receiver with the following components:

1 2 4 5

Device Gm Pm1dB Pinsat

m=1 10 dB +10 dBm

m=2 -1.0 dB ∞

m=3 -6.0 dB 3 dBm

m=4 15 dB +14 dBm

m=5 -2 dB ∞

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 4/14

Here the value Gm represents the gain of the m-th component,

Pm1dB the 1dB compression point of the m-th component, and
Pinsat is the amount of receiver input power required to cause
that particular component to saturate.

Now, let’s look at each component, and determine its

particular value for Pinsat .

m=1: LNA

Recall the 1 dB compression point of an amplifier is specified

in terms of output power. Thus, when this amplifier
saturates, the input power will be:

P1 1dB
P 1dB
in 1 =
G1
or equivalently:

Pin11dB (dBm ) = P1 1dB (dBm ) − G1 (dB )

= 10 − 10
= 0 dBm

Q: Wait! Shouldn’t we add 1 dBm to this answer??

A: Theoretically yes, as when the device has compressed by 1

dB, the gain is effectively 1 dB less (i.e., G1 = 9dB ). However,
we typically do not consider this fact when computing
compression point, as:

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 5/14

1. 1 dBm is generally not large enough to be numerically

significant, particularly when considering all the other
approximations and uncertainties in our design!

2. By not adding the 1 dBm to the solution, we have a bit

more conservative estimate of receiver performance.
After all, our goal is to avoid receiver saturation!

Now, since the input to the LNA is likewise the input to the
receiver, we can conclude that the LNA will saturate when the
receiver input power is 0 dBm. Thus, “according to” our first
component:
Pinsat = 0 dBm

However, this very well may not be the input value at which
the receiver saturates, as some other component may
compress at an even lower receiver input power.

Æ Let’s find out if there is such a component!

m=2: Preselector Filter

Q: Wait a second! I don’t recall ever hearing about a filter

compression point!?

A: True enough! A filter, since it is a passive and linear

device, has no compression point. Of course, if we put too
much power into the device, it will damage (e.g. melt) it, but
this power is typically very large compared to most amplifier
or mixer compression points.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 6/14

Thus, we can conclude that the compression point of a filter is

effectively infinity, as is the input receiver power required to
“saturate” it (i.e., Pinsat = ∞ ).

Q: I see! Filters make no difference in determining the

satuaration point of a receiver. Can we ignore them
altogether?

A: Absolutely not! Although filters will not saturate, they

will help determine the saturation point of a receiver.

The reason is that filters have insertion loss. Note the gain
of this filter is –1.0 dB, which indicates an insertion loss of
+1.0 dB. This loss will affect the input power of all the
components further down the receiver “chain”, and thus may
affect the receive saturation point!

m=3: Mixer

Don’t forget that the 1dB compression point of

a mixer (unlike an amplifier) is specified in
terms of its input power!

Thus, from the mixer compression point, we can immediately

conclude that:

Pin13dB (dBm ) = P31dB (dBm ) = 3dBm

In other words, we do not have to “remove” the mixer

conversion loss to find the input power, the way we had to

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 7/14

subtract the LNA gain from the LNA (output) compression

point.

However, since the mixer is not directly connected to the

input of the receiver, we must “remove” the gain of the
preceding components in order to determine what input
receiver power will cause the mixer to saturate.

Since the power into the mixer is simply the power into the
receiver times the gain of the LNA and preselector filter:

Pin 3 = Pin G1G2

we can conclude that:

Pinsat
Pin
sat
= 3
G1G2

or equivalently:

Pinsat (dBm ) = Pinsat

3 (dBm ) − G1 (dB ) − G2 (dB )

= 3 − 10 − ( −1 )
= −6.0 dBm

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 8/14

Note here that the 1dB insertion loss (i.e., G2 = −1.0 dB ) of

the filter was involved in our computation, and thus affected
the value of this saturation point!

m=4: IF Amp

This IF amplifier saturates when its output power is

P41dB = +14 dBm . The receiver input power that would cause
this much output power at our IF amp can be (approximately)
determined by “removing” the gain of each preceding device,
including the gain of the amplifier itself (do you see why?):

Pinsat (dBm ) = P41dB (dBm ) − G4 (dB ) − G3 (dB ) − G2 (dB ) − G1 (dB )

= 14 − 15 − ( −6 ) − ( −1 ) − 10
= −4dBm

Note that the gain of the mixer is -6 dB; meaning that the
mixer conversion loss is +6 dB.

It is now evident that we can write a general equation for

determining the input receiver power that will cause an
amplifier to saturate, when that amp is the m-th component
of a receiver:

Pinsat (dBm ) = Pm1dB (dBm ) − Gm (dB ) − Gm −1 (dB ) − " − G1 (dB )

m
= Pm1dB
(dBm ) − ∑ Gn (dB ) (for amplifiers)
n =1

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 9/14

Note the expression for mixers will be slightly different,

given their definition of 1dB compression point:

Pinsat (dBm ) = Pm1dB (dBm ) − Gm −1 (dB ) − Gm −2 (dB ) − " − G1 (dB )

m −1
= Pm1dB
(dBm ) − ∑ Gn (dB ) ( for mixers )
n =1

m=5: IF Filter

As we determined earlier, the compression point of a filter is

effectively infinity, and so for this device:

Pinsat = ∞

So, let’s summarize in our table what we have found:

Device Gm Pm1dB Pinsat

m=1 10 dB +10 dBm 0 dBm

m=2 -1.0 dB ∞ ∞

m=3 -6.0 dB 3 dBm -6 dBm

m=4 15 dB +14 dBm -4 dBm

m=5 -2 dB ∞ ∞

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 10/14

Q: Wait a second! We have determined four different

answers for the receiver input power that will saturate our
receiver. Can they all be correct?

A: Absolutely not! There is one, and only one, answer for

receiver saturation point Pinsat .

Æ The receiver saturation point is the smallest of all of

our calculated values Pinsat !

Thus, for this example, the receiver compression point is:

Pinsat = −6 dBm

Q: Why do we consider the smallest of all the values Pinsat as

the receiver compression point ? Why not the largest? Why
not the average?

A: A receiver is considered saturated when any of its

components are in saturation. Remember, saturation causes
our signal to distort, and thus it may not be accurately
demodulated. As a result, an input signal power that causes
the saturation of even one receiver component is
unacceptable.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 11/14

Thus, by choosing the smallest of the input saturation powers,

we have selected a value that will unambiguously define the
point where even one component is saturated—if the receiver
input power is less than even the smallest of our calculated
Pinsat , then none of the receiver components will be saturated.

Q: In this example, it is the mixer that saturates first. Is

this always the case?

A: It is indeed often the case that the mixer is the device

that determines the receiver saturation point. However, the
LNA can likewise be the component that saturates first.

Q: What can we do to improve (i.e., increase) the saturation

point of a receiver?

A: Considering the discussion of this handout, it should be

quite evident how to accomplish this.

We can do two different things:

1. Find a different component part with a higher saturation

point Pm1dB

This strategy at first seems very simple. However, a

component designer of mixers or amplifiers is faced with the
same design conflicts and trade-offs that typically face all
other design engineers. If he or she improves the 1dB
compression point, it will undoubtedly mess-up some other

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 12/14

important parameter like gain, or bandwidth, or noise figure,

or conversion loss.

Thus, a receiver designer that attempts to replace a mixer or

amplifier with another exhibiting a higher 1dB compression
point will almost certainly cause some degradation in some
other receiver performance parameter, like gain, or noise
figure, or bandwidth.

Æ The selection of receiver component parts is typically a

compromise between competing and conflicting component
parameters. You will never find a “perfect” microwave
component, only a component which best suits the receiver
specifications and design goals.

2. Decrease the gain (increase the attenuation) of the

component parts preceding the component that saturates.

Decreasing the gain and or increasing the loss of components

in a receiver will generally improve (i.e, increase) the receiver
saturation point. However, it will also mess-up the receiver
noise figure and MDS!

Æ Again, we are faced with a design trade-off!

Note however, that we only need to decrease the total gain of

the components preceding the device that is saturating.
Another way to accomplish this is simply to rearrange the
order of the devices in the receiver chain.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 13/14

For example, we might move an amplifier from a location

preceding the saturating component, to a location after the
saturating component—this of course reduces the gain of the
components preceding the device, but does not alter the
overall receiver gain!

Likewise, we might move a lossy component from a location

after a saturating component, to a location preceding the
saturating component—this again reduces the gain of the
components preceding the device, but again does not alter the
overall receiver gain!

Thus, we can conclude that the compression point of a

receiver will typically improve if we move lossy components to
the front and amplifiers to the back!

However, we must keep in mind two things:

* The order of some devices cannot be changed. For

example, we cannot put the mixer before the preselector
filter!

* Although rearranging the order of the components in a

receiver will not change the receiver gain, it can play havoc
with receiver noise figure and MDS!

In fact, it should be evident to you that the receiver noise

figure typically improves if we move lossy components to the
back and amplifiers to the front—exactly the opposite
strategy for improving receiver saturation!

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Compression Point 14/14

We find that very often, receiver saturation point and

receiver sensitivity are in direct conflict—improve one
and you degrade the other!

Sensitivity
Saturation
Point

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

11/1/2006 Receiver Dynamic Range 1/1

Receiver Dynamic Range

We now know there is a minimum input signal power that a
receiver can accurately demodulate.

Æ The Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS) defines the

sensitivity of the receiver

We also know there is a maximum input signal power that a

receiver can accurately demodulate.

Æ The receiver 1 dB compression point defines the saturation

point of the receiver.

The ratio of the input saturation point and the minimum

detectable signal is defined as the total dynamic range of the
receiver.

Pinsat
total dynamic range 
MDS

Note dynamic range is a unitless value, therefore dynamic

range is most often expressed in dB:

total dynamic range ( dB )  Pinsat ( dBm ) − MDS ( dBm )

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS