CITY GOVERNMENT OF SAN PABLO
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN
PABLO
CHED Recognized Local University TESDA Recognized Programs
ALCU Commission on Accreditation – Level 2 Accredited
Member, Association of Local Colleges, and Universities
Member, Local Colleges and Universities Athletic Association, Inc
Patriotism • Leadership • Service • Professionalism
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
COURSE OUTLINE in CPE311
DATA COMMUNICATION MODEL WORKS
INTRODUCTION
Data communication models are fundamental frameworks that describe the intricate process of transmitting
information between devices or systems. These models serve as blueprints for understanding how data is
efficiently and reliably exchanged in various communication scenarios. At their core, data communication
models encompass a sender that generates data, encoding techniques to prepare the data for transmission, and
a receiver at the other end that decodes and interprets the received information. The communication pathway,
known as the transmission medium, can be physical (e.g., cables) or wireless (e.g., radio waves), while
protocols and rules govern the format and rules for data exchange.
Crucial components include error detection and correction mechanisms, flow control to manage data rate,
routing for complex networks, and security measures to safeguard data integrity and confidentiality. Feedback
loops optimize performance, ensuring effective end-to-end communication.
Data communication models underpin the modern digital world, enabling the internet, telecommunication
systems, and countless technologies we rely on daily. Researchers continually refine these models to enhance
communication efficiency, reliability, and security, driving innovation in network design, protocols, and data
transmission technologies. Understanding these models is pivotal in the development and maintenance of our
interconnected global information infrastructure.
THE KEY CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS:
1. Sender: At the beginning of the communication process, there is a sender or source device that generates the
data to be transmitted. This data can be in various forms, such as text, images, audio, or video.
2.Encoding: Before transmission, the data may undergo encoding. Encoding involves converting the data into
a format that can be transmitted efficiently and accurately. This can include compression to reduce the size of
the data or encoding it in a specific format.
3.Message: The data, after encoding, is referred to as a message. This message is then ready to be transmitted
to the recipient.
4.Transmission Medium: The message needs a physical or logical path to travel from the sender to the
receiver. This path is known as the transmission medium and can take various forms, including wired (e.g.,
copper cables, fiber optics) or wireless (e.g., radio waves, microwave) channels.
5.Protocol: To ensure effective communication, a set of rules and conventions known as a protocol is
employed. Protocols govern how data is formatted, transmitted, and received. Common examples include
TCP/IP for internet communication or HTTP for web browsing.
6.Receiver: At the other end of the communication link, there is a receiver or destination device that receives
the transmitted data.
7.Decoding: Upon receiving the data, the receiver must decode it to convert it back into its original format,
undoing any encoding that occurred during transmission.
CITY GOVERNMENT OF SAN PABLO
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN
PABLO
CHED Recognized Local University TESDA Recognized Programs
ALCU Commission on Accreditation – Level 2 Accredited
Member, Association of Local Colleges, and Universities
Member, Local Colleges and Universities Athletic Association, Inc
Patriotism • Leadership • Service • Professionalism
8.Acknowledgment: In many communication systems, the receiver sends an acknowledgment back to the
sender to confirm that the data was received successfully. This ensures reliability and helps manage errors.
9.Error Detection and Correction: During transmission, data can be corrupted or lost due to various factors,
such as interference or noise in the transmission medium. Error detection and correction mechanisms are used
to identify and rectify errors to ensure data integrity.
10.Flow Control: To manage the flow of data and prevent overwhelming the receiver, flow control
mechanisms are often employed. These mechanisms regulate the rate at which data is transmitted.
11.Routing: In larger networks, data may need to pass through multiple intermediate devices, such as routers,
switches, or gateways, to reach its destination. Routing algorithms determine the path that data takes through
the network.
12.End-to-End Communication: The data communication model focuses on end-to-end communication,
emphasizing the reliable exchange of data between the sender and receiver. This concept is crucial for
applications such as email, web browsing, and video conferencing.
13.Security: Security measures, such as encryption and authentication, are essential components of data
communication to protect data from unauthorized access and tampering.
14.Feedback and Optimization: Communication systems often include mechanisms for feedback and
optimization. This can involve adjusting transmission parameters, such as signal strength or data rate, to
ensure efficient and reliable communication.
15.End Result: The ultimate goal of the data communication model is to ensure that the data is successfully
transmitted from the sender to the receiver in a timely, reliable, and secure manner.
ILLUSTRATION ON HOW IT WORKS
CITY GOVERNMENT OF SAN PABLO
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN
PABLO
CHED Recognized Local University TESDA Recognized Programs
ALCU Commission on Accreditation – Level 2 Accredited
Member, Association of Local Colleges, and Universities
Member, Local Colleges and Universities Athletic Association, Inc
Patriotism • Leadership • Service • Professionalism
In summary, the data communication model provides a systematic framework for understanding the
complexities of transmitting data in various communication systems. Researchers in the field of data
communication continually study and improve these models to develop more efficient and robust
communication technologies. This research contributes to advancements in areas such as network design,
protocol development, and data transmission technologies.
