Jowel V.

Vista
 Consists of the program that control the
operations of the computer and its device.
 Function that system software performs
include starting up the computer; opening,
executing and running applications, storing,
retrieving and copying files, formatting disk,
reducing sizes and backing up the contents.
 Systems software/os
 Set of programs that coordinates activities and
functions of the hardware and various other
programs
 Application software
 Programs that help users solve particular
computing problems
 Isa set of programs containing instruction
that coordinate all of the activities among
computer hardware resources.
 Ex: OS recognize input from an input device
(keyboard, mouse, microphone).
 A computer cannot function without an
operating software
 Personal
 Workgroup
 Enterprise
 Software licensing
 Protection by software vendors to prevent
unauthorized use
 Software upgrades
 A revised version of software that usually
includes fixes of known problems, plus
enhancements to existing capabilities
 Global software support
 Software that is distributed around the globe
may require unique support mechanisms due to
local political and economic conditions
 Freeware
 Shareware
 Public-domain software
Copyrighted software given away for free by the
author. Although it is available for free, the author
retains the copyright, which means that you cannot
do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by
the author. Usually, the author allows people to use
the software, but not sell it.
 Software distributed on the basis of an honor system. Most
shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author
usually requests that you pay a small fee if you like the
program and use it regularly. By sending the small fee, you
become registered with the producer so that you can
receive service assistance and updates.
You can copy shareware and pass it along to friends and
colleagues, but they too are expected to pay a fee if they
use the product.
Shareware is inexpensive because it is usually produced by
a single programmer and is offered directly to customers.
Thus, there are
Refers to any program that is not copyrighted. Public-
domain software is free and can be used without
restrictions. The term public-domain software is often
used incorrectly to include freeware, free software that
is nevertheless copyrighted.
 System software…
 Is an interface or buffer between application
software and hardware
 Controls the computer hardware and acts as an
interface with applications programs
 Operating
Application and
software systems
software

Users
Hardware
 Perform common computer hardware functions
 Provide a user interface
 Provide a degree of hardware independence
 Manage system memory
 Manage processing tasks
 Provide networking capability
 Control access to system resources
 Manage files
 User interface
 A function of the operating system that allows
individuals to access and command the computer
 Command-based user interface
 A particular user interface that requires text
commands be given to the computer to perform basic
activities
 E.g., unix, DOS

 Graphical user interface (GUI)

 A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus
displayed on the screen to send commands to the
computer system
 E.g. Windows, MAC OS
 List
and define at least 5 OS including
their different versions.
 Hardware independence
 Operating system (OS) provides hardware
independence for application software
 Application software interfaces with the
operating system which interfaces with the
hardware
 When the hardware is changed, the operating
system is changed so that the application
software is not required to be changed
 Memory management
 Virtual memory & paging
 Multitasking
 Multithreading
 Timesharing
 Memory management…
 Controls how memory is accessed and maximizes
available memory and storage
 Memory management
 Virtual memory & paging
 Multitasking
 Multithreading
 Timesharing
 Virtual memory
 Memory that allocates space in secondary storage
to supplement the immediate, functional
memory capacity of RAM
 Paging
 A function of virtual memory allowing the computer to
store currently needed pages in RAM while the rest of
the pages wait in secondary storage
 Memory Disk

Program 1 (a few pages)

Program 2 (a few pages)

Program 3 (a few pages)

Operating
system and Programs
Program 4 (a few pages)
system and other
software software
Program 5 (a few pages)

Program 6 (a few pages)

Other memory requirements

An imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems
(for example, Windows but not DOS) in conjunction with the
hardware. You can think of virtual memory as an alternate set of
memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses rather
than real addresses to store instructions and data. When the
program is actually executed, the virtual addresses are converted
into real memory addresses.

The purpose of virtual memory is to enlarge the address space, the

set of addresses a program can utilize. For example, virtual
memory
might contain twice as many addresses as main memory. A program
using all of virtual memory, therefore, would not be able to fit in
main memory all at once. Nevertheless, the computer could
execute
such a program by copying into main memory those portions of the
program needed at any given point during execution.

To facilitate copying virtual memory into real memory, the

operating
system divides virtual memory into pages, each of which contains a
fixed number of addresses. Each page is stored on a disk until it is
needed. When the page is needed, the operating system copies it
from disk to main memory, translating the virtual addresses
into real
addresses.

The process of translating virtual addresses into real

addresses is
called mapping. The copying of virtual pages from disk to
main
memory is known as paging or swapping.
 Memory management
 Virtual memory & paging
 Multitasking
 Multithreading
 Time-sharing
 Multitasking
 A processing activity that allows a user to run
more than one application at the same time
 Multithreading
 A processing activity that is basically
multitasking within a single application
 Time-sharing
 A processing activity that allows more than one
person to use a computer system at the same
time
 Network capability
 Aids in connecting the computer to a network
 Access to system resources
 Provides security for unauthorized access
 File management
 Ensures that files in secondary storage are
available when needed, and they are protected
against unauthorized usage
 Utility programs…
 Programs used to merge and sort sets of data,
keep track of computer jobs being run, compress
files of data before they are stored or
transmitted over a network, and perform other
important tasks
 Proprietary
 Designed to solve a unique and specific
problem
 In-house
 Development of application software using the
company’s resources
 Contract
 Developed for a particular company
 Off-the-shelf
 An existing software program that can be used
without considerable changes expected
 Customized package
 Blend of external and internal software
development
 In-house customized
 Contract customization

Schematic
 Application
software

Off-the-
Proprietary
shelf
software
software

In-house Customized Standard

Contract
developed package package

In-house Contract
customized customization
Turbo Tax
Provides automated
assistance for tax
preparation and
submission.

(Figure 4.6)

24
Quicken
An off-the-shelf
software package that
provides assistance for
standard check writing
and personal
accounting.
(Figure 4.7)

25
Word Processing
Provides
assistance in
formulating,
formatting, and
printing
documents such as
letters, memos,
and papers. (Figure 4.8)

26
Spreadsheet
Provides a wide
range of built-in
functions for
statistical, financial,
logical, database,
graphics, and data
and time
calculations.
(Figure 4.9)

27
Database
Stores, manipulates,
and retrieves data.

(Figure 4.10)

28
Graphics Program
Helps make a
presentation;
develops brochures,
illustrations, etc.

Usually called
Presentation
Graphics
On-Line Services
Provide access to
various information
resources.

(Figure 4.12)

30
Software Suite
Collection of personal
productivity software
such as word processor,
spreadsheet, and
database.

31
 OLE = Object Linking and Embedding
 A software feature that allows you to copy text
from one document to another or embed
graphics from one program into another
program or document
 Server Application
 The application that supplies objects you place
into other applications
 Client application
 The application that accepts objects from
other applications
 Copy
 Copy data from one application and place it in
another
 Link
 Changes made to the server object to
automatically appear in all linked client
objects
 Embed
 An object to become part of the client
document Schematic
Graphics Program
Client Application
Server Application
Word Processing Program Spreadsheet
Program
Team photo Server Application
Actual vs. Budget
-------------
-------------
--------------
Copy
Team photo

Actual vs. budget Link

--- --- --- --- -
--- --- --- -- --
-- - - - --- --- -
--- --- --- --- --

Project
ProgramManagement
Chart Server Application
Chart
==== == ==
== == == = --- -------
=== == == ------- ---
--- --------
==== ==== =
Embed
 Groupware
 Software that helps groups of people work
together more efficiently and effectively
 Collaborative computing software
 Software that helps teams of people work
together toward a common goal
 Enterprise application software…
 Software that benefits the entire organization
 Examples
Accounts receivable Sales ordering
Accounts payable Order entry
Cash-flow analysis Check processing
Manufacturing control Receiving
General Ledger Retail Operations
Integrated
Supply Chain
Management
Software
 Programming languages…
 Coding schemes used to write both systems and
application software
 Machine Language
 1st generation programming language
 Considered a low-level language because it
involves basic coding using the binary symbols
1 and 0
 Assembly Language
 2nd generation language
 Replaced binary digits with mnemonics (e.g.,
“ADD”) programmers could more easily
understand
 Third Generation Languages
 Continued trend to more symbolic code (e.g.
COBOL)
 Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)
 Languages that are less procedural and even
more English-like than third-generation
languages (e.g. FOCUS)
 Query languages
 Used to ask the computer questions in English-
like sentences
 Also known as database languages
 Structured query language (SQL)
 A standardized language often used to perform
database queries and manipulations
 Object-oriented languages (OOL)
 Languages that allow interaction of programming

objects, including data elements and the actions that

will be performed on them
 Note: OOP = object-oriented programming

 Encapsulation
 The process of grouping items into an object

 Polymorphism
 A process allowing the programmer to develop one

routine or set of activities that will operate on

multiple objects
 Inheritance
 Property used to describe objects in a group of objects

taking on characteristics of other objects in the same

group or class of objects
 Reusable code
 The instruction code within an object that can be

reused in different programs for a variety of

applications
 Examples
 Smalltalk, C++, Java
 Visual programming languages…
 Languages that use a mouse, icons, or symbols on
the screen and pull-down menus to develop
programs
 Examples
 Visual Basic
 Visual C++
 PC COBOL
 5th generation languages…
 Combines rule-based code generation,
component management, visual programming
techniques, and reuse management
 Knowledge-based management
 An approach to the development of computer
programs in which you do not tell a computer how to
do a job, but what you want it to do
 Language translator
 Systems software that converts a programmer’s
source code into its equivalent in machine
language
 Source code
 High-level program code written by the
programmer
 Object code
 Another name for machine language code
 Interpreter
 A language translator that translates one program
statement at a time into machine code

Machine
Program language
Interpreter
statement statemen
t

Statement
execution
 Compiler
 A language translator that converts a complete program
into machine language to produce a program that the
computer can process in its entirety

Schematic
Step 1: Translate program

Machine
Computer
Compiler language
program
program

Step 2: Execute program

Machine
language
program

Program
execution
 DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)
 WINDOWS 3.x
 WINDOWS CE
 OS/2
 UNIX
 LINUX
 NETWARE
Application
Software
 Application software makes computer popular
and easy to use
 Common application software:
◼ Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
◼ PowerPoint
◼ Netscape, Internet Explorer
◼ PhotoShop, Photo-Paint
◼ Quick Time
◼ Dreamweaver
computing ESSENTIALS 

General-purpose application
 Widely used software
 Common tasks
Special-purpose application
 Narrowly focused software
 Specific tasks
computing ESSENTIALS 

 User Interface
 Important part of software
 Portion where the user interacts with the
software
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

–Windows –Toolbars
–Menus –Help
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Rectangular area
that displays
information
 Multiple
applications in
different windows
 Can be resized,
moved, and
closed

69
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Display commands
 Present options
 Drop down list
 Held in menu bars

70
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Contain buttons and menus

 Commonly used commands
 Common to many applications
 Formatting toolbar
 Standard toolbar
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Containsuseful
information
 Access methods
 Table of Contents
 Keyword index
 Text search

72
computing ESSENTIALS 

Click once to
access or F1
 ASP – Application Service Provider
 Provide access to different programs
 Don’t need to upgrade
 Store data files on the ASP site
 Can access data from any location
 Privacy and Security
 Data may be compromised
 Connect to the Web
 Open and transfer files
 Display text and images
 Web site address
 How a browser locates a web page
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 Document file that contains
 Text and Images
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 Commands that describe layout of page
 Hyperlinks
 Connections to other documents
 Navigating the Web

76
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Searchservices provide databases of Web

pages and Internet sites
 Topic Search
 Successively select categories
 Keyword Search
 Specific word or phrase
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Organize related data for easy access

 Database is a specially formatted file that
contains data
 Structured
 Most popular DBMS
 Microsoft Access
 Corel Paradox
 Lotus Approach

78
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Relational
 Most common, simple to create
 Hierarchical
 Older, more complex
 Network (CODASYL)
 Powerful, complex schemas
 Object-oriented
 Data stored as objects
computing ESSENTIALS 

field names

table field value

record

Relational Database
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Capability to locate and display data

 Sort and analyze data
 Programming control language
 Structure Query Language (SQL)
 Used to create complex, sophisticated
applications
computing ESSENTIALS 

Link tables using a

common (key) field
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Createinteresting, professional
presentations
 Combine visual objects, audio/video, text
 Most Widely Used
 Microsoft PowerPoint
 Corel Presentations
 Lotus Freelance Graphics
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Layout files
 Templates
 Text layout
 Background colors
and patterns
 Borders
 Animations

• Visual effects • Audio effects

84
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Single program
 Multiple functionality
 Word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS
 Lower cost
 Simpler
 Capabilities not as extensive
 Microsoft Works
computing ESSENTIALS 

 Web-based application software

 Pay as you go

 Access only when needed