ROTATIONAL MOTION

General Physics 1
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

 Rotation can be measured through the use of angles. The most common
unit of angle to use is the radian.
 Under constant angular acceleration, rotational kinematic equations are
applicable to angular quantities.
Angular Quantities Formulae
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡

angular displacement Δ𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖
1
𝜔 = Δ𝜃ൗΔ𝑡 Δ𝜃 = 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
angular velocity 2

𝛼 = Δ𝜔ൗΔ𝑡 𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔𝑖2 + 2𝛼Δ𝜃

angular acceleration
ANGULAR & LINEAR QUANTITIES:
DISPLACEMENT & VELOCITY

 Instead of the angle, we can measure rotation as the distance traveled

along the circumference of rotation.
 Recall that the angle is determined by the arc length divided
by the radius of the circle.
 From here, we can differentiate
linear and angular quantities:
 the angular speed remains
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑟𝜔 constant for all particles on a
rotating object, but
tangential / linear speed  the linear speed increases as
the point moves farther from
the center of rotation.
ANGULAR & LINEAR QUANTITIES:
ACCELERATION

 We can use the same principle for the linear / tangential speed to
determine the relationship between linear and angular acceleration.
 Assuming uniform accelerated rotational motion,
 the angular acceleration of a rotating particle remains constant, while
 the linear acceleration is higher as a particle moves further from the center of
rotation.

𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

An evermore vinyl record with a radius of 15.25 cm reached the standard

1
speed of 33 3 rpm (revolutions per minute) from rest within 0.73 s.
Meanwhile, a stray ant has found itself on the rim of the record, rotating
along with it.
 Determine the angular acceleration of the record.
 Find the angle of how much the record has turned while coming up to
speed.
 Compute for the tangential acceleration of the ant.
 Calculate the tangential speed of the ant by the end of the 0.73 s.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION

 Recall that acceleration is not merely a change in the speed of an object, but also in its
orientation or direction. Thus, rotating objects, even at constant speed, are accelerating.
 For circular motion at constant speed, the acceleration of an object always points towards the
center of the circle. This is known as the centripetal (center-seeking) acceleration.
2
𝑣𝑡
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
 This can also be expressed in terms of the angular velocity by recalling
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑟𝜔.

𝑟𝜔 2
2
𝑎𝑐 = = 𝑟𝜔
𝑟
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A boy plays his yo-yo by holding its string at the

end and whirling it in the air. Suppose the string is
massless and is 1.35 m long, and he manages to
whirl the 120 g yoyo at a constant speed of
2.7 m/s.
Find the centripetal acceleration of the yo-yo.
Find the tension the boy puts on the string.
SOLUTION:
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Consider balls tied to a 3m and a 6 m

string. If the 3m string rotates at a
rate of 5 m/s and the 6 m string
rotates at rate of 10 m/s. Determine
the centripetal acceleration of each
ball.
SOLUTION:
ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
REVIEW
TORQUE & MOMENT OF INERTIA

 Force is required to change the angular velocity of a rotating body.

 Just as an object possesses inertia – the ability to stay at rest when at
rest and in motion when in motion unless acted upon by an external
force – rotating bodies possess the moment of inertia, which indicates
how resistant an object is to changes in its rotation.
2
𝐼 = Σ𝑚𝑟
 The moment of inertia is analogous to the mass of the
rotating body.
MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF VARIOUS
OBJECTS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 𝜏 AND 𝐼

 The relationship between torque and the moment of inertia

can be demonstrated by applying Newton’s second law of
motion onto a pivoted particle acted upon by a force,
causing it to rotate.

Σ𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
SAMPLE PROBLEM

The 75 kg roundabout(solid disk) at

People’s Park was pushed perpendicularly
upon its edge by one of the bored
personnel. They caused it to rotate at a
speed of 3.14 rad/s from rest by turning
it 7.85 rad. Find the force exerted by the
personnel if the radius is 1.5 m.
SOLUTION:
ANGULAR MOMENTUM

 Similar to how the torque is the product of the moment of inertia and the angular
acceleration, the angular momentum can be described as the product of the
moment of inertia and the angular speed.
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
 The net torque on the object changes its angular speed. Thus, the relationship
between the torque and the angular momentum can be described as follows.
Σ𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
𝐼Δ𝜔
Σ𝜏 =
Δ𝑡
Δ𝐿
Σ𝜏 =
Δ𝑡
ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Law of Conservation of Angular

Momentum
If no unbalanced external torque acts on a
rotating system, the angular momentum
of that system is CONSTANT
ANGULAR MOMENTUM

 When the net external torque is zero, Δ𝐿 turns out to be also zero. This suggests
that the angular momentum doesn’t change in a system with no external
torque.

Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum

Let 𝐿𝑖 and 𝐿𝑓 be the initial and final angular momenta of a system

without any external torque. Thus, 𝑳𝒊 = 𝑳𝒇 . In other words, angular
momentum is conserved.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 205 g toy is made of a collapsible material bat

ndto p

so that it can turn from a hollow sphere of rin aq,,,

radius 36 cm to a solid sphere of radius 8 cm.

The toy has been spinning at a speed of
5 rad/s in its hollow sphere state. Find the
angular speed of the toy once it has been
collapsed into a solid sphere.
SOLUTION:
PERIODIC MOTION
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
 PERIODIC MOTION AND SIMPLE
HARMONIC MOTION

PERIODIC MOTION or OSCILLATION – is a motion

that repeat about a point of stable equilibrium.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION - is a special case of

periodic motion where the retarding force is directly
proportional yet opposite to the direction of the
displacement.
PERIODIC MOTION – CHARACTERISTICS
(QUANTITIES IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION)

1. AMPLITUDE (A) – this is the maximum

displacement from the equilibrium position. The SI
unit of Amplitude is meter.
PERIODIC MOTION - CHARACTERISTICS

2. PERIOD - this is the time for full cycle. The SI unit

is the second, but it is sometimes expressed as
“seconds per cycle”.
PERIODIC MOTION - CHARACTERISTICS
3. Frequency (f) - is the number of cycles in a unit of
time. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz: 1 hertz = 1
−𝟏
Hz = 1 cycle/s = 1 𝒔 .
4. Angular Frequency (𝜔) – is also known as radial or
circular frequency, it measures angular displacement
per unit time.
5. Wavelength (λ) – is the distance travelled after one
full cycle
PROBLEM

A piano string sounds a middle A by vibrating primarily

at 220 Hz.
a. Calculate its period and angular frequency.
b. Calculate the period and angular frequency for a
soprano singing a “high A”. Two octaves up, which is
four times the frequency of the piano string.
SOLUTION
MECHANICAL WAVE
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
 MECHANICAL WAVE AND SINUSOIDAL WAVE

WAVE is a disturbance or a vibration that transfers

energy from one point to another.
The transfer of energy is achieved through a medium or
in some cases through vacuum (empty space).
Some waves must travel through a substance known as
the matter medium. It can be solid, liquid or gaseous.
Sound, ocean and seismic waves are some waves that
travel through a medium.
 MECHANICAL WAVE AND SINUSOIDAL WAVE

MECHANICAL WAVES are the waves that travel

through a medium.
Pendulum
A guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after
being plucked.
To keep a child happy on a swing, you must keep
pushing.
 MECHANICAL WAVE AND SINUSOIDAL WAVE

DAMPED HARMONIC MOTION is a harmonic

motion with a drag force (air resistance)
 underdamping: the system continually oscillates with reduced
frequency and gradually declining amplitude (Example: Unless pushed,
a child on a swing would gradually come to a halt.)
critical damping: the system returns to equilibrium as quickly as
possible without oscillating. (Example: Shock absorbers in cars cushion
the impact and rebounds the movement of its springs and suspension.)
overdamping: the system exponentially decays to equilibrium without
oscillating (Example: Hydraulic doors close on their own slowly.)
 TYPES OF WAVES ACCORDING TO METHODS
OF ENERGY TRANSFER
MECHANICAL WAVES are the waves that travel through
a medium. Mechanical waves originate in an elastic
material medium (air, steel and water). Properties which
are responsible for transmission of mechanical waves in
a medium are elasticity and density of the medium.
vibration of string, the surface wave produced on the
surface of solid and liquid (water), sound waves, tsunami
waves, earthquake P-waves, ultra sounds, vibrations in
gas, and oscillations in spring coil.
 TYPES OF WAVES ACCORDING TO METHODS
OF ENERGY TRANSFER
ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM)WAVES-are caused by varying
electric and magnetic fields. As a result of the varying
magnetic and electric fields a periodic change takes place
creating the EM waves. Do not require any medium for its
propagation and can travel through vacuum.
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation,
ultraviolet rays, x-rays, gamma rays, sterilization,
cancer therapy, electric heaters or cookers.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF WAVE MOTIONS

TRANSVERSE WAVE - A traveling wave that causes

the particles of the disturbed medium to move
perpendicular to the wave motion.

LONGITUDINAL WAVE – a traveling wave that causes

the particles of the medium to move parallel to the
direction of wave motion
TWO MAIN TYPES OF WAVE MOTIONS
 SINUSOIDAL WAVES

The SINUSOIDAL WAVE is the simplest

example of a periodic continuous wave and
can be used to build more complex waves. It is
a continuous wave that describes a smooth
periodic oscillation. It is named after the
function sine, which it closely resembles.
 SINUSOIDAL WAVES

The Significance of the Sinusoidal Wave in

Physics
When it comes to their significance in Physics,
sinusoidal waves strut around like a peacock.
They show up in different branches of Physics,
showcasing their vitality everywhere from
Quantum Mechanics to Electromagnetism.
 SINUSOIDAL WAVES

The Significance of the Sinusoidal Wave in

Physics
When it comes to their significance in Physics,
sinusoidal waves strut around like a peacock.
They show up in different branches of Physics,
showcasing their vitality everywhere from
Quantum Mechanics to Electromagnetism.
SINUSOIDAL WAVES

The red curve represents

a snapshot of a traveling
sinusoidal wave at 𝑡 = 0
and the blue curve
represents a snapshot of
the wave at some later
time t.
 SINUSOIDAL WAVES

We can express the wave function in a convenient

form by defining two other quantities, the angular
wave number 𝑘 and the angular frequency
 SINUSOIDAL WAVES

By definition, the wave travels a distance of one

wavelength in one period T. Therefore, the wave
speed, wavelength, and period are related by the
expression
 PROBLEM

A sinusoidal wave traveling in the positive x direction

has an amplitude of 15.0 cm, a wavelength of 40.0
cm, and a frequency of 8.00 Hz. The vertical
displacement of the medium at 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0 is also
15.0 cm, as shown in the figure. Find the angular
wave number 𝑘, period 𝑇, angular frequency 𝜔, and
speed 𝑣 of the wave.
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM

A sinusoidal wave is traveling along

a rope. The oscillator that generates
the wave completes 40.0 vibrations
in 30.0 s. Also, a given maximum
travels 425 cm along the rope in
10.0 s. What is the wavelength?
SOLUTION
DOPPLER EFFECT
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
DOPPLER EFFECT

Doppler Effect - when a source of

sound and a listener are in motion
relative to each other, the frequency
of the sound heard by the listener is
not the same as the source
frequency.
DOPPLER EFFECT

In equation form, the Doppler Effect can be expressed as:

𝒗 ± 𝒗𝑳
𝒇𝑳 = 𝒇𝑺
where: 𝒗 ± 𝒗𝑺
𝑓𝐿 =frequency perceived by the listener
𝑓𝑆 =frequency perceived by the source
𝑣𝐿 =speed of the listener
𝑣𝑆 =speed of the source
𝑣 = speed of sound
DOPPLER EFFECT
The equation can change according to the direction
of the source and the listener.
LISTENER
If the listener is moving toward the source indicate a
positive sign (If moving away use negative sign).
SOURCE
If the source is moving away from the listener indicate
positive sign (If towards use negative sign).
EXAMPLE

If a listener is at rest and the siren is moving

away from the listener at 30 m/s, if the siren
emits a 300 Hz sound, what frequency does
the listener hear?
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE

The police car with its 300 Hz siren is moving

toward a warehouse at 30 m/s, intending to
crash through the door. What frequency does
the driver of the police car hear reflected from
the warehouse?
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
MASS AND VOLUME
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
MASS AND VOLUME

Mass - is the measure of matter in an object. It

is commonly used in physics; we also define it
as the amount of inertia in an object.

Volume - it is about space, the amount of

space that an object can occupy.
MASS AND VOLUME

What do they have in common?

Both can be utilized to measure density.
Density is expressed in equation:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Comparing the density of any object to water is
actually another quantity and it is called SPECIFIC
GRAVITY.
which is expressed in equation as:
𝑫𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑶𝑩𝑱𝑬𝑪𝑻
SPECIFIC GRAVITY =
𝑫𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio between density, which
means it has no unit.
𝑘𝑔
Water is known to have a density of 1000 3
𝑚
Specific gravity < 1 will make the object float on
water
Specific gravity > 1 will make the object submerge in
water
EXAMPLE

A cube is 0.38 m wide. It has a

mass of 2500 g. Determine its
specific gravity, and would it sink
or float in water?
EXAMPLE

Rocks are sometimes used along coasts to

prevent erosion. If a rock has a mass 2,000
kilograms (about 2 tons) in order not to be shifted
by waves, how big (what volume) does it need to
be? You are using basalt, which has a typical
𝑘𝑔
density of 3200 3. and would it sink or float in
𝑚
water?
EXAMPLE

A golden-colored cube is handed to you. You

measure the cube and find that it is 2 cm on each
side, and its mass is 40 g. What is its
density?Specific gravity? and would it sink or float
in water?
PERFORMANCE TASK
FLUID MECHANICS
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
DENSITY

Density is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is

denoted by the Greek letter rho (ρ). The SI unit of
𝑘𝑔
density is 3.
𝑚
PROBLEM

The body of a man whose weight is 690 N

−3 3
contains about 5.2x10 𝑚 of blood. (a)
Find the blood’s weight and (b) express it as
a percentage of the body weight.
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
What is the density of the liquid if a 235mL
bottle has a mass of 500g when empty and
670g when filled with a liquid?
A cylindrical tube whose height is 2.50m and
whose diameter is 4.00cm is filled with olive
oil. How many kilograms of olive oil does the
tube hold?
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
What is the density of the liquid if a 235mL
bottle has a mass of 500g when empty and
670g when filled with a liquid?
A cylindrical tube whose height is 2.50m and
whose diameter is 4.00cm is filled with olive
oil. How many kilograms of olive oil does the
tube hold?
SOLUTION
PRESSURE

Pressure is defined as the force acting

perpendicular to a unit area.
PROBLEM

A 3500 Kg car rest on 0.9m

diameter piston of a hydraulic lift in
a car repair shop. How much force
does the smaller piston, with a
0.4m diameter need to exert to lift
the car at equal height?
SOLUTION
BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDES
PRINCIPLE
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, was the first to

study the ability of fluids to make things float.

He stated:
’An object completely or partly submerged in a fluid
experiences an upward force equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced.’
BUOYANT FORCE

Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, was the first to

study the ability of fluids to make things float.
It is an upward force acting on an object due to fluid
pressure. It is also the weight of the fluid displaced:

𝑭𝑩 =ρVg
PROBLEM

An anchor of mass 100 Kg and volume

−2 3
4𝑥10 𝑚 is resting on the bottom of a lake
with a rope of negligible mass attached to it.
What force must be exerted on the rope to lift
the anchor when it is: a. totally submerged;
b. halfway out of the water and c. completely
above the water?
SOLUTION
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics says

that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium
with a third, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other. Then you can say
that each of these objects has a thermal
property that they all share — this property is
called TEMPERATURE.
THREE TEMPERATURE SCALES

Fahrenheit Scale - scale based on

32° for the freezing point of water
and 212° for the boiling point of
water, the interval between the two
being divided into 180 equal parts.
THREE TEMPERATURE SCALES

Celsius Scale - the scale of

temperature in which water freezes
at 0° and boils at 100° under
standard conditions.
THREE TEMPERATURE SCALES

Kelvin Scale - a scale of

temperature with absolute zero as
zero, and the triple point of water as
exactly 273.16 degrees.
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
GROUP WORK
IDEAL GAS LAW
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
IDEAL GAS LAW

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL GAS

1. The ideal gas follows certain gas laws relating

the pressure, volume and temperature of gas.
2. The volume occupied by the gas molecules is
very small and can be negligible.
3. In any condition, the molecular force of
attraction of molecules is also negligible.
IDEAL GAS PROPERTY THAT CAN BE
MEASURED
BOYLE’S LAW
GAY LUSSAC’S
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 LAW
CHARLE’S LAW 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐  =
 = 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
PROBLEM

A 60-liter metal cylinder contains 45 number of

moles of Hydrogen gas. Find pressure inside the
metal cylinder when gas temperature is 298 K?
SOLUTION
BOYLE’S LAW-PROBLEM

Two bulbs of different volumes are separated by

a valve. The valve between the 2.00 L bulb, in
which the gas pressure is 1.00 atm, and the 3.00
L bulb, in which the gas pressure is 1.50 atm, is
opened. a. What is the final pressure in the two
bulbs,b. the temperature being constant and
the same in both bulbs?
BOYLE’S LAW-SOLUTION

a. P1V1 = P2V2
(1.00 atm) (2.00 L) = (x) (5.00 L) b. ADD
x=o.400 atm 0.400 +0.900 =
P1V1 = P2V2
1.30 atm
(1.50 atm) (3.00 L) = (y) (5.00 L)
y = 0.900 atm
CHARLE’S LAW-PROBLEM

Given 300.0 mL of a gas at 17.0 °C. What is its

volume at 10.0 °C?
In cross-multiplied form, it is this:V1T2 = V2T1
V2 = (V1T2) / T1
V2 = [(300.0 mL) 10.0 °C)] / 17.0 °C
V2=176.47 mL
GAY LUSSAC’S LAW-PROBLEM

Calculate the final pressure inside a scuba tank

3
after it cools from 1.00 x 10 °C to 25.0 °C. The
initial pressure in the tank is 130.0 atm.
P2 = (P1T2) / T1
3
P2 = [(130.0 atm) 25.0°C )] / 1.00x10 °C
P2=3.25 atm.
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES AND
STANDING WAVES
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
INTERFERENCE

A wave phenomenon of having two or

more waves occupying the same region of
space producing a resultant wave.
Interference has two types, constructive
interference and destructive interference.
TWO TYPES OF INTERFERENCE WAVES

Constructive interference
refers when two
overlapping waves exhibit
similar wave properties
which will result in a
greater amplitude than of
those individual
overlapping waves.
TWO TYPES OF INTERFERENCE WAVES

Destructive interference
on the other hand will be
observed if two waves
interact but the
displacements caused by
the two waves are in
opposite directions.
STANDING WAVE

It is called standing wave since it doesn’t appear to be

moving in either direction but only seems to vibrate in
place.
STANDING WAVE

HARMONICS – the set of all possible standing waves.

FIRST HARMONICS or FUNDAMENTAL

FREQUENCY – the simplest of the harmonics