www.dubejee.

in

DUBE - JEE TUTORIALS

“ निश्चय केला प्रथम आला “
SUBJECT: PHYSICS DPP ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS STD: 12TH

VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTION {1marks}:

Q.1 State the relation between the linear velocity and the angular velocity of a
particle in circular motion.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜔
Ans. Linear velocity. .𝑣 ⃗ × ⃗⃗𝑟 where 𝜔 ⃗ is the angular velocity and 𝑟⃗⃗ is the radius
vector. That every instant,𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ w
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗⃗ are mutually perpendicular, so that in magnitude v =
wr.

Q.2 what can you say about the angular speed of an hour hand as compared
to the of the earth’s rotation about its axis?

Ans. The period of rotation of an hour hand and the earth are 𝑇ℎ = 12hr and 𝑇𝐸 = 24hr,
2𝜋 2𝜋
respectively, so that their angular speeds are 𝑤ℎ = 12hr/rad and 𝑤𝐸 = 24hr/rad.

‫𝑤؞‬ℎ = 2𝑤𝐸

Q.3 what is the angle between linear acceleration and angular acceleration of
a particle in non-uniform circular motion?

Ans. In angular acceleration in a non-uniform circular motion is an axial vector perpendicular

to the plane of the motion .The linear acceleration is in the plane of the motion. Hence the
angle between them is900.

Q.4 State any two quantities that are uniform in UCM.

Ans. Linear speed and angular velocity.

Q.5 Why is centrifugal force is called as pseudo force?

Ans. A force which arises from gravitational, electromagnetic, or nuclear interaction

between matters is called a real force. The centrifugal force does not arise due to any of
these Interactions. Therefore, it is not a real force .The centrifugal force is in the non-inertial
frame of reference with respect to an inertial frame of reference. Therefore, it is called a
pseudo or fictitious force.

Q.6 why is the work done by a centripetal force is equal to zero?

Ans. The centripetal force ⃗⃗⃗ Fc and linear velocity ν⃗ of a particle in circular motion are
perpendicular to each other at every instant, the force being radially inward and velocity
⃗⃗⃗c . ν⃗ = 0 at every instant. Since 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠
tangential. Therefore F ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 , the work done by the
𝐹𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
centripetal force, 𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐶 .𝑣⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑡 = 0.

Q.7 Why does a motorcycle is moving along a level curve at high speed have
to lean more than a cyclist moving along the same curve at low speed?

Ans. A two wheeler, in moving along a level curve of radius r with same speed v, must lean
v2
at an angle θ with respect to the vertical, whereθ = tan𝑒 −1 𝑟𝑔. Therefore, for a given r, θ
should be more, for higher v.

Q. 8. Why is it useful to define radius of gyration?

𝐼
Ans. The radius of gyration of a body of mass M and moment of inertia 𝐼 is 𝑘 = √𝑀. Thus,
the radius of gyration is less if 𝐼 is less, i.e., if the mass is distributed close to the axis; and it
is more if 𝐼 is more, i.e., if the mass is distributed away from the axis. Thus, it gives the idea
about the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation.

Q. 9. State the formula for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an
axis passing through its centre.

Ans. The MI of a uniform solid sphere of radius R and mass M about an axis passing through
its centre (i.e., about a diameter) is 𝐼𝐶𝑀⬚ = 2⁄5 𝑀𝑅 2

Q.10 State the expression for the moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell
about its diameter hence obtained the expression for moment of inertia about
the tangent.

Ans. The moment of inertia of a thin spherical cell of radius R and mass M about its
diameter is

𝐼𝐶𝑀⬚ = 2⁄5 𝑀𝑅2

Let I be the moment of inertia about a tangent parallel to the diameter. Here ℎ = 𝑅 =
distance between the two axes. Then according to the theorem of parallel axis,

𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶𝑀⬚ + 𝑀ℎ 2

2 5
= 𝑀𝑅2 + 𝑀𝑅 2 = 𝑀𝑅2 ..
3 3
Q.11 A uniform disc and a hollow right circular cone have the same formula of
moment of inertia or rotation about their corresponding central symmetry
axes. Why is it so?

Ans. The moment of inertia for hollow right circular cone about symmetric central symmetry
1
axis is 𝑀𝑅2 , the same as that of a disc about its transverse symmetry axis. This is because
2
the distribution of mass of hollow cone about its central symmetry axis is the same as that
of a disc.

DEFINITIONS: (1marks)
Q.1 Uniform circular motion.

Ans. A particle is said to perform uniform circular motion if it moves in a circle or a circular
arc at constant linear speed or constant angular velocity.

Q.2 Centripetal force

Ans. In the uniform circular motion of a particle, the centripetal force is the force on the
particle which at every instant point radially inward and produces the centripetal
acceleration necessary to make the particle move in its circular path.

Q.3 Centrifugal force.

Ans. In the reference frame of a particle performing circular motion, centrifugal force is
defined as a frictionless, radially outward force on the particle and is equal in magnitude to
the particles move mass times the centripetal acceleration of a reference frame as
measured from an inertial frame of reference.

Q.4 Angle of banking.

Ans. Angle of banking is the angle of inclination of a banked road with the horizontal.

Q.5 Conical pendulum.

Ans. A conical pendulum is a simple pendulum whose bob revolves in a horizontal circle
with constant speed such that the string describes the surface of a right circular cone.

Q.6 Moment of inertia.

Ans. Moment of inertia of a body about a given axis of rotation is defined as the sum of the
products of the masses of the particles of the body and the square of their respective
distance from the exhaust rotation.

Q.7 Radius of gyration.

Ans. The radius of gyration of a body rotating about an axis is defined as the distance
between the axis of rotation and the point at which the mass of the body can be supposed
to be concentrated so as to give them the same moment of inertia as that of the body about
the given access.

Q.8 Angular momentum of a particle.

Ans. The angular momentum of a particle is defined as the moment of the linear
momentum of the particle. If a particle of mass 𝑚 has linear momentum 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗ ,then the
angular momentum of this particle with respect to a point 𝑂 is a vector quantity defined as
⃗𝑙 = 𝑟⃗⃗ × 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗ )where 𝑟⃗⃗ is the position vector of the particle with respect to 𝑂.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚(𝑟⃗⃗ × 𝑣

Short notes: (2marks)

Q.1 State the characteristic of circular motion. (2 marks)

➢ Accelerated motion: As the direction of velocity changes at every instant, it is

accelerated motion.
➢ Periodic motion: During the motion, the particle repeats its path along the same
trajectory. Thus, the motion is periodic.
Q.2 Explain uniform circular motion with the help of an example. (2 marks)

➢ During circular motion, if the speed of the particle remains constant, it is called
uniform circular motion.
➢ In U.C.M., only the direction of its velocity changes at every instant in such a way
that the velocity is always tangential to the path.
➢ It is always directed towards the centre of the circular motion, hence called
centripetal.
𝑣2
➢ For UCM its magnitude is constant and it is 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑟 = = 𝑣𝜔.
𝑟
➢ Example: Circular motion of any particle of fan rotating uniformly.

Q.3 Explain the concept of centripetal force. (2 marks)

➢ The first providing centripetal or radial acceleration is called a centripetal or radial

force. F𝐶𝑃 = −mrω2 .
𝑚𝑣 2
➢ In magnitude F𝐶𝑃 = mrω2 = = 𝑚𝑣𝜔.
𝑟
➢ The direction of this forces along the radius and towards centre.
➢ Example: A stone tired at the end of a string is revolved in a horizontal circle, the
tension in the string provides the necessary centripetal force.

Q.4 Explain the concept of centrifugal force. (2 marks)

 ➢ The force equal in magnitude to the resultant real force but directed opposite away
from the centre is called centrifugal force. F𝐶𝑃 = +mrω2
𝑚𝑣 2
➢ In magnitude, F𝐶𝑃 = mrω2 = = 𝑚𝑣𝜔.
𝑟
➢ It is a pseudo force arising due to centripetal acceleration for the frame of reference.
➢ Example: A bucket full of water is rotated in a vertical circle at a particular speed, so
that the water does not fall. This is because, weight of water is balanced by
centrifugal force acting on it.

Q.5 Explain why a road at a bend should be banked. What is angle of banking?

➢ A car while taking a turn performed circular motion. If the road level the necessary
centripetal force is the force of static friction between the car tyres and the road
surface. The friction depends upon the nature of surface in contact and the presence
of oil and water on the road.
➢ If the friction is inadequate, a speeding car may skid off the road. Since the friction
changes with circumstances, it cannot be relied upon to provide the necessary
centripetal force. Moreover, friction result in fast wear and tear of tyres.
➢ To avoid the risk of skidding as well as to reduce the wear and tear of the car tyres,
the road surface at the bend is tilted inward, that is the outer side of the road is
raised about its inner side. This is called banking of road.
➢ Angle of banking is the angle of inclination of this surface of all banged road at a
bend with horizontal.

Q.6 Do we need a banked road for a two-wheeler? Explain. (2 marks)

➢ When a two-wheeler takes a turn along and unbanked road, the force of friction is
the centripetal force.
➢ The two-wheeler leans inward to counteract a torque that tends to topple it
outward. But, friction cannot be relied upon to provide the necessary centripetal
force on all road conditions.
➢ Secondly, the friction result in wear and tear of the tyres. On a banked road at a
turn, any vehicle can negotiate the turn without depending on friction and without
straining the tyres.

Q.7 Explain the concept of lower limit and upper limit on the turning speed.

➢ If a road is banked at 90°, it imposes a lower limit on the turning speed.

➢ For an unbanked road (banking angle = 00 ), there is an upper limit for the turning
speed.
➢ It means that for any other banking angle (0° < 𝜃 < 90°), the turning speed will have
the upper as well as the lower limit.

Q.8 Define a moment of inertia of a rotating rigid body. State its SI unit and
dimensions.
 ➢ Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined as the sum of
product of the mass of each particle and the square of its perpendicular distance
from the axis of rotation.
➢ SI unit of moment of inertia is 𝑘𝑔𝑚2.
➢ Dimension are [𝐿2 𝑀1 𝑇 0]

EXPLAIN :( 3MARKS)
Q.1 On what factors does the frequency of conical pendulum depends?? Is it
independent of some factor? (3marks)

❖ The frequency of a conical pendulum, of string length 𝐿 and semivertical angleθ is

1 𝑔
➢ 𝑛 = √𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2𝜋

Where is the acceleration due to gravity at the place.

From the above expression, we can see that,

❖ 𝑛 ∝ √𝑔
1
❖ 𝑛 ∝
√𝐿
1
❖ 𝑛 ∝
√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
❖ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑏.

Q.2 Why is it useful to define radius of gyration?

❖ Calculation of moment of inertia is possible only for mathematically integrable

geometrical shapes.
❖ However, experimentally one can determine the moment of inertia of any object.
❖ It depends upon mass of that object and how that mass is distributed from or
around the given axis of rotation.
❖ If one is interested in knowing only the mass distribution around the axis of
rotation, we can express moment of inertia of any object as 𝐼 = 𝑀𝐾 2 , where 𝑀 is
the mass of that object.
❖ It means that the mass of that object is effectively at a distance K from the given
axis of rotation.
❖ In this case, K is defined as the radius of gyration of the object about the given axis
of rotation.
Q.3 Derive expression for moment of inertia of a ring about an axis passing
through centre and perpendicular to the plane.

❖ An object is called a uniform ring if its mass is (practically) situated uniformly on the
circumference of a circle.
❖ It is a two dimensional object of negligible thickness.

❖ If it is rotating about its own axis (line perpendicular to its plane and passing through
its centre), its entire mass M is practically at a distance equal to its radius R from the
axis.
❖ Hence, the expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of mass 𝑀 and
radius 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2.

Q.4 How is theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes useful?

❖ Expressions of moment of inertia of regular geometrical shapes are about their axis
of symmetry and are derived by integration.
❖ However, every time the axis need not be the axis of symmetry. In simple
transformations it may be parallel or perpendicular to the symmetrical axis.
❖ For example, if a rod is rotated about one of it sends, the axis is parallel to its axis of
symmetry.
❖ If a disc or a ring is rotated about its diameter, the axis is perpendicular to the central
axis.
❖ In such cases, simple transformations are possible in the expressions of moment of
inertia. These are called theorem of parallel axes and theorem of perpendicular axes.

Q.5 Explain Well of death:

❖
❖
❖ Consider the well in which object or bike rider are performing horizontal circular
motion.
❖ Let point P be the arc object
❖ The weight of point P is vertically downward of the well.
❖ The static friction is acting towards the centre. The normal reaction is balanced by
the centripetal force.
❖ ∴ we can write, from the figure,

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔 ……………………….(1)

𝑚𝑣 2
𝑁= …………………………(2)
𝑟

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)

∴ 𝑁𝜇𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (2)

𝑚𝑣 2
∴ 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑟

∴ 𝜇𝑠 𝑣 2 = 𝑟𝑔
𝑟𝑔
∴ 𝑣2 = 𝜇𝑠

𝑟𝑔
∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ 𝜇
𝑠
Distinguish between:(2marks)
Q.1 Uniform circular motion and non-uniform circular motion.

Uniform circular motion (UCM) Non uniform circular motion

➢ A particle in UCM moves in a ➢ For a particle in non-uniform

circle or circular arc at constant circular motion in a plane, it’s
linear speed and constant angular linear speed and angular speed
velocity. both changes with time.
➢ The tangential and angular ➢ The tangential and angular
accelerations zero. accelerations are non-zero.
➢ The net linear acceleration is ➢ The net linear acceleration, being
centripetal, i.e., radially inward. the resultant of the radial and
➢ The magnitudes of centripetal tangential accelerations, is not
acceleration and the centripetal radial.
force are constant. ➢ The magnitude of the centripetal
acceleration and centripetal force
are not constant.

Q.2 Centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Centripetal force Centrifugal force

➢ Centripetal force is directed along ➢ Centrifugal force is directed along

the radius in towards the centre of the radius away from the centre of a
the circle. circle.
It is a real force. ➢ It is a pseudo force.
➢ It is considered in inertial frame of ➢ It is considered in non-inertial frame
reference. of reference.
➢ In vector form it is given by ➢ In vector form it is given by.
2 2
⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑚𝑣 𝑟̂0
𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑚𝑣 𝑟̂0
𝐹
𝑟 𝑟
With usual notations. With usual notations.
DERIVATONS:
Q.1 Derive an expression for the maximum safe speed for a vehicle
on horizontal curved road.(2014) (3M)
Q.2 Obtain an expression for the optimum or most safe speed with
which vehicle can be driven along a curved banked road.
Q.3 Obtain the expression for the minimum safe speed.(2021)(3M)
Q.4 Obtain expression for maximum safe speed.(2024)(3M)
Q.5 Derive an expression for the frequency of revolution of the bob
of a conical pendulum.(2015)(3M)
Q.6 A small body is tied to string and revolved in a vertical circle of
radius r. Prove that the difference in the string in the tensions in the
string at the highest and the lowest points is 6 times the weight of
the body.
Q.7 State and prove the theorem of parallel axis about moment of
inertia. (4 marks) (2016,2014)
Q.8 state and prove the theorem of perpendicular axes.(2015)(3M)
Q.9 derive the expression for the minimum speeds at different
locations along a vertical circular motion controlled by gravity.
(2019)(3M)
Q.10 derive an expression for the angular momentum of a rotating
rigid body in terms of its angular velocity.(2022)(3M)
Q.11 obtain an expression for the torque acting on a body rotating
with a uniform angular acceleration.(2016,2017) (3m)
Q.12 a rigid body rolls down an inclined plane without slipping.
Derive the expression for (1) the speed after rolling down a certain
vertical distance (2) the acceleration along the plane.(2016) (4M)
Q.13 Derive an expression for conservation of angular
momentum:(2014)(3M)
Pyq’s corner:
Q.1 State and prove the theorem of 'parallel axes'. (Feb. 2014, 2016) 4M

Q.2 Draw a diagram showing all components of forces acting on a vehicle

moving on a curved banked road. Write the necessary equation for maximum
(2023)3M

Q.3 State the theorem of parallel axes and theorem of perpendicular axes

Q.4 What is the value of tangential acceleration in U.C.M.? (March 2019) (1M]

Q.5 Obtain expressions of energy of a particle at different positions in the

Q.6 Obtain the relation between the magnitude of linear acceleration and
angular acceleration in circular motion. (March 2020) [2M]

Q.7 State and prove the principle of parallel axes in rotational motion. (March
2020) [3M]

Q.8 State the formula for moment of inertia of solid sphere about an axis
passing through its center. (Oct 2021) [1M)

Q.9 Using the energy conservation, derive the expression for minimum
speeds at different locations along a circular motion controlled by gravity.
(Oct. 2021) (4M)|

Q.10 Define moment of inertia of a rotating rigid body, State its Sl Unit and
dimensions. (March 2022) [2M]
Q.11 Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body rotating with a
uniform angular speed. (March 2022) (3M]

THANK YOU