Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CE-330: Fluid Mechanics-II

Lecture 2
Steady Incompressible Flow
in Pressure Conduits

5th Semester (3rd Year)

Civil Engineering
Fall 2021

Lecturer: Alamgir Khalil

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Chapter 8

Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits

Book: Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications
(10th Edition)
By
Joseph B. Franzini
E. John Finnemore

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Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

▪ discuss the main properties of laminar and turbulent pipe flow and
appreciate their differences.
▪ identify and understand various characteristics of the flow in
pipes.
▪ calculate losses in straight portions of pipes as well as those in
various pipe system components.
▪ apply appropriate equations and principles to analyze a variety of
pipe flow situations.
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Pipe Flow vs Open Channel Flow

The difference between pipe flow and open channel flow is in the fundamental
mechanism that drives the flow.

𝑃2 ≠ 𝑃1

𝑃1 = 𝑃2

For Pipe flow, gravity may be important For open channel flow, gravity
the pipe need not to be horizontal, but alone is the driving force – the
the main driving force is likely to be a water flows down a hill.
pressure gradient along the pipe. If the
pipe is not full it is not possible to
maintain this pressure deference, 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 .

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Pipe Flow vs Open Channel Flow (cont.)

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Comparison of Pipe Flow with Open Channel Flow

Aspect Pipe Flow Open Channel Flow

Cause of Pipes run full and flow takes Gravity force (provided by sloping
Flow place under hydraulic pressure bottom)
Cross- Pipes are generally round in Open channels may have any
sectional cross-section which is uniform in shape, e.g. rectangular, triangular,
shape length trapezoidal, parabolic or circular
Surface
Varies with type of pipe material Varies with depth of flow
roughness
Piezometric (z+p/γ) where p is the pressure (z+h) where h is the depth of flow
head in pipe in open channel
The velocity distribution is Maximum velocity occurs at a little
symmetrical about the pipe axis. distance below the water surface.
Velocity
Maximum velocity occurs at the The shape of velocity profile is
distribution
pipe center and velocity at pipe dependent on the channel
walls reduced to zero. roughness.

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Pipe Flow Applications

View of a Stunning Example in CE Practices

A large slurry pipe. (Copyright Terry Vine/CORBIS)

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited

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Pipe Flow Applications (cont.)

Internal flows through pipes, elbows, tees,

valves, etc., as in this oil refinery, are found in
nearly every industry.
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Some of the basic components of a typical pipe system

• Pipes
• Pipes fittings
• Flowrate control devices
(valves)
• Pumps or turbines

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Pipe Flow Applications in Practice

✓ The hot and cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through
pipes.
✓ Water in a city is distributed by extensive piping networks.
✓ Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles by large
pipelines.
✓ Blood is carried throughout our bodies by arteries and veins.
✓ The cooling water in an engine is transported by hoses to the pipes in
the radiator where it is cooled as it flows.
✓ Thermal energy in a hydronic space heating system is transferred to
the circulating water in the boiler, and then it is transported to the
desired locations through pipes.

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

The flow of a fluid in a pipe may be laminar flow or it may be turbulent flow.

Osborne Reynolds, a British scientist and mathematician, was the first to

distinguish the difference between these two classifications of flow by using a
simple apparatus.

Reynolds’ dye experiment

Reynolds
(1842-1912)

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow (cont.)

Experiment to illustrate type of flow Typical dye streaks

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow (cont.)

Time dependence of fluid velocity at a point

For laminar flow in a pipe there is only one component of velocity, 𝑉 = 𝑢መi
For turbulent flow the predominant component of velocity is also along
the pipe, but it is unsteady (random) and accompanied by random
components normal to the pipe axis, 𝑉 = 𝑢መi + 𝑣jመ + 𝑤k
෡
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow (cont.)

In the transitional flow, the

flow switches between
laminar and turbulent
seemingly randomly.

Laminar and turbulent The behavior of colored fluid

flow regimes of candle injected into the flow in laminar
smoke. and turbulent flows in a pipe.
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Laminar Flow: A flow in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the paths of
individual particles do not cross each other is known as laminar flow or streamline flow or
viscous flow.

Characteristics
✓ R < 2000 where R is Reynold’s Number
✓ Low velocity
✓ Dye injected into the flow does not mix with it.
✓ Fluid particles move in straight lines
✓ Simple mathematical analysis possible
✓ Rare in practice in water systems

Turbulent Flow: A flow in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path and the
paths of individual particles cross each other is known as turbulent flow.

Characteristics
✓ R > 4000
✓ High velocity
✓ Dye injected into the flow mixes rapidly and completely.
✓ Fluid particles paths completely irregular
✓ Mathematical analysis very difficult
✓ Most common type of flow in water systems
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Reynolds Number: It is the ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces.

Velocity
Inertia Force Fi Mass . Accelaration Mass .
R or Re or NR = = = = Time
Viscous Force Fv Shear Stress . Area Shear Stress . Area

V𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜌. . 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌𝑄. 𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉. 𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉. 𝑉 𝜌𝑉𝐿
= Time = = = =
Shear Stress . Area τ . A 𝜇 𝑑𝑢 .A 𝑉
𝜇 .A 𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝐿

𝜌VL VL Where V is the average velocity of flow in pipe,

R or Re or NR = = 𝜈 is kinematic viscosity, ρ is density, 𝜇 is dynamic
μ ν viscosity, L is characteristic/representative linear
dimension of pipe.

For Circular Pipes: L=D 𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷

R or Re or NR = =
𝜇 𝜈

For Non-Circular Pipes: 𝜌𝑉(4𝑅ℎ )

R or Re or NR = Where 𝑅ℎ is the hydraulic
𝜇 radius
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Critical Reynolds Number (Rcrit)

The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called the
critical Reynolds number.

For flow in straight pipes of uniform diameter and usual roughness, Rcrit = 2000

For general engineering Laminar Flow: R < 2000

purposes, the flow in a circular Transitional Flow: 2000 < R < 4000
pipe is:
Turbulent Flow: R > 4000
What streamline looks like in deferent types of flows

R ~2000

Diagram of Flow Regimes in Pipe Flow

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Hydraulic Radius (R h ) It is defined as the area of flow divided by the

wetted perimeter.

Area of flow 𝐴
𝑅ℎ = =
wetted perimeter 𝑃

For Circular Pipes: 𝜋 2

𝐴 𝐷 𝐷
𝑅ℎ = = 4 = D = 4𝑅ℎ
𝑃 𝜋𝐷 4

𝑉𝐷 𝑉(4𝑅ℎ ) By replacing D with 𝑅ℎ , Reynolds number formula can

R= =
𝜈 𝜈 be used for non-circular conduits.

The hydraulic radius is a convenient means for expressing the shape as well as
the size of conduit since, for the same cross-sectional area, the value of 𝑅ℎ will
vary with the shape.

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Hydraulic Diameter (Dh )

For Non-Circular Pipes:

(4𝐴)
𝐷ℎ =
𝑃

For Circular Pipes:

4(𝜋𝐷2 /4)
𝐷ℎ = =𝐷
𝜋𝐷

Wetted perimeter includes only the

walls in contact with the fluid.
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Head Loss in Pipes When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some
resistance due to which some of energy (head) of fluid is lost.

Total Head Loss = Major Head Losses (ℎ𝑓 ) + Minor Head Losses (ℎ′ )

𝐿 𝑉2 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 + ෍ ℎ′ ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 + ෍𝑘
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

If the piping system 𝐿 𝑉2

has constant diameter: ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 + σ𝑘 Where k is the loss coefficient
𝐷 2𝑔

Major Head Loss: Minor Head Loss:

Due to Pipe Friction Due to pipe fittings,
bents, valves etc.

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Head Loss in Pipes due to Friction

The head loss due to friction in a given

length of pipe is proportional to mean
velocity of flow (V) as long as the flow in
laminar. i.e.,
ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑓 ∝ 𝑉

But with increasing velocity, as the flow

become turbulent the head loss also varies
and become proportional to 𝑉 𝑛

V
ℎ𝑓 ∝ 𝑉 𝑛
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2 for smooth wall pipe)

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General Equation for Conduit Friction

Consider steady flow in a conduit (of any shape of x–sec) of uniform cross-section
A. The pressures at section 1 & 2 are P1 & P2 respectively. The distance between
the sections is L. For equilibrium in steady flow,

Ʃ F = ma = 0
ℎ𝑓

𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝐿

Force Diagram
+ve
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General Equation for Conduit Friction (cont.)

Applying Bernoulli’s Eqn b/w sec 1 and 2

ℎ𝑓

ℎ𝑓

From Equations (I) and (II);

ℎ𝑓

General Equation valid for Laminar and Turbulent flows and of any shape of uniform x-section.
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Determining Shear Stress

)
Method

Where k is a dimensionless number

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Determining Shear Stress (cont.)

𝜏ഥ0 = 𝑘(𝑅)𝑛−2 𝜌𝑉 2

Setting 𝑘(𝑅)𝑛−2 = 𝐶𝑓 /2 we get,

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Determining Shear Stress (cont.)

Which may be applied to any shape of

ℎ𝑓 smooth-walled x-section. It can also
be applied to rough-walled conduits

ℎ𝑓
D

f (R)

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General Equation for Conduit Friction (cont.)

For a circular pipe flowing full:

𝐿 𝑉2 Pipe-Friction Equation also called

ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 Darcy-Weisbach Equation.
𝐷 2𝑔
The pipe-friction equation expresses the fact that head lost in friction in a given
pipe can be expressed in terms of the velocity head.

Henry Darcy Julius Weisbach

(1803-1858) (1806-1871)
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