Cartesian Coordinate System Cartesian Coordinates of Point

GEOMETRY - Imagine dropping a vertical line from the x-axis to P and

- Geometry comes from two Ancient Greek words: extending a horizontal line from the y-axis to P
- geo - earth - We describe the point P using the ordered pair (2,-4)
- metron - measurements - The first number is called the abscissa or x-coordinate
- Thus, geometry means to measure the Earth - The second is called the ordinate or y-coordinate
- It is the science of the shape and size of things - The ordered pair (2,-4) comprise the Cartesian
- Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with: coordinates of the point P
- Measurements
- Properties
- Relationships
-Points, angles, lines, surfaces, solids

Analytic Geometry
- Analytic Geometry is the branch of mathematics that
uses algebraic equations to describe the size and position
of geometric figures. The use of a coordinate system to
relate geometric points to real numbers is the central idea
of analytic geometry
Important Facts About The Cartesian Coordinate Plane
Coordinate System • (a,b) and (c,d) represent the same point in the
- Coordinate system is a system that is used for identifying plane if and only if a = c and b = d
the location of a point on the Earth in which points are • (x,y) lies on the x-axis if and only if y = 0
plotted as an ordered pair (x,y), referred to as the • (x,y) lies on the y-axis if and only if x = 0
coordinates. • The origin is the point (0,0). It is the only point
- There are two types of coordinate systems that are common to both axes
commonly used:
- Cartesian Coordinate System Four Quadrants
- Polar Coordinate System

- The Cartesian coordinate system uses two

perpendicular real number lines called coordinate axes
that intersect at the origin.
- x-axis (the horizontal line)
- y-axis (the vertical line)

One-to-One Correspondence
- To each point P corresponds to an ordered pair of
numbers (x, y) called the coordinates of P
- x is called the abscissa or x-coordinate
- y is called ordinate or y-coordinate
- The relationship between a point and its coordinates is Symmetry
called one-to-one, since each point corresponds to only - Two points (a,b) and (c,d) in the plane are said to be
one set of coordinates - Symmetric about the x-axis if a = c and b = -d
- Symmetric about the y-axis if a = -c and b = d
- Symmetric about the origin if a = -c and b = -d
Cartesian Coordinate Plane
- Two real number lines crossing at a right angle at 0 - P and S are symmetric about the x-axis, as are Q and R
- The horizontal number line is usually called the x-axis - P and Q are symmetric about the y-axis, as are R and S
- The vertical number line is usually called the y-axis - P and R are symmetric about the origin, as are Q and S
Reflections Ellipse
- To reflect a point (x,y) about the: - An ellipse is formed when an inclined plane intersects
- x-axis replace y with –y and cuts through a right cylindrical cone.
- y-axis replace x with –x
- origin replace x with -x and y with -y

Distance in Plane

Circle
- A circle is formed by cutting a circular cone with a plane
perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the cone.

Midpoint Formula

Hyperbola
- A hyperbola is formed when a plane intersects and cuts
through both halves of the right cylindrical cone surface.

Episode 2: Illustrating the Different Types of Conic

Sections: Parabola, Ellipse, Circle, Hyperbola, and
Degenerate Cases

Conic Sections - are the curves formed when a plane Degenerate Conic Sections
intersects a right cylindrical cone.
• Parabola - Degenerate conic sections are formed when the
• Circle intersecting plane cuts through the vertex of the right
• Ellipse cylindrical cone.
• Hyperbola
Point
- A point is formed when the plane intersects the right
Parabola
cylindrical cone through its vertex only.
- A parabola is the curve formed by the intersection of a
plane and a cone, when the plane is at the same slant as
the side of the cone.
Line
- A single line is formed when the plane intersects the
vertex and is tangent to a cone.

Two Intersecting Line

- Two intersecting lines are formed when the plane
intersects through the vertex and cuts through the right
cylindrical cone.
Radius
- A radius is the distance from the center to any point in
the circle.

DEFINING A CIRCLE

- A circle is the set of all points (x,y) in a plane that are

equidistant from a fixed point (center).
Determining the Standard Form of Equation of a
Circle

Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle with Center

at (h, k)
- Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle with center at the
origin, (0, 0). The length of the radius is r. The distance
from P(x, y) is also equal to r.

Let P(x, y) be any point on the circle, then, by definition,

the distance from (x, y) to (h, k) is equal to the length of
the radius r. Using the distance formula, we have:
- The distance from the center (0, 0) to the point (x, y) is
equal to r and can be expressed using the distance Square both sides and rearrange
formula

- Square both sides and rearrange

The standard form of the equation of a circle with

center at point (h, k) is:
Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle with Center
at the Origin
- The standard form of the equation of a circle with center
at the origin is:
Graphing a Circle in a Rectangular Coordinate
System
- In graphing circles with a center (h, k), we use the
standard form:

where r is the length of the radius of the circle.

For the equations in the form
(x-h)2 + (y − k)2= r2
1. Identify the center (h, k).
2. Determine the length of the radius, r.
3. Plot the center of the circle and using the radius, identify
at least four points on the circle. The easiest points to
identify are the points located at the left, right, above, and
below the center.
4. Using the points identified using the radius, draw a
smooth curve to form the circle.

Plot the graph of

x2 + y2 = 4
The given equation is already in its standard form
x2 + y2 = 4
• center (h, k) is (0,0)
• radius is r = √4 = 2
Summary
Here are the steps in graphing a circle:
1. Rewrite the equation in standard form.
2. Identify the center.
3. Determine the length of the radius, r.
4. Plot the center of the circle and using the radius,
identify at least four points on the circle. The
easiest points to identify are the points located at
the left, right, above, and below the center.
5. Using the points identified using the radius, draw
a smooth curve to form the circle.
(Lesson 1 : Philosophy Overview) Without this work on yourself, life is worthless
according to Socrates:
3 classes of people who attended the Olympic “An unexamined life is not worth living“
games:
1. Lovers of gain PLATO: The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self
2. Lovers of honor
3. Lovers of knowledge or wisdom (philosophers)
~ Pythagoras • According to him man is omniscient or all-
knowing before he came to be born into this
Philosophy world.
• Encourage humanity to seek what is good,
“Philos” – love what is true and what is beautiful in the
“Sophia”– wisdom intellectual realm beyond appearances.
“love of wisdom” • Socrates’ student, basically took off from his
• It is the academic study of anything master and supported the idea that man is a
• It aims to question about our life dual nature of body and soul.
• A process for exploring certain kinds of • Three components of soul: the rational soul,
question the spirited soul, and the appetitive soul.
“Doing philosophy not knowing philosophy” rational soul - thinking element in every human
being, which decided what is
Philosophers factual and merely obvious, judges what is factual
Don’t: and what is untrue, and
• give opinions intelligently makes sensible decisions.
• Speculate appetitive soul - the one that is accountable for
• Talk aimlessly the desires in people. It is accountable for the
Do: effortless cravings required to stay alive like
• Use logical analysis hunger, thirst, and for pointless cravings like desire
• Investigate questions to over feed.
“Making arguments is what doing philosophy is all
about.” spirited soul - produces the desires that love
victory and honor. In the just soul, the spirit acts as
Philosophy an implementer of the rational
is not your usual field of study. soul, making sure that the rules of reason are
all we need are questions and brain. adhered to.

“The goal of philosophy is for us to use our brain to St. Augustine

come up with the answers that make the most • He agreed that man is of a bifurcated
sense to us.” nature.
• An aspect of man dwells in the world and is
imperfect and continuously yearns to be
with the Divine and the other is capable of
reaching immortality.
The body is bound to die on earth and the
soul is to anticipate living eternally in a
realm of spiritual bliss in communion with
Philosophers
God.
SOCRATES: Know Yourself
• Greek philosopher from the Classical
period. Thomas Aquinas
• Summa theologica
• Interested in establishing how the world
• Man is composed of two parts: matter and
works.
• Was more concerned with how people
form.
• Matter – “man’s body”
should behave
• Form or morphe – “essence of a substance
• the first major philosopher of Ethics.
Every man is composed of body and or thing”
soul.(dualistic) “the soul is what animates the body; it is what
makes us human.”
He was the foremost classical proponent variety of experience and exposure. He further
of natural theology at the the peak of Scholasticism contended that there is a correlation between
in Europe, and the founder of the Thomistic school experience and rationality. You cannot have one
of philosophy and theology. without the other

Rene Descartes Gilbert Ryle

• “I think. Therefore I am” • The main concept of Gilbert Ryle is that there is a
relationship between the body and the mind.
• Father of Modern Philosophy
• Conversely, the body affects the mind and the
• Conceived of the human person as having a
mind affects the body. There is a body and mind
body and a mind
dualism
• He thought that the only thing that one cannot
• Thus, the self is affected by the mind and by the
doubt is the existence of the self
body. The self is a combination of the mind and
• He his famous, “cogito ergo sum”, “I think
the body
therefore, I am”
• For him, what truly matters is the behavior that a
person manifest in his day-to-day life
• He suggests that the “self” is not an entity one
David Hume can locate and analyze but simply the
• “The self is the Bundle Theory of Mind” convenient name that people use to refer all
• A Scottish philosopher the behaviors that people make
• He argues that the self is nothing else but a
bundle of impressions Merleau-Ponty
• Thus, what are impressions? • The main articulation of the self-philosophy of
• If one tries to examine his experiences, he finds Merleau-Ponty is existentialism
that they can all be categorized into two: • He is also a proponent of descriptive psychology,
impressions and ideas. this by extension - places the current
Impressions interpretation of reality dependent on the
- The basic objects of our experience or sensation. (ex. perception, consciousness and appreciation of an
When one touches an ice cube, the cold sensation is an individual.
impression)
• Very briefly, existentialism is predicated on the
Ideas
premise that man gives meaning to his own life.
- Considered to be the copies of expressions. (ex. When
Happiness and sadness are dependent on the
one imagines the feeling of being in love for the first time,
individual and his perception of his own reality.
that is an idea)
Consciousness and perception are related to one
another

• What is the self then? According to Hume, John Locke

“a bundle or collection of different • Personal Identity
perceptions, which succeed each other with • He is considered to be the father of liberalism.
an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a • According to him, personal identity is a matter of
perpetual flux and movement.” psychological continuity. P.I. is founded on
consciousness(memory), and not on the
Immanuel Kant: Respect for Self substance of either the soul or the body.
Respect for Self • The other remarkable contribution of this
• Man is the only creature who governs and directs country's lawyer was the notion of “tabula rasa”.
himself and his actions, who sets up ends for • This concept posits that everyone started as a
himself and his purpose, and who freely orders blank slate, and the content is provided by
means for the attainment of his aims experiences and by what one could prove, as
• Every man is thus an end in himself and should collected by life experiences.
never be treated merely as a means as per the • Personality identity is the concept about oneself
order of the Creator and the natural order of that evolves over the course of an individual’s life
things
• This rule is a plain dictum of reason and justice: Sigmund Freud
“Respect others as you would respect • The main contribution of Sigmund Freud in the
yourself.” field of studying the self is his theory of
• His most notable contribution for philosophy is his psychoanalysis. In its simplest form,
authorship of the book entitled “Critique of Pure psychoanalysis is about studying man via his
Reason” unconscious mind and his unconscious mind is
• In this book, he posited the idea that there is a principally predicated on sex
connection between reason and experience. In
order to have solid rationality, one must have a
 • According to the theory of psychoanalysis, every 2. Non-material culture- inclusive of intangible
individual is composed of the superego, ego and human creations that include beliefs, values and
the id. It is the main function of the superego and norms.
the ego to regulate and control the id. - May or may not change depending on the
- superego (conscience) influence of outside factors in the society and
- ego (reality)
- Id (internal desires)
changes that societal values go through.
- It helps shape our perspective of the society,
ourselves, and even of the material world.
THE SELF AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
On the process of change:
In a nutshell…
- Fully understanding the self requires
comprehending the culture of our
society • Since it is humans who created culture,
- The self, as a social being is greatly humans can also change culture
influenced by one’s culture, and it is • While material culture changes easily,
our culture that fills the core of our nonmaterial culture tends to be more
social self resistant to change
• Thus, our traditional values may affect our
- Culture is “that complex whole which stand on issues concerning changes in our
includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, society
customs, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired as a member of society” – Edward B. Mead’s Development of the Stages of the Self
Tylor, founder of cultural anthropology According to George Herbert Mead, an individual
- Two fields that contribute to our understanding of sees themselves as the focus of everything, until
our social context: such time that the self emerges because of the
Anthropology and Sociology influence of those who play a prominent role in their
self-development
Anthropology is the inclusive study of the human
race, its culture and society, and its physical
development. (Heacock 2009)

As we grown up, we adjust ourselves and our

culture to where it could be beneficial to us.

Sociology the scientific study of human life, social

groups, whole societies and human world whose
subject matter is our own behavior as social beings
in relationship with many other people. (Giddens, A.
& Sutton, P W., 2016)

Culture, then, is the meeting point of anthropology

and sociology in our self-understanding, how we
see ourselves, in light of the diverse cultural
influences that we have been exposed to.

Two Aspects of Culture

Components of culture
1. Material culture- consist of human technology,
all things people make and use. The goods we buy,
and the products we use, are also example of
physical aspect of cultures.
- It changes overtime
The Self as a Product of the Modern World

I. The Self from Various Perspectives

Lesson 3 : The Self as Cognitive Construct

Self

"self" is "the sense of personal identity and of who

we are as individuals." (Jhangiani & Tarry, 2014)
• William James (1890) was one of the earliest
psychologists to study the self and conceptualized SELF
the self as having two aspects --- the "I" and the Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of
"me." self-schema or our organized system or collection
• The "I" is the thinking, acting, and feeling self. of knowledge about who we are.
• The "me" on the other hand, is the physical Schema - may also include your interests, work,
characteristics as well as psychological capabilities course, age, name, and physical characteristics,
makes you who you are. among others.

Carl Rogers' (1959) theory of personality also used Note: Current researches point to the frontal lobe
the same terms, the "I" as the one who acts and of the brain as the specific area in the brain
decides while the "me" is what you think or feel associated with the processes concerning the self.
about yourself as an object. - emotional control center
- home to personality and decision making
Other concepts similar to self are identity and self-
concept. 1. problem solving 2. Movement
Identity is composed of personal characteristics, 3. social interaction
social roles, and responsibilities, as well as
affiliations that define who one is.
Self-concept is what basically comes to your mind Self in Social Interaction
when you are asked about who you are. •Social interaction always has a part to play in who
- is an organized, consistent set of perceptions of we think we are.
and beliefs about oneself. These perceptions and •This is not nature vs. Nurture but instead a nature-
beliefs that comprise our self-concept are called and-nurture perspective.
self-schemas •Under the theory of symbolic interactionism, G. H.
Mead argued that the self is created and developed
Self-schemas are formed by numerous factors that through human interaction.
we may be aware or unaware of, some of which • Social interaction and group affiliation, therefore,
are: are vital factors in creating our social identity or our
perception of who we are based on our
1. Past experiences
membership to certain groups.
2. Personality traits
• It is also inevitable that we can have several
3. Abilities
social identities, that those identities can overlap,
4. Physical features
and that we automatically play the roles as we
5. Values
interact with out groups.
6. Goals
7. Social roles Example: you are a student who is also part of a
8. Own observations certain group of friends. You study because it is
9. Feedback from others your role as a student but you prefer to study with
your friends and your study pattern changes when
you are with your friends that when you do it alone.

SELF-AWARENESS
- There are times, however, when we are aware of
our self-concepts; this is also called self-
awareness.
- It is taking care of our psychological self our own positive or negative perception or
- Carver and Scheier (1981) identified two types of evaluation of ourselves.
self that we can be aware of:
1. The private self - internal standard and private SOCIAL COMPASSION THEORY
thoughts and feelings,
2. The public self- your public image commonly According to this theory, we learn about ourselves,
geared toward having a good presentation of the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as
yourself to others. social status by comparing aspects of ourselves
- Self-awareness also presents us with at least with other people.
three other self-schema:
1. The actual self - is who you are at the moment 1. Downward social comparison
2. Ideal self - is who you like to be 2. Upward social comparison
3. Ought self - is who you think you should be
1. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON (DSC) –
• When we feel good about ourselves, it is said is the more common type of comparing ourselves
that there is congruence or alignment or there is a with others. We create a positive self-concept by
small gap between our real self and ideal self comparing ourselves with those who are worse off
than us. (by having advantage, we can raise our
•This gives us confidence, satisfaction, and a sense self-esteem)
of self- actualization or fulfilment leading to a high 2. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON (USC) –
self-esteem which is comparing ourselves with those who are
better off than us. (it can be a form of motivation or
• However, when we are disappointed or others felt lower self-esteem)
frustrated about ourselves, it is said that there is
incongruence or misalignment or disparity or a • Social comparison also entails what is called self-
huge gap between our real and ideal self. evaluation maintenance theory - which states
that we can feel threatened when someone out-
• This results to us being distressed, anxious, performs us, especially when that person is close to
leading to a low self-esteem or self-worth and be us.
defensive in our actions • In this case, we usually react in three ways:
1. We distance ourselves from that person or
• In cases where in the gap between the real and redefine our relationship with them.
ideal self is immense, this may cause instability to 2. We may also reconsider the importance of the
one's psychological well-being aspect or skill in which you were outperformed.
3. We may also strengthen our resolve to improve
• This gap causes anxiety, and to deal with it, we that certain aspect of ourselves.
use two defenses: denial and perceptual distortion

• The process of defense...consists of the selective SELF-ESTEEM

perception or distortion of the experience and/or the • It refers to one's overall assessment of one's
denial to awareness of the experience or some worth as a person
portion thereof..." • In the attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem,
some person become narcissistic.
• It may be positive or negative depending on the • Narcissism is a "trait characterized by overly high
circumstance and our next course of action. self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-
centeredness."
• Self-awareness can be too much concerned • People with high self-esteem are commonly
about being observed and criticized by others, also described as outgoing, adventurous, and adaptable
known as self-consciousness. in a lot of situations.
• They also succeed more, have better
• At a large crowds - we may experience
relationships, and are happier compared to those
deindividuation or "the loss of individual self-
with low self- esteem
awareness and individual accountability in groups."

• Our group identity and self-awareness also has a Narcissistic are often charismatic because of how
great impact on our self-esteem. It is defined as they take care of their image. Taking care of that
image includes interpersonal relationships, thus
they will try to look for better partners, better
acquaintances, as well as people who will
appreciate them a lot. This makes them a bad
romantic partner or friend since they engage in
relationships only to serve themselves.

SELF-ESTEEM- ONE’S OVERALL

ASSESSMENT OF ONE’S WORTH AS A
PERSON
- People with high self-esteem are commonly
described as outgoing, adventurous, and adaptable
in a lot of situations.
- Initiate activities and building relationship
with people.
- People with negative self-esteem are likely feel
threatened by people they view as superior.

Worth Knowing...
• "Most of the damage to our self-esteem is self-
inflicted. Unfortunately, we often respond to
rejections and failures by becoming self-critical,
listing all our faults and shortcomings, calling
ourselves by names, and basically kicking
ourselves when we're already down."
• "we then use ridiculous justification to justify
damaging our self- esteem when it is already
hurting - I deserve it, I will keep me humble, it's a
way to keep my expectations low, or it's true; I hate
myself"
• "if there one program we could all start that would
do wonders for our self esteem, it's abolishing
needless self-criticisms and punitive self-talk and
that program is free