STRESS ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3: BASIC EQUATIONS AND PLANE ELASTICITY THEORY
INTRODUCTORY THEORY
EMPHASIS ON BOUNDARY CONDITION
SOLVING A GIVEN PROBLEM
To solve these equations, solution can be obtained if the following are defined:
i) The geometry of the body
ii) The boundary conditions
iii) The body force-field as a function of position
iv) The elastic constants (Poisson ratio, etc)
TYPES OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
𝑤
A sleeve of a shaft, often referred to as a shaft sleeve, is a hollow
metal tube mounted over a shaft to protect it from corrosion.
Type 1 Displacement in x-y-z direction
Uniform normal and shearing stress
Type 2 throughout the surface
Type 3 Combination of 1 and 2
Type 4 Combination of 1,2 and 3
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS 1 TO 6
UNKNOWN QUANTITIES
These unknown quantities must be known to solve any problem:
1. Six Cartesian Components of Stress (𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) (The other components are repeating and
redundant)
2. Six Cartesian Components of Strain (Likewise)
3. Three Cartesian coordinates of displacement
For this, we need:
a) Stress equations for equilibrium
b) Strain-displacement relations
c) Stress-strain expressions
STRESS EQUATIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM (REVISION)
Let’s say Equations 1.
STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS (REVISION)
Let’s say Equations 2.
STRESS-STRAIN EXPRESSIONS (REVISION)
Let’s say Equations 3.
STRESS-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS:
COMBINATION OF EQUATIONS 2 AND 3
Combining the Equations 2 (Stress-Displacement Relations) and Equations 3 (Stress-Strain Relations), we get:
Let’s say Equations 4.
DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM:
COMBINATION OF EQUATIONS 1 AND 4
Combining the Equations 1 (Stress-Equilibrium Equations) and Equations 4 (Stress Displacement Equations), we get:
Let’s say Equations 5.
COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS
Let’s say Equations 6.
PLANE BODY
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EQUATIONS
PLANE BODY
By definition, a plane body is characterized by:
Geometric Restrictions:
1. A region of uniform thickness 𝒕
2. Bounded by two parallel planes
3. Bounded by any closed lateral surface 𝑩𝑳 .
Load Restrictions:
1. Body forces in the z-direction must
be zero.
2. Body forces should not change
along the thickness i.e 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦
and 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦).
3. The surface tractions or loads (𝑇𝑥 or
𝑇𝑦 ) on the lateral boundary 𝐵𝐿 must
be uniformly distributed along the
thickness.
4. No load (𝑇𝑛 ) on the parallel planes
bounding the top and bottom surface.
PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM
A plane body consists of a region of uniform thickness bounded by two parallel planes. According to geometry,
1. If the thickness ‘t’ is small as compared to dimensions in parallel planes, the problem is classified as plane stress
problem.
2. If the thickness is large compared to the dimensions in the parallel planes, the problem is classified as plane strain
problem.
PLANE-STRAIN PROBLEM
For plane strain problem, it is assumed that strains in the body are plane i.e the strains in the x and y
directions are functions of x and y alone. The strains in z directions are equal to zero. We have:
Using Equations 3 (Stress-Strain transformation equations) where 𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 0.
σ𝑧𝑧 = ν(σ𝑥𝑥 + σ𝑦𝑦 )
For the equations of 𝜀𝑥𝑥 and 𝜀𝑦𝑦 ,
PLANE STRESS PROBLEM
For the plane stress-equation, the assumptions are as follows:
Due to this, the stress-strain transformation equations becomes:
Using Equations 6 (Compatibility Equations),
Using the assumptions, Equations 1 (Stress-Equilibrium Equations) become:
Differentiating these equations, we get:
Adding these two, we get:
Note that we derived an equation that is marked with the red symbol, we put this equation in that equation to get:
Finally, we get:
The equation can be rewritten as:
AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION
CARTESIAN COORDINATES
BASIC DERIVATION
Note that we have already obtained:
To make solution easier, we introduce another function called Airy’s stress function denoted by ϕ. It is defined as:
Equation 7
For plane problems:
But if the force intensities are zero or constant such as those in gravitational field, the equation is reduced and we get:
Equation 8
This equation can be written as:
AIRY STRESS FUNCTIONS CARTESIAN POLYNOMIALS
To obtain solution for various polynomials of Airy’s function, we need to verify the following:
1. The definition of the Airy’s stress function in Equation 7 is utilized.
2. The biharmonic equation in Equation 8 is satisfied.
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM
LOADING CONDITIONS
IMPORTANT RULES
1. The bending moment and, consequentially the normal stress in the x-direction σ𝑥𝑥 , is maximum at 𝑥 = 0 and decreases with a
change in x in either negative or positive direction. This is due to the fact that the force 𝑅 acts at both ends. This change at
both ends require an even function because if σ𝑥𝑥 is symmetric about y-axis (which, according to mathematics, is a property
of even functions), this stress will be an even function. It can be described as:
σ𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥, −𝑦
This implies that all non-even powers of x will by neglected.
ℎ
2. Now, note that the normal stress in the y-direction σ𝑦𝑦 has a maximum value at 𝑦 = + 2 where the uniform load of 𝑞 is
ℎ
applied. There is no such load on 𝑦 = − 2 where the σ𝑦𝑦 is going to have a minimum value. There is no symmetry with respect
to x-axis here and the function becomes:
σ𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≠ 𝑓 −𝑥, −𝑦
This implies that all non-odd powers of y will be neglected.
3. The solution of the first order polynomial indicated that:
σ𝑥𝑥 = σ𝑦𝑦 = τ𝑥𝑦 = 0
We know this isn’t the case here since these stresses can be clearly observed in the defined problem. So, we will have to rule
out the first degree polynomial.
4. We also see that σ𝑦𝑦 is uniformly distributed over the surface and is not a function of 𝑥. Therefore, all values of 𝑥 that have a
power greater than 2 would be discarded since after using the formula:
𝜕2ϕ
= σ𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2
We will observe that x has become a function of σ𝑦𝑦 . For example, a3 𝑥 3 will become 6𝑎3 𝑥 which is undesirable.
SOLUTION
After applying the rules and using the polynomials from second-order to fifth order, we get:
ϕ = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏3 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑑3 𝑦 3 + 𝑑5 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑓5 𝑦 5
This function must satisfy this equation:
𝜕 4ϕ 𝜕 4ϕ 𝜕 4ϕ
𝛻4ϕ = 0 ⟹ + + =0
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 4
When solving this, we get:
1
𝑓5 = − 𝑑5
5
We get:
1
ϕ = 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑏3 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑑3 𝑦3 + 𝑑5 𝑥2𝑦3 − 𝑑5 𝑦 5
5
Using Equation 7, we get:
Now, by using the boundary conditions, we get:
Putting these values and finding the answers, we get:
AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION
POLAR COORDINATES
FUNDAMENTAL EXPRESSIONS FOR POLAR COORDINATES
Stress-Strain Transformation Expressions
(Plane Stress)
Stress-Strain Transformation Expressions
(Plane Strain)
Stress-Equilibrium Expressions
(Radial and Tangential)
Polar-Cartesian Stress-Relation Expression
Basic Trigonometric Relations
BASIC EQUATIONS
Equation 9 (Compare this to Equation 7)
Equation 10 (Compare this to Equation 8)
FORMS OF AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTIONS
FOUR STRESS FUNCTIONS
Solution:
Using stress-displacement equations for polar coordinates:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
LOADING CONDITIONS
RULES
1. The boundary conditions tell us that they are independent of θ. Out of the four stress functions, the only stress
function that’s independent of θ is ϕ(0) .
2. From symmetry considerations, the displacements 𝑢𝑟 and 𝑢θ must also be independent of θ.
SOLUTION
For the stress function ϕ0 , we have:
We know that 𝑢θ must be independent of θ. This is only possible if 𝑑𝑜 = 0. Otherwise, it will depend on θ as
the equation shows.
Discarding 𝑑𝑜 , we are left with:
Using the loading conditions,
We get:
Putting the values of coefficients, the final solution which we get is:
Note that the terms 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 and 𝛼3 are associated with rigid-body displacements which is not our case and are, therefore,
discarded.
