TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

1. NOMINATION
- This is the act of starting the conversation
- You may start of with making inquiries, giving compliment, asking for
opinion or offering help

2. RESTRICTION
- Limitation to the topic to be discussed to meet the allotted time
- Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker
- Used when responses need to be within the set of categories or instructions

3. TURN-TAKING
- It pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational
floor
- Allows all participants in the conversation a chance to speak
- You can use this strategy to avoid taking over the whole conversation

4. TOPIC CONTROL
- To ensure that the conversation will not get away from what has been planned
- Used when there is a need to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions
- Makes the conversation to stay focused on the topic throughout the discussion
and keeps the development of the topic going by asking questions

5. TOPIC SHIFTING
- Involves moving from one topic to another
- Used to change the topic to a new one which helps communication keep going

6. REPAIR
- Fixing the problem that arouse by answering all the questions
- Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction
- We can employ this strategy whenever we encounter problems in
communication to prevent a break down

7. TERMINATION
- The last part of the process where the conversation is successfully ended
- Is used to end an interaction or close a topic
- Most of the time, the topic initiator takes the responsibility to signal the end of
the discussion as well
FACTORS AFFECTED WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE OR SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE,
SPEECH ACT, AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

1. LANGUAGE FORM
- Refers to the formality or informality of the language used
- Involves the choice of words and how sentences or utterances are structured
- FORMAL LANGUAGE: used when talking with professionals or persons in
authority
- INFORMAL LANGUAGE: used without much consideration to rules of
conversation or etiquette

2. DURATION OF INTERACTION
- Refers to the amount of time a conversation takes between and among
communicators

3. RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER

- Refers to the speech style used by the speaker suited to its relationship to the
person with whom its communicating
- Styles can be classified as; intimate, frozen, consultative, casual, or formal

4. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SPEAKER

- Refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker which will depend on the
purpose and context of communication
- His responsibility depends on his purpose for communication which may be
to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

5. MESSAGE
- Involves the content of the message
- The message may be facts, opinion, feelings, order, suggestions, and
questions

6. DELIVERY
- Refers to the manner of delivery involving verbal and non-verbal cues made
by the speaker
- Can be classified as
- Extemporaneous: speaking with limited preparation and guided by notes
- Impromptu: speaking without advanced preparation
- Memorized: planned and rehearsed speech
- Manuscript: reading aloud a written message
 Communicative Competence
SPEECH CONTEXT The type of audience, circumstances, and setting are taken into consideration

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- Is a communication with oneself
- Basic form of communication where the “self” is the only consideration

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- Is sharing your experiences with a friend or discussing a topic within a group
- Involves the transmission of messages that is extended to others

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
- Address a large number of people

SPEECH STYLE Each style dictates the appropriate language or vocabulary to use
INTIMATE COMMUNICATION
- This happens between and among family members because they are bound
by close affinity
- This may be private or confidential

CASUAL COMMUNICATION
- Friend and acquaintances often use this communication

CONSULTATIVE COMMUNICATION
- This means of communication is giving pieces of advice who needs it

FORMAL COMMUNICATION
- This type of communication is well-planned in terms of structure, sequence, and
coherence of ideas

FROZEN COMMUNICATION
- This type of communication is set, and it is very rarely or almost never altered
- This involved activities which are not changeable in nature
- Example:
- The Preamble of the Constitution
- School Creeds
- Marriage Ceremonies
- National Pledge
- National Anthem
SPEECH ACT Refers not only to the utterance (Locutionary act) but also to the intention
(Illocutionary act) and response (Perlocutionary Act) to a specific situation for an intended
discourse impact.

LOCUTIONARY ACT
- The actual saying of words or the utterance of “may i use your pen?”

ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- The implied request of “can you hand me your pen so i may use it”

PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
- The actual of handing over of the pen as permitted or given by the owner of the pen

NOTE: (google)
A locutionary speech act is an utterance in the form of a statement.

Illocutionary is an utterance in which there is information that the speaker wants

to convey.

Perlocutionary speech is a speech that has an effect or influence on the listener or

the interlocutor.

TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY

STEPHEN LUCAS (2011) - author of “The Art of Public Speaking”
- A good delivery means that you are capable and able to present your message in a
clear, coherent, and interesting way

DELIVERY
- actual presentation of the speech
- consist of vocal and physical elements

ARTICULATION
- The clarity and enunciation of your voice
- The action of producing a sound or word clearly
MODULATION
- The variation in the strength, tone, or pitch of one's tone

STAGE PRESENCE
- The speaker's ability to get and secure the audience’s interest in listening in her
through her presentation style

FACIAL EXPRESSION
- Sets the emotional tone for a speech
- Which reflects the speaker's moods and personality traits

GESTURE
- Arm and hand movements
- The speaker must use emphatic and descriptive gestures

MOVEMENT
- Movement of the whole body instead of just gesturing with hands, is appropriate in a
speech

RAPPORT
- A slice and harmonious relationship in which people or groups concerned are
“in sync” with each other, understand each others feelings or ideas, and
communicate smoothly

example:
- dressing and prepping suitably for the event
- demonstrating in your opening statements that you know whom you are talking to because
you have done your homework
- utilizing comprehensive language – “we” instead of “I”
- evading the use of jargon unless everyone understands it
- indicating that you are human also by sharing your story
- being aware of non-verbal communication/body language and using eye contact
- seeming sure, positive, in charge, and understanding of the effect of vocal delivery