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Introduction: Paraphrase the topic
1
2. Overview: Overall = Conclusion
3. Body Paragraphs: Detail
1
Task 1: 20 min: 150 words
. Introduction: Paraphrase the topic
1
2. Overview: the main trends/features [ Overall, …
hen you have two different charts/graphs/etc., you have two Body Paragraph
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options:
Option 1: [the easier one]
. Describe the first chart/graph
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2. Describe the second andcompare it with the firstone
ption 2: [divide the two charts or graphs into 2/3 comparable sections e.g. the
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highest vs. the lowest]
. Comparison 1: e.g. the highest
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2. Comparison 2: e.g. the lowest
he pie charts compare various types of energy generation in France between 1995
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and 2005.
While….
verall, all sources of energy, namely coal, gal, nuclear and other increased except
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petrol. Other sources showed the largest increase.
Demonstrate/depict/
Compare
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Percentage: 100%
The percentage/proportion of …
In 1995,the largest sources of energy in France werecoal and gas at 29.80 % and
29.63 %respectively.Petrolwas the third largest(most common/popular) source of
energy generation at 29.27 percent. The least consumed sources of energy were
Nuclear and other at 6.40 percent and 4.90in order.
In 2005, all sources of energy production increased except petrol. Coal which was still
the most popular source of energy production increased slightly (/by approximately 1
percent) from….to….Similarly/likewise,gas use grewgently/incrementallyfrom
3
to….In contrast, consumption of the third largest type of energy, petroldecreased
…
dramatically (by approximately 10 percent/percentage points)from 29.27% from
1995 to 19. 55% in 2005whilenuclear and other sourcesrose/surged significantly
from…and….to….and …respectively.
4
5
(244 words)
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he pie charts compare the results of the cultural and leisure activities survey of boys and
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girls respectively.
Overall,…
he two pie charts draw the conclusion of a survey of boys' and girls' cultural and leisure
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activities.
verall, equal quantities of both sexes enjoyed listening to music, but a dramatically larger
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number of girls liked reading. There were also many differences in terms of the children's
preferred sports.
urning to the first chart, we can observe that boys prefer playing computer games (34%
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participation rate) than taking other activities. Playing basketball comes as the second most
popular leisure, practiced by almost a third of male children. Basketball is followed by soccer,
which is exercised by 17%. Skateboarding and listening to music are less preferable
activities, chosen by 11% and 10% of boys respectively. Reading, the least popular cultural
activity among boys, represents only two percent.
aking a closer look at the second chart, we can see that girls' most preferred activity is
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dancing, being 27% of the total. In contrast to the boys' preferences, reading is chosen by
more than a fifth of all girls. Although percentage of female children who play computer
games is roughly twice less than that of boys (16%), this activity is third most popular on
the girls' chart. With a slight difference between computer games and netball, the latter is
practiced at 15% rate. Similar to skateboarding popularity among boys, 11% of girls go in
for gymnastics. Listening to music comes as the least popular leisure activity, with a
proportionof 10%, equal to those on the first chart.
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he bar chartillustratesthe time spent by UK residentson three different types of
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telephone callsover a period of seven yearsbetween1995and2002.
[Overall,althoughlocal fixed line calls were stillthe most popularin 2002,the gap
between the three categorieshad narrowedconsiderablyover the second half ofthe
period in question.]
ocal fixed line calls were the highestthroughoutthe periodrising from 72 billion
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minutes in 1995to just under90 billion in 1998.Afterpeeking at90 billionthe
following yearthese callsdecearsed/declined tothe1995 figureby2002.
ational and international fixed line callsgrew steadily/consistentlyfromabout 38
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billiontoapproximately 61billion (just over 60 billion)at the end ofthe periodin
question, although the growth slowed over the lasttwo years.
here was a dramatic increasein mobile calls from2,000,000,000 to 46 minutesthis
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risewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1999and2002,during which timethe
use of mobile phonestripled.
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o sum up,althoughlocal fixed line calls were stillthe most popularin 2002,the gap
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between the three categorieshad narrowedconsiderablyover the second half ofthe
period in question.
Overview: the main/general trends: summary
he bar chartcomparesthe duration/length ofthreedifferenttypes/kindsof
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phone calls in the United Kingdomover a period ofseven yearsbetween1995
and2002.
Overall,local and fixed line was the dominant typeof phone calls during the period
hile
w grew dramatically. I can also be seen that
the mobile phones showed the most ….growth/increase/rise.
Grow/increase/rise/ surge/
Significantly, dramatically, drastically, substantially,
About, approximately, nearly, roughly, just under/ below/ over
Trends:
. upward, downward, remain unchanged/the same (fluctuate)
1
2. The highest/most- the lowest/least
3. [the most popular/common- the dominant ]
peak (-ed, -ed), reach (-ed, -ed) a peak
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Local-Fixed line calls were at their highest level (90 billion minutes)in 1999.
Local-Fixed line callsreached a peak of 90 billionminutesin 1999.
Local-Fixed line callspeaked at 90 billion minutesin 1999.
he percentage of children taking dietary supplementswas at its highestlevel in
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April.
Supplement usepeaked atclose to25% in April.
Itreached a peak of25% in April.
= Conclusion
he chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the
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UK, divided into three categories, from 1995 to 2002.
Overall,….
T he bar chart compares and explains what is important andrelated totelephone callsof three categoriesof phone calls
in the UK from 1995 to 2002.
he bar chart illustratesdifferent number of minutesof telephone calls in the United Kingdom, that were
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divided into three categoriesduring 7 yearsbetween1995and2002.
he chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the
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UK, divided into three categories, from 1995 to 2002.
he bar chartcomparesthe duration/length ofthreedifferenttypes/kindsof
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phone calls in the United Kingdomover a period ofseven yearsbetween1995
and2002.
Between ….and
From…to…
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The bar chart shows/ demonstrates/ illustrates/depicts
Compares/
seful introductory expressions:
U
The graph shows / demonstrates/indicates / depicts / illustrates
From the graph it is clear that…
It can be seen from the graph that…
As can be seen from the graph,
As is shown / illustrated by the graph,
Example:The graph shows the percentage of childrenusing supplements in a place
over a year.
seful time expressions:
U
over the next... / for the following... (for the followingtwo months... over the next six
months...)
from ... to / between ... and (fromJunetoAugust...betweenJuneandAugust...)
during (during the first three months...)
Note: Since versus From
From 1999 to 2004 (Both in the past using the simple past tense)
ince 1999 (meaning to present. Using the Present perfect/present perfect
S
continuous tense)
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verall, national and mobile usage of UK telephone calls increased dramatically while local telephone calls
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increased until 1999 and then returned to its 1995 level in 2002.
The chart demonstrates
To show/illustrate/demonstrate/depict/etc.
The most popular/common/dominant
Trends:
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upward
To increase, rise (rose, risen), grow (grew, grown), go up, surge, climb
Soar, rocket,
[gradually, slightly/mildly/gently/…
Moderately/modestly
Significantly/considerably/sharply/dramatically/abruptly/rapidly/drastically/
substantially/…
Downward
To decrease, fall (fell, fallen), drop, go down, decline, diminish, to be reduced
dip
plummet/plunge
[slightly/mildly/gently/…
Moderately/modestly
Significantly/Considerably/Sharply/dramatically/abruptly/rapidly/drastically/substantially/…
Steadily, consistently # erratically (fluctuates)
No change:
Static: unchanged # to fluctuate mildly/rapidly/wildly/erratically
To remain static/unchanged/stable
To stabilize, to plateau
About, nearly, roughly, approximately, just above/under,
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Verb + Adverb:The price of gasincreased gradually/…
Adjective + Noun:There wasagradual increaseinthe price of gas…
There wasagradual(adjective)increase(noun)in…-
Was/were
Is/are
Will be
gradual, slight/mild/gentle/…
Moderate/modest
Significant/considerable/sharp/dramatic/abrupt/rapid/drastic/
substantial/…
Steady, consistent # erratic
Verb + Adverb:The price of gasincreased …by…10%
Adjective + Noun:There wasa 10% increase intheprice of gas…
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The price of gaswill increase graduallyover the next decade.
There will bea gradual increase in the price of gasover the next decade.
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At vs. by vs. to 10%
The prices rose by 10%
Samsung’s share of the smart phone market rose to 30%.
Samsung’s share….remained unchanged at 30%.
Percent vs. Percentage
The percentage of ….Brazilian students in is on the rise./rising
[ The percentage of] The number of the Brazilian students at the ILAC rose by 2%
last year.
Numbers:
The number of students is rising.
A number of students are gathered ….
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r emain (-ed, -ed)
unchanged, steady, stable, constant, fixed/static
rom January to March,the percentage ofchildrenusing supplementsremained
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unchanged/staticat approximately 10%.
At vs. by vs. to 5%
The inflation rate rose from 3% in Januaryto5% inDecember last year.
The inflation rate rose by…2%.last year.
The inflation ratepeaked at6% last year.
Reached a peak of 6%
The prices rose by 10%
Samsung’sshare of the smart phone marketrose to30%.
Samsung’s share….remained unchanged at 30%.
Percent vs. Percentage
The percentage of ….Brazilian students in is on the rise./rising
[ The percentage of] The number of the Brazilian students at the SGIC rose by
2% last year.
Numbers:
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he percentage of children taking dietary supplements wasrelatively stableduring
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the first two months of the year.
During the first two months, supplement useremainedfairly unchanged.
fall (fell, fallen), decrease (-ed, -ed), drop (dropped, dropped), plunge (-ed, -ed),
decline (-ed, -ed)
slight (slightly), steady (steadily), gradual (gradually), gentle (gently), mild (mildly),
slow (slowly), incremental (incrementally)
downward trend
Slight vs. Slightly
gradual vs. gradually
It then fellgraduallyin March.
Gradual:
There wasa slight decreasein the use of dietarysupplements in March.
=
he graph showsa slight decrease inMarch.
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Supplement use experienceda steady decrease inMarch.
Supplement usedecreased slightlyin March.
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fluctuate (-ed, -ed)
wildly # mildly/gently/smoothly
It went up and down widely over the next two months.
It fluctuated for the following two months.
r ise (rose, risen), grow (grew, grown), climb (-ed, -ed), shoot up (shot up, shot up)
dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)
upward trend
here wasa significant increase inthe percentageof children taking dietary
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supplements between June and August.
he percentage of children aking dietary supplements between June and August
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increased significantly.
he periodbetween June and Augustsaw/witnessedadramatic growth inthe use
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of dietary supplements.
Between June and August, the percentage of children taking dietary supplements
shot updramatically.
The greatest risewas from June to August when itroseby22% for two
consecutive monthsfrom June to August.
Brazil has been winning 5 seasons in a row/consecutively.
5 consecutive seasons.
peak (-ed, -ed), reach (-ed, -ed) a peak
he percentage of children taking dietary supplementswas at its highestlevel in
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April.
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upplement usepeaked atclose to25% in April.
S
Itreached a peak of25% in April.
fall (fell, fallen), decrease (-ed, -ed), drop (-ed, -ed)
dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), significant (significantly), rapid (rapidly)
etween August and October,this figuredropped dramaticallyto 11%.
B
From August to October,there was a drop of 14% inthe percentage ofchildren
taking dietary supplements. [ a 14% drop = a drop of 14% = to drop by 14%]
Between August and October,there was a considerablefall inthe percentage of
children using supplements.
This was followed bya sharp drop of 14%over thenext two months.
Supplement useexperienceda dramatic fallbetweenAugust and October.
fall (fell, fallen), decrease (-ed, -ed), drop (dropped, dropped), plunge (-ed, -ed),
decline (-ed, -ed),reach (-ed, -ed) its lowest point
slight (slightly), steady (steadily), gradual (gradually), gentle (gently), slow (slowly)
downward trend
etween October and December, the decrease in the use of dietary supplements
B
wasat a much slower pace thaninthe previous twomonths.
Supplement use continued tofall steadilyover thenext two monthsuntilitreached
its lowest pointin December.
It fellto a low of only 5%in December.
2.Transitivevs.Intransitive
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Tombrokethe window. (Active voice)
To break: to break something (object: break: transitive)
The windowwas broken byTom. (Passive voice)
Igoto school every day. ( go: no object: Intransitive)
Risevs.Raise
The sun…rises…in the east.
If you have a question, please…raise…your hand.
Rise, rose, risen
Raise, raised, raised
To…raise…children
To rise: to go up (intransitive+ no object)
Rise, rose, risen
The sunrisesin the east.
Last year, the price of gas rose by 25%/dramatically.
Last year, there was a 25%/dramatic rise in the price of gas.
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4.Last year, the price of gas rose gradually.
Last year, there was…a gradual rise inthe price ofgas.
5.Last year, the price of gas grew dramatically.
Last year, there was a dramatic growthin the priceof gas.
Last year, the price of gas increased byabout/nearly/roughly,
approximately30%.
ast year, there was (approximately)a 30% increaseinthe price of
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gas.
ver the past quarter century, the price of housinghas risenby 30% in
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Ontario.
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ver the past quarter century, there has been a 30%risein the
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housing prices in Ontario.
Who hasraisedthe price? Who is responsible for thisrise?
Raise: to raisesomething(transitive + object)
Raise, raised, raised
Raise your hand!
both Transitive & Intransitive
How about…?
Increase-decrease, rise-fall, grow-decline, surge-plummet, diminish,
drop, plunge, go down, to climb, to skyrocket,
Transitive vs. Intransitive:
Last year, the governmentfellthe price of gas.
Last year, the governmentdecreased/reducedthe priceof gas.
Last year, the price of gas fell/decreased.
Last year, the price of gasroseby 25%/dramatically.
ast year, the government…raised/increased….the price of gas by
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25%/dramatically.
Last year, there was a 25%/dramatic rise in the price of gas.
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Intransitive:no object = no passive
To go down:
To fall/decline/drop/plummet/plunge
To /go up/rise/surge/ soar/ climb/rocket/sky rocket/:
The prices have fallen/declined.
The prices have been fallen/declined.no passive
Both: Transitive & Intransitive
Increase/decrease:
To diminish
The price of housing has increased/decreased.
The government has increased/decreased the price of housing.
Regular exercise increases physical fitness. (Transitive: +object)
hysical fitness increases as a result of regular exercise. (intransitive+
P
no object)
Physical fitness is increased by regular exercise. (Passive)
he party’s share of the electorate hasdiminishedsteadily.
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These drugsdiminishblood flow to the brain.
Diminution: noun
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ransitive: + object: passive
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To raise/reduce
To reduce the prices.
The government reduced the housing prices in Ontario last year.
The housing prices in Ontarioreduced
(decreased/fell/dropped/etc.)last year.
The housing prices in Ontariowere reducedby thegovernmentlast
year.
Reduction (noun)
ver the past decade/since 2012, natural gas consumptionhas remained stable
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atabout 25 quadrillion units. Thisfigure/number/quantity/amountis projected to
remain unchangedthrough2030/over the next eightyears.
Through vs. Up to/until
Through Friday vs. until Friday
Until (time) vs. Up to (distance)
Until/till: time: until next year/
Until page 201/the next station
Up topage 201/the next station
Throughout,
Throughout this period, in this period/over this period
Throughout next year, ….
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Verb + Adverb:The price of gasincreased gradually/slightly/…
Adjective + Noun:There wasagradual increaseinthe price of gas…
Verb + Adverb:The price of gasincreased …by…10%
Adjective + Noun:There wasa 10% increase intheprice of gas…
The price of gaswill increase graduallyover thenext decade.
There will bea gradual increase in the price of gasover the next decade.
Past: There was /were
Present: There is /are
Present Perfect: There has/have been…
Future: There will be…
onsumption of petrol and oildipped/fell/dropped/declined/decreasedfrom 35
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quadrillion units to about 32 Q units between….and….
here wasathree-quadrillion-unit decreaseintheconsumption of petrol and oil
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between….and….
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ver/in the past42 years/four decades, consumptionof fossil fuelshas risen
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(substantially/significantly/…)
The price of gas remained unchanged/stable/static
The price of gas fluctuated wildly/mildly
dip
The price of gas increased slightly from $3 a gallon to $3.3 a gallon last year.
There was a $ 0.3 increase in the price of a gallon of gas last year.
The price of gasincreased slightlylast year.
There was aslight increaseinthe price of gas lastyear.
Rise, rose, risen
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20 min: 150 words
Task 2: 250 words in 40 min
Task 1: Not you/my opinion: not subjective: only objective
Introduction:
. Paraphrase the topic/question
1
2. Overview: Overall, [=conclusion] [The general trends:
upward/downward/static/fluctuation]
3. Body: details (important features and comparisons: the highest/lowest points:
peaks and troughs: when two lines pass each other)
Conclusion (= overview [Optional if Overview])
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he flowchart outlines the generation of colored plastic paper clips in a little
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manufacturing plant.
he flowchart shows how plastic paper clips are produced in a manufacturing
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plant.
verall,therearesixstagesfrommoltenplasticenteringcoloringmouldstothe
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final phase of packing and despatching the clips.
The flowchart/diagram shows/
s hows / demonstrates/ depicts / illustrates
From the graph it is clear that…
It can be seen from the graph that…
As can be seen from the graph,
As is shown / illustrated by the graph,
1. Paraphrased topic
2. Overview
3. Body/Details
he flowchart shows how plastic paper clips are produced in a manufacturing
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plant.
verall,therearesixmainstagesintheproductionofplasticpaperclipsinthissmall
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factory. Two of these stages involve actual preparation of the clips, while the other
three consist of quality control before the clips are sent out from the factory to the
retailersto be soldto the public.
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o beginwith,moltenplasticispouredintothreedifferentmouldsdependingonthe
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colour required; the colours are red, blue and yellow. Once theseclipsemergefrom
the moulds, a quality control machine checks them for strength. Unsatisfactory clips
arerejected.Inthethirdstageintheprocesstheclipsarestoredbyhandintotwo
groups, mixed and single colours. When this stage is complete, the groups are
checked a second time toensurethatthecolourmixturesaredividedcorrectlyinto
single colours and mixed colour batches. Finally, the clips are packed and
dispatchedto the markets.
(152 words)
Grammar:
Verb Tenses
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Present simple/Simple present/ Present simplepassive
There aresixmain stagesin
There is/are…main stages in…
Two of these stagesinvolve…
whilethe other threeconsist ofquality controlbefore
Passive
clipsare sent outfrom the factory to the retailersto be soldto the public.
While…
Words and phrases indicating stage/phase:
To begin with, next, then, afterwards, after that, after which, finally,
At first,
the clipsare storedby hand into two groups, mixedand single colours.
the groupsare checkeda second timeto ensure thatthe colour mixturesare divided
correctly into single colours and mixed colour batches.
Finally, the clipsare packedanddispatchedto themarkets.
Passive to active:
[Passive]the clipsare storedby hand into two groups,mixed and single colours.
[Active] Then,a number of employeesmanually sortthe clips into two groups….
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34
he flowchart illustrates the variousstepsthat ahigh school student must follow to
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enter university.
Overall,…there are …stages from…to…
nce the high school …diploma…has been obtained,students need to complete an
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application for university entrance. Thiscan be downloadedfrom the university
website. The completed applicationshould thenbesent tothe administration.
pplicants receive a replytwo weeks laterwhichisprovisional/conditional
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acceptance, a rejection or an acceptance. If a rejectionis received, students can
eithercancel their application altogetherorcompletean application for an alternative
course and send it to the administration office.
provisional acceptance means that more documentation is required. Applicants in
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this situation should complete the additional documentation andsubmit/send them to
the office.Whenan acceptanceis received,the applicantshouldcomplete the
enrollmentformand select which subjects he or shewishes to undertake and register
with the dean. When all this is complete, the applicant may enter university.
(194 words)
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Use of Appropriate Verbs
andidates can make use of a variety of verbs while describing the IELTS process
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diagram. Here’s a list of verbs along with the suitable prepositions that one can
employ:
erbs to be
V
Use in Sentences
used
Added to The mixture is then added to a product.
Passes through Bricks are formed after clay passes through various pipes.
Flows out of This mixture slowly flows out of a gallon into a large vessel.
Processed by Tea leaves are then processed by a specialised mixing machine.
Formed Cheese cubes are formed by cube-cutting machines.
Sent to The finished product is then sent to an assembly section.
Goes into After that, the heated water goes into a spherical vessel.
Begins with The process begins with the collection of tea leaves.
Enters Once completed, the final product enters into the furnace.
anufactured milk packets arethen distributed viathe logistics
M
Distribute
team.
Placed into Once the first step is over, tea leavesare placedundera dryer.
Stored in Bricksare stored ina dry chamber after completion.
Test-takerscanusetheseverbseitherinactivevoiceorinpassive,dependingonthe
provided graphic process.
rocess Chart Vocabulary for IELTS
P
There is a specific type of vocabulary that test-takers need to use for describing the
steps as well as the type of diagram in the IELTS Academic Writing task 1.
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ereisalistof processchartvocabulary onecanusetodiscussthetypeofdiagramin
H
a process chart task:
Adjectives
● an-made
M
● Linear
● Natural
● Cyclical
Verbs
● istributes
D
● Creates
● Produces
● Makes
● Moves
or instance, if youareaskedtodiscussabouthydrologicalprocess,youcanusethe
F
following specific words to describe the process chart:
‘Thisprocesschartillustratesthe natural hydrologicalcyclethroughwhichwatermoves
intheenvironment.This cyclical processincludes steps likeevaporation,condensation
and precipitation.’
In addition, one needs to use appropriate words while describing the steps in the
process. The following section consists of the process chart vocabulary needed to
describe the steps involved in a process effectively.
Nouns
● tage
S
● Phase
● Step
● Noun
Adverbs
● fterwards
A
● Firstly
● Secondly
● During
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● hile
W
● Subsequently
● Next
● Following
● Later
● Finally/Lastly
or example, if task 1 includes a process chart for photosynthesis, here’s how one
F
should explain the steps of the process with the suitable vocabulary.
‘In the first step, there are three things that occur simultaneously. Water,lightand
carbon dioxide enters into the chloroplast. Afterthis,waterentersthethylakoids.In
thesecond step, carbon dioxide getsincorporatedintotheCalvincycle. Subsequently,
chloroplast produces sugar and oxygenin the thirdstep.’
or describing a cycle of repetition, you are required to use the following process
F
chart vocabulary:
Adjectives
● epetitious
R
● Cyclical
Nouns
● oops
L
● Recurs
● Repetition
● Cycle
● Continues indefinitely
et’s take an example. If task 1 comes with a process chart describing the glass
L
recycling process, you can include the necessary vocabulary in this way:
‘This cyclical process usually begins whenever a new product is manufactured.
However, this process can continue in a loop.
Notably, candidates can appropriately discuss a process with the following verbs:
● egins
B
● Starts
● Continues
● Ends
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● ollows
F
● Repeats
Words to Describe the Steps in the Process
Adverbs
● First/firstly
● Second/secondly
● After/afterwards/once
● Next
● Later
● Following
● Subsequently
● Finally/lastly
● During
● While
● Meanwhile
Nouns
● Step
● Stage
● Phrase
Process Diagram Vocabulary IELTS Examples
39
n IELTS Writing Task 1, you’ll need to describe a graphic. Sometimes, this can be
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a type of chart. Other times, it will be a process diagram. So how do you know what
process diagram vocabularyIELTSexaminersarelookingfor?That’swhereMagoosh
comes in!
In this post, we’ll look at words and phrases you can use to describe processes
on IELTSAcademicWritingTask1.(AndforadditionaltipsonIELTSvocabulary,check
out our collection of the best IELTSWritingtipsand Task1LanguageandVocabulary
guide!)
What is a Process Diagram on the IELTS?
processdiagramisanillustrationthatshowsyouhowsomethingisdone.Itcouldbe
A
anything from the creation of a product totherecyclingcycle(asinthis IELTSTask1
process example!)
Generally, you’ll find two types of process questions. The first is a manufacturing
process: something that humans do.Thesecondisanaturalprocess:somethingthat
occurs in nature.
ithinyouressay,youwon’tneedtocomeupwithdeepinsightsorhypothesesabout
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the diagram that you’re looking at. Instead, you’ll simply need to follow the prompt,
describing what you see. This can be surprisingly complex, so practice is crucial.
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o matter what type of process the prompt asks you to write about, youcanusethe
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same kinds of process vocabulary IELTS words and phrases in your response!
Process Diagram Vocabulary for IELTS
Words to Describe the Type of Diagram
Verbs
● Creates
● Produces
● Makes
● Distributes
● Moves
Adjectives
● Natural
● Human-produced
● Man-made
● Cyclical
● Linear
● step(s)
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Process Vocabulary IELTS Examples
his diagram illustrates the m
T an-made processthat a company uses
to d istributenatural gas to consumers. Overall, this seven-step, linearprocess
illustrates which types of consumers the company prioritizes.
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his diagram depicts the n
T aturalhydrological cycle process by which water moves
through the environment. This c
yclicalprocess involves s
teps, such as evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation.
Words to Describe the Steps in the Process
Adverbs
● First/firstly
● Second/secondly
● After/afterwards/once
● Next
● Later
● Following
● Subsequently
● Finally/lastly
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● uring
D
● While
● Meanwhile
Nouns
● Step
● Stage
● Phrase
Process Diagram Vocabulary IELTS Examples
44
Innovative contemporary smart industry: product design, automated production line,
delivery and distribution with people, robots and machinery: industry 4.0 infographic
First, the product begins in the design s
tage. F
ollowing this, prototyping and 3D
printing occur. N ext, the product moves to the production s tage.
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iagram showing process of photosynthesis in plant illustration
D
In the first stepof this process, three things happen simultaneously. Light, water and
carbondioxideallenterthechloroplast. Oncethishashappened,thewaterentersthe
thylakoid and carbon dioxide becomes part of the Calvin cycle in the s econd
step. Subsequently, in the t hird step, the chloroplastproduces oxygen and sugar.
Words to Describe a Cycle or Repetition
Nouns
● Cycle
● Repetition
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● epeats
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● Loops
● Continues indefinitely
● Recurs
Adjectives
● Cyclical
● Repetitious
Process Vocabulary IELTS Examples
47
his c
T yclicalprocess technically begins when a new product is produced, though it
can continueto loop indefinitely.
48
hile the linear process is technically complete after Delivery (Step 7), the diagram
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depicts this as a r epetitious, or cyclical, process. Thisislikelybecausetheneedfor
additional goods will r ecur, and so the cycleof the delivery process could
theoretically continue indefinitely.
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Verbs to Know for Describing a Process
● egins
B
● Continues
● Follows
● Ends
● Repeats
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Process Vocabulary IELTS Examples
he rock cycle process beginswith weathering and erosion. It then continueswith
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transport and deposition. The process e ndswith meltingrock in magma.
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larification followsthe pressing stage. The cycle then endsas the wine is bottled
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and shipped.
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20 min: 150 words
Task 2: 250 words in 40 min
Task 1: Not you/my opinion: not subjective: only objective
1. Introduction:
Paraphrase the topic/question
2. Overview: Overall, [=conclusion] [The general trends:
upward/downward/static/fluctuation]
3. Body: details (important features and comparisons: the
highest/lowest points: peaks and troughs: when two lines pass each
other)
4. Conclusion (= overview [Optional if Overview])
53
54
Overview: General Trends
verall, Petrol and Oil are the most popular/common/dominant sources of energy in
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the USduring the period followed by coal and naturalgas. However/In contrast,
nuclear and sustainable sources of energy remain the least consumed fuels.
he graph below gives information from a 2008 report aboutconsumption of energy
T
in the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
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he line graphcomparesthe amount of different sources of energy consumedin
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the United Statesover a period offour decadesfrom1982to 2022 withprojected
figuresthrough 2030.
verall,the USwillcontinueto rely on fossil fuels,with sustainable and nuclear
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energy sourcesremainingrelativelyinsignificant.
etrol and oil arethe dominantfuel sourcesthroughoutthis period,with35
P
quadrillion units used in 1980, rising to 42 Q in 2012.Despitesome initial fluctuation,
from 1995,there was a steady increase.This is expectedto continue, reaching
47q in 2030.
onsumption of energyderived fromnatural gas andcoal issimilarover the period.
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From 20 Q and 15 Qrespectivelyin 1980, gasshowedan initial falland coala
gradual increase,with the two fuels equal between1985 and 1990.Consumption
has fluctuatedsince1990 but both now provide 20Q.Coleis predicted to increase
steadilyto 31Q in 2030whereasafter 2014 gaswillremain stableat 25q.
In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro and the solar/wind powerwas equalat only 4 q.
Nuclearhas risenby 3q, and solar/wind by 2. Afterslight increases, hydropowerhas
fallen backtothe 1980 level.It is expected tomaintainthis leveluntil 2030 while
the othersare anticipated torise slightlyafter2025.
o conclude,the USwillcontinueto rely on fossilfuels,with sustainable and
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nuclear energy sourcesremainingrelativelyinsignificant.(219 Words)
Tenses :
Past:simple past/ past perfect
From1980to1985,/between1980and 1985,
onsumption of petrol and oildipped/fell/dropped/declined/decreasedfrom 35
C
quadrillion units to about 32 Q units.
Until now: Present perfect/Present perfect continuous:
Present Perfect:have/has done(p.p.)have/has beendone (passive)
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Present Perfect Continuous: have/has been doing
ver/in the past42 years/four decades, consumptionof fossil fuelshas risen
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(substantially/significantly/…)
ince/from1980/four decades ago,…. consumption offossil fuelshas risen
S
(substantially/significantly/…) [from=Past: From1980to1985,…between1980 and
1985]
Since 1980/42/about four decades yeas ago
(numbers below 10= one, two….ten, 11, 12,…)
For
Future:
ver the next decade, the consumption of Petrol and Oil…will/is expected to/is
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projected to/is predicted to...rise/increase/grow/goup/….
Verb + adverb
Gas consumption increased/decreased …slightly/etc.
Adjective + noun
There was a slight increase/decrease in …
Trends:
upward
To increase, rise, grow, go up, surge, climb
Soar, rocket,
[ gradually, slightly/mildly/gently/incrementally [insignificantly, marginally,
negligibly]
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Moderately/modestly
ignificantly/Considerably/Sharply/dramatically/abruptly/rapidly/drastically/subst
S
antially/…
Downward
To decrease, fall, drop, go down, decline, diminish, to be reduced
dip
plummet/plunge
[slightly/mildly/gently/…
Moderately/modestly
ignificantly/Considerably/Sharply/dramatically/abruptly/rapidly/drastically/subst
S
antially/…
Static: unchanged
To remain static/unchanged/stable
To stabilize, to plateau
About, nearly, roughly, approximately, just above/under,
ver the past decade/since 2012, natural gas consumptionhas remained stable
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atabout 25 quadrillion units. Thisfigure/number/quantity/amountis projected to
remain unchangedthrough2030/over the next eightyears.
Through vs. Up to/until
Through Friday vs. until Friday
Until (time) vs. Up to (distance)
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Until/till: time: until next year/
Until page 201/the next station
Up topage 201/the next station
Throughout,
Throughout this period, in this period/over this period
Throughout next year, ….
Verb+Adverb:The price of gasincreased gradually/slightly/…
Adjective+Noun:There wasa gradual increase intheprice of gas…
Verb+Adverb:The price of gasincreased …by…10%
Adjective+Noun:There wasa 10% increase inthe priceof gas…
The price of gaswill increase graduallyover thenext decade.
There will bea gradual increase in the price of gasover the next decade.
Past: There was /were
Present: There is /are
Present Perfect: There has/have been…
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Future: There will be…
onsumption of petrol and oildipped/fell/dropped/declined/decreasedfrom 35
C
quadrillion units to about 32 Q units between….and….
here wasathree-quadrillion-unit decreaseintheconsumption of petrol and oil
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between….and….
ver/in the past42 years/four decades, consumptionof fossil fuelshas risen
O
(substantially/significantly/…)
The price of gas remained unchanged/stable/static
The price of gas fluctuated wildly/mildly
dip
The price of gas increased slightly from $3 a gallon to $3.3 a gallon last year.
There was a $ 0.3 increase in the price of a gallon of gas last year.
The price of gasincreased slightlylast year.
There was aslight increaseinthe price of gas lastyear.
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Rise, rose, risen
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Take a look at the question and the graph:
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
he line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999,andthebargraph
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shows the most popular countries visited by UK residents in 1999.
ummarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
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comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
IELTS Bar and Line
Graph
20Save
verall, both visits abroad by UK residents and visits to the UK by overseas residents increased over this
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period. Also, according to the bar chart, France was the most popular destination for UK travellers in 1999
while Turkey was the least popular.
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In addition,
Moreover,
hesearethestepsyouneedtotaketodescribeabarandlinegraphtogether(oranytwographs)that
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may differ slightly from when you describe one graph.
T he line graphillustrates the number of people visitedthe United Kingdom or travelled overseas over 2 decades
between1979and1999. Furthermore, the Bar chartdemonstrates the countries most visited by British citizens in 1999.
Shows visits to and from
Introduction
hen you state what the graph shows, m
W ention both of them.Hereisasamplefirstsentenceof
the introduction:
he line graph illustrates the number of visitors in millions from the UKwhowentabroadand
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those that came to the UK between 1979 and 1999, w
hile the bar chart shows which countries
were the most popular for UK residents to visit in 1999.
Remember to write thisin your own words and not tocopy from the question.
ext you need to mention the key points from the graph. When you do this, mention the most
N
interesting things from each:
verall, it can be seen that visits to and from the UK increased, a
O nd that France was the
most popular country to go to.
63
Body Paragraphs
I f there are two graphs and a lot of information, you will have to be careful not to describe
everythingas you may then have too much information.
lso, the examiner is looking to see that you can select the important thingsand not describe
A
every single detail.
o the key skill when you have two graphs is being able to pick out the important information or
S
summarizethingsinaconciseway,otherwiseyouwillendupwritingtoomuchandprobablyrunout
of time.
Here is an example description for the bar and line graph:
o begin, the number of visits abroad by UK residentswashigherthanforthosethatcametothe
T
UK,andthis gapincreasedthroughouttheperiod.Thefiguresstartedatasimilaramount,around
10 million, but visits abroad increased significantly to over 50 million, whereas the number of
overseas residents rose steadily to reach just under 30 million.
yfarthemostpopularcountriestovisitin1999wereFranceatapproximately11millionvisitors,
B
followedbySpainat9million.TheUSA,Greece,andTurkeywerefarlesspopularataround4,
3 and 2million visitorsrespectively.
As you can see, the first paragraph discusses the line graph, and the second the bar chart.
ou will not usually need to mix up the descriptions. This will only make things complicated and
Y
difficulttofollow.Writingaboutthefirstoneandthenthesecondoneisokforabarandlinegraphor
any others that appear together.
he line graph illustrates the number of visitors in millions from the UKwhowentabroadand
T
those that came to the UK between 1979 and 1999, w
hile the bar chart shows which countries
were the most popular for UK residents to visit in 1999.
verall, it can be seen that visits to and from the UK increased, a
O nd that France was the
most popular country to go to.
o begin, the number of visits abroad by UK residentswashigherthanforthosethatcametothe
T
UK,andthisgapincreasedthroughouttheperiod.Thefiguresstartedatasimilaramount,around
10 million, but visits abroad increased significantly to over 50 million, whereas the number of
overseas residents rose steadily to reach just under 30 million.
yfarthemostpopularcountriestovisitin1999wereFranceatapproximately11millionvisitors,
B
followedbySpainat9million.TheUSA,Greece,andTurkeywerefarlesspopularataround4,
3 and 2million visitorsrespectively. (170 words)
64
65
he graphillustrates changes in the amounts ofbeef,lamb, chicken and fish
T
consumedin a particular European countryover a quartercenturybetween 1979
and 2004.
verall, while the consumption of chicken rose dramatically over this period, beef and
O
lamb lost their popularity drastically. In contrast, there was a slight decline in the
consumption/popularity of fish.
In 1979, beef was the most popular of the four types of meat compared in the graph.
However, It was surpassed by/overtaken by the chicken in about 1988. With some
fluctuation beef consumption continued to decline dramatically to just over 100 grams
per person per week in 2004.
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To become popular
To gain popularity
he graphillustrates changes in the amounts ofbeef,lamb, chicken and fish
T
consumedin a particular European countryover a quartercenturybetween 1979
and 2004.
In 1979 beef wasby far the most popularof thesefoods, with about 225 g consumed
per person per week.Lamb and chicken were eateninsimilar quantitiesaround
150 g, while much less fish was consumed just over 50 g. However, during this 25 year
period the consumption of beef and lambfell dramaticallytoapproximately100 g
and 55 grespectively.The consumption of fish alsodeclined butmuch less
significantlytojust below50 g, so although it remainedthe least popularfood,
consumption levels were the most stable.
he consumption of chicken,on the other hand,showedan upward trend,
T
overtakingthat ofLamb in 1980 andthat ofbeef in1989.By 2004eighthad soared
to almost 250 g per person per week.
verall,the graph shows how the consumption of chickenincreased dramatically
O
whilethe popularity of these other foods decreasedover the period.
67
68
69
70
IELTS Writing Task 1: line graph answer
hegraphbelowshowschangesinglobalfoodandoilpricesbetween2000and
T
2011.
...
helinegraphcomparestheaveragepriceofabarrelofoilwiththefoodpriceindex
T
over a period of 11 yearsfrom 2000 to 2011.
Itisclearthataverageglobalpricesofbothoilandfoodroseconsiderablybetween
2000 and 2011. Furthermore, the trends for both commodities were very similar,
and so a strong correlation (93.6%) is suggested.
Intheyear2000,theaverageglobaloilpricewascloseto$25perbarrel,andthefood
price index stoodatjustunder90points.Overthefollowingfouryearsbothprices
remainedrelativelystable,beforerisingsteadilybetween2004and2007.By2007,
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the average oil price had more than doubled, to nearly $60 per barrel, and food
priceshad risenby around 50 points.
dramaticincreaseinbothcommoditypriceswasseenfrom2007to2008,withoil
A
pricesreachingapeakofapproximately$130perbarrelandthefoodpriceindex
risingto220points.However,bythebeginningof2009,thepriceofoilhaddropped
by roughly $90, and the food price index was down by about 80 points. Finally, in
2011, the average oil price rose once again, to nearly$100perbarrel,whilethefood
price index reached its peak, at almost 240 points.
72
73
74
almon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow
S
moving upper reaches of a river. After 5 to 6 months the eggs hatch into ‘fry’. For
approximately the next four years, these baby salmon would live in the lower faster
flowing waters of the river. During this time they measure between three and 8 cm in
length.
y the time salmon reach 12 to 15 cm, they’re termed ‘Smolt’, and at this time they
B
migrate further down river into the open sea. After five years at see the salmon will
have grown to adult size, which is between 70 and 76 cm. They then begin swimming
back to their birth place where they will lay their eggs and the cycle starts anew.
In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to
maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is
noteworthy that the first two stages of this fishes’ life occur in a freshwater
environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.
75
North, South, East, West
North East/West, South East/West
Toward the East/North
Next to, beside, by, across from,
In the past,
In 1995, there was/were…while today/currently/presently…
There used to be…
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There used to be a fish market. However, it has beenreplaced byapartments.
To turn into, to be replaced by, has been built in place of…
The shops across from the fish market have beenreplacedbyrestaurants.
Where there used to be shops, there are now restaurants.
car park has been built/constructed next to the Hotel. Also/Furthermore, more
A
houses have been built/constructed on the Western/North Wester side of the map.
Introduction:paraphrase the topic
Overview: Overall,…
hemapshowshowavillagecalledRyemouthhasdevelopedoverthelasttwenty-five
T
years. Overall, there have been several changes, the most noticeable being the
increases in accommodation, the elimination of the fishing industry, and the
introduction of sports facilities.
In 1995, to the south of the village where the sea is there was previously a fishing
industry, with a fishing port and quite a large fish market as well. Next to this was a
small cafe. On the other side of the road running by the sea stood a line of five shops
and a hotel, while situated in the north east part of the village was farmland and a park
with trees. The main housing of the village was located in the north west around a main
road that runs from the coastal road, with twelve houses, four of them encircled by a
smaller side-street.
urning to the present day map, it can be seen that the fishing facilities have all gone,
T
being replaced by four apartments, and the shops have become restaurants. The cafe
remains, as does the hotel, albeit with parking facilities which it did not have before.
Having been converted into a golf course, the farmland has now gone, while the forest
park has been removed to make way for tennis courts. Although the old houses
remain, new ones have been built, along with a new road with two new houses beside
it.
77
More Maps:
https://ieltsliz.com/ielts-map-model-answer/
https://www.bestmytest.com/blog/ielts/ielts-academic-writing-task-1-map-questions
78
IELTS WRITING TASK 1
Do it second
Do task 2 first
Essay 2/3 of the score
20 min
150 words
Graph/Chart/Diagram Description
Introduction
Overview/conclusion
Body: details
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Line graph, bar chart, pie chart, diagram/process, maps, flow chart,
80
Graphs: line graphs, :
Charts: bar charts, pie charts
Diagrams: processes
General Trends
IELTS Writing tips Guidelines
● rite minimum 150 wordsin 20 minutes
W
● Use appropriate Style: academic and formal. No abbreviationsor contractions
● Be objective: No opinions or personal interpretation
● Mind your Verb Tenses:
● Use passive wherever possible
81
he line graph below shows changes in the amount and type of fast food
T
consumed by Australian teenagers from 1975 to 2000.
ummarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
S
make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
1. Introduce the graph: paraphrase the heading
2. Give an overview: Overall, …
3. Give the detail
82
Full Model Answer:
he line graph below shows changes in the amount and type of fast food
T
consumed by Australian teenagers from 1975 to 2000.
Intro + Overview/conclusion [no detail]:
he line graph illustrates variations in teenage/adolescent fast food consumption in
T
Australia over a quarter century between 1975 and 2000, [a period of 25 years].
Overall,fish and chips’ popularity plummeted overthe period,whereasthe
number/quantityof pizzas and hamburgers sold soared/increased/rose
dramatically/sharply.
Body/Detail: [grouping data]
In 1975,the most popular fast foodwith Australianteenagers was fish and chips,
being eaten 100 times a year. This wasfar higherthanPizza and hamburgers, which
were consumed approximately 5 times a year.However,apart from a brief riseagain
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from 1980 to 1985, the consumption of fish and chips declinedsteadilyover the 25
year timescale to finishat just under40 times peryear.
In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast foods namely pizza and
hamburgers at much higher levels.
Pizza consumption increased dramatically until itovertook/surpassedfish and chips
in 1990. It thenlevelled off/stabilizedfrom 1995to 2000. The biggest rise was seen in
hamburgers,increasing sharplythroughout the 1970’sand 1980’s,exceedingfish
and chips consumption in 1985. It finished at the same level that fish and chips began,
with consumption at 100 times a year. (191)
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Model sample:
he bar chart illustrates the estimated amount of oil produced in 6 middle eastern
T
countries between 1990 and 2010, measured in millions of barrels per day.
verall, oil production capacity tended to increase during this 20-year period. The
O
figures for Saudi Arabia were significantly higher than in the other countries, while
production was lowest in Qatar.
rom 1990 to 2010, therewasasignificantincreaseinoilproductioninSaudiArabia.
F
In 1990, just over 8 million barrels per day were produced and this rose steadily,
reaching a peak of over 14 million barrels per day in 2010. In contrast, the smallest
producer was Qatar. Despite a slight increase in 2000, production in Qatar remained
relatively stable at less than 1 million barrels per day.
he other countries saw a slight rise in oil production over the period. Theestimated
T
figure for Iran in 1990 was over 3 million barrels per day, compared with around 2
million barrels in the other three countries. Although production did not increase in
2000 in the UAE, the amount of oil produced peaked in2010inIranatover4million
barrels and at almost 4 million barrels in Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE.
(198 words)
85
IELTS Writing Task 1
hechartsbelowgiveinformationonthe agesofpeoplewhentheygotmarried
T
in one particular country in 1996 and 2008. Summarise the information by
selecting and repairing the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
86
he bar charts compare the variation of the percentage of men and women getting
T
married in 1998 and 2008. In general, the proportion of married individuals of both
genders experienced a slight decrease for those aged under 30 years old and a
noticeableincreasefortheotheragegroupsinthegivendecade,andtheagefrom25
to 29 years old was the most ideal age to get married. It is also obvious that the
marriage age for men is usually higher than women’s.
s presented in the chart, there was a minor decline in the percentage of women
A
getting married under the age of 24, especially the percentage of early 20-year-old
married females was half in 2008 compared tothatin1998.Noticeably,nomalesgot
marriedduringtheageof16to19.Therateof25-29-year-oldwomenmarriedtotheir
husband remained unchanged at approximately 11,5% over a 10–year period, while
men’s figure observed a slight drop to 8% in 2008.
ith regard to older age groups,asubstantialrisewaswitnessedintheproportionof
W
30-37 years old married people in both genders which accounted for 8% for females
and 11% for males in 2008, in comparison with 7% and9%respectivelyin1998.For
people aged above 35, the proportion ofmarriedmensurgedsubstantiallyto9%and
nearly 7%, resulting in twofold figures of women over 35 years old.
87
he charts show the percentage of income spent on food and other goods in 3
T
European countries from 1998 – 2008.
88
89
he bar charts indicate the amount of money that people in 3 countries in Europe,
T
namelyFrance,GermanyandEngland,spentonfoodandotherproductsin1998and
2008.
It can be seen that those three countries saw significant increases in national
purchasing power for both nourishment and other types of goods.
In1998,Frenchcitizensallocated15%andonlyaround10%oftheirincometobuying
foodstuffs and other goods, respectively. After 10 years, those figures dramatically
climbed to a similar number of 40%. In Germany, there was a mild difference of 5%
between the percentages of income allotted to food commodities in 1998, with 25%,
and2008,with30%.Thenumbersfortheothercategorywereapproximately5%lower
during the same years.
egarding England, buyers spent only 10% on food in 1998 and 15% in 2008.
R
Meanwhile, the figure for othergoodsexperiencedasurgefromabout8%intheyear
1998 and 35% in 2008.
161 words
90
hetablecomparestherelativeamountofGDPthatfivedifferentcountriesinvestedin
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healthcare services in 2002.
It is clear that healthcare spending of both public and private sectors of France as
percentages of GDParethehighestamongthefivecountries.Ontheotherhand,the
figures for public and private expenditure are the lowest in Italy and Japan respectively.
f the five countries, in relation to GDP, public healthcare spending was noticeably
O
higher in France, at 8.6%, followed by Germanwith7%.Inaddition,theproportionof
private spending in France also was the highest, which made France become the
biggest spender for health care in total, with 11.4%. Though private spending was
rankedfourth,Germantotalbudgettotakecareofpeople’shealthwasstillthesecond
biggest.
In comparison with its counterparts, the private sector in Japan hadthemostmodest
funding with 1.4% while Italian Government justused5.3%ofitsGDPforhealthcare.
As a result, the total budgets expended in both countries are the lowest, at just over
7%. Inthesameyear,theUSwasrankedthirdintwomeasurementsat6%and8.6%
in public and total spending respectively.
91
Writing Task 1
Percentage vs. percent
Proportion
92
he pie charts give information about the proportion of three different sources that
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wereusedtoproduceelectricityinfourcountries,namelyIndia,Sweden,Moroccoand
Vietnam, from the year 2003 to 2008. Overall, Vietnam and Morocco did not use
nuclear power for electricity production.
It can also be seen thatwhilefossilfuelwasthelargestsourceofelectricitysupplyin
Vietnam and India, it only occupied a relatively marginal proportion in the other two
countriesduringtheexaminedyears.InVietnam,56%ofthetotalamountofelectricity
was from fossil fuel, and only5%,however,wasthefigureforMorocco.Therestwas
produced from hydro power in both nations.
etween 2003 and 2008, fossil fuel contributed 82% to the entire quantity of electricity
B
in India, which was also the highest among the four countries. Meanwhile, this source
was responsible for the smallest proportion in Sweden, where hydro power constituted
the biggest, at 52%. Nuclear power was used to generate 44% of the amount of
electricity in Sweden while the figure for India was merely 3.5%.
180 words
93
The diagram below shows how potato chips are made.
ummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
S
ake comparisons where relevant.
m
Write at least 150 words.
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The diagram demonstrates the process of converting potatoes into potato chips.
irst of all, when a batch of potatoes arrives at the manufacturing plant, they are
F
examinedbyhandforqualitybeforebeingwashedincoldwater.Thepotatoesarethen
senttoapeelingmachinetoremovetheirskinsandeliminatepotatopeelsandstarch.
Then, the peeled potatoes are transported to a bucket conveyor, which moves them
one by one into a slicing machine, after which the slices are distributed on another
conveyorbeltandair-driedastheymovealongintothedeepfryer.Thechipsarethen
cookedinthedeepfryer,andafterthecompletionofthisprocess,theyaresaltedand
transported by a flat belt conveyor tothebagpackermachine,whichfeedschipsinto
cachbag.Alternatively,ifthechipsaretobepackagedinacan,adifferentmachineis
used.
Insummary,potatoesarewashed,peeled,sliced,andfriedinordertoproducepotato
chips.
(164 words)
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96
Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:
Starting Presentation Type Verb
The diagram table graph Shows
chart epicts
d
illustrates
flow chart pie chart presents
compares
bar graph
line graph table diagram map/ table
percent
per cent
percentvs. percentage
the percentage of…..
the proportion of
the number/quantity of
the amount of
Last year inflation rate rose to 5%
3---5
to vs. by 5%?
3% + 5% = 8%
97
percentvs. percentage
the percentage of…..
the proportion of
the number/quantity of
he percentage/proportion/number of female students
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increased dramatically from…to…last year.
he proportion/number of female students increased
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dramatically from…25% to…60%...last year.
In2010 the number/figure decreasedto25 per cent.(40 -> 25)
In2010 the number decreasedby15 per cent. (40 –15 = 25)
By2010 the number had fallento25 per cent.
Last year the inflation rate increasedby 5%.(from3% to 8%)
Last year the inflation rate increasedto 8%.
IELTS Writing Task 1: describing a line graph
Test Tip
98
seful introductory expressions:
U
The graph shows / demonstrates/indicates / depicts / illustrates
From the graph it is clear that…
It can be seen from the graph that…
As can be seen from the graph,
As is shown / illustrated by the graph,
Example:The graph shows the percentage of childrenusing
supplements in a place over a year.
seful time expressions:
U
over the next... / for the following... (for the followingtwo months...
over the next six months...)
from ... to / between ... and (fromJunetoAugust...betweenJune
andAugust...)
during (during the first three months...)
Note: Since versus From
rom 1999 to 2004 (Both in the past using the simple past
F
tense)
ince 1999 (meaning to present. Using the Present
S
perfect/present perfect continuous tense)
Will
The prices will rise
99
he prices are predicted/expected/projectedto risethrough
T
2030
To vs. through
throughout 2020
arning!
W
Per centis the word form of the symbol%. We canwrite10%or
10 per cent.Percentageis the noun form: Thepercentageof
children using supplements. NOT
10 % of …
The percentage of ….
ote!
N
You can use a combination of
djective + noun, orverb + adverb, to avoid repeatingthe same
a
phrase.
Example:There wasa sharp decreasein the numbers.The
numbers decreasedsharply.
The sales saw/experienced/witnessed a …..
100
Comparatives:
Hamburgers: The most popular
Pizza: The second most popular
Fish and chips: The least popular
To gain/lose popularity
To become more/less popular
Russia is the world’s largest country.
Canada is the …second largest.
Brazil is the seventh largest economy in the world.
Russia is the world’s largest country?
Canada is ……second largest…
101
By far vs. far
Pizza was by far the most popular fast food in….while/whereas…and ….were equally
Pizza was (slightly/far/significantly/considerably) more/less popular than...
Most vs. least
Fish and chips was (by far)the least/mostpopularof the three.
By far vs. far
By far the best/most….
Far better/richer
By Far richer than trump
(Formal: significantly, considerably, …)
Far more/far higher
As popular as
Similar
The price of gas rose dramatically during….
Similarly,….hydro prices increased sharply duringthe same period
Similar to…
Differentfrom
Compared to/withpizza, fish and chips…
In/by contrast,…
In comparison, …..
Compared topizza and burgers, fish and chips……
While/whereas,…
102
Unlike…..,….
Contrary to
Unlike last year, the prices are decreasing this year.
Over the course of 25 years.
This year the prices are ………higher/lower than last year.
A bit (informal/spoken),
slight vs. slightly
negligible
marginal, marginally
There is a…slight/minor..difference between A & B. A is ..slightly...bigger than B.
Slightly adv. =
slight adj
There was ….a slight/minor increase/decrease
the prices increased slightly
a slight increase/decrease
noticeably,
noticeably
The difference isquite noticeable.
A noticeable change/difference
Much, far, a lot, way, significantly, remarkably, considerably
Significant:
Significantly:
103
The quantity of cars manufactured in 2015 wassignificantly higherthan 2014.
A significant difference/amount
=considerable
There have beenconsiderable changesin the system.
The systemhas been considerably changed.
This year’s sales numbers areconsiderably higherthanthe previous year.
Mexico city isfar better thanTorontoin terms of/whenit comes to ......
ompared with Montreal, house prices aresignificantly/considerablyhigherin
C
Toronto.
The difference is(quite) significant/considerable.
slight, marginal, negligible, barely tangible/noticeable, intangible,
significant, remarkable, considerable
Fish and chips consumptionwas surpassed/overtakenbypizza in 1987.
To overtake/surpass/
From …..Pizza consumption exceeded/overtook/surpassedthat ofburgers.
Hamburger consumption was surpassed by ……Pizza. (Passive)
-Simple past for past events
e.g.: Annual pizza consumptionrosefrom 20 in 1975to 100 in 2015
104
There was a ..sharp/dramatic/constant...rise in pizza consumption …..
Note: Always find the current time point on graphs and mention it
-Present perfect/present perfect continuous:
since, for, over the past…years
1975-2035
2017
60 years = 6 decades
Annual pizza consumptionhas risenfrom 20 in 1975to 100 in 2016 (present)
nnual pizza consumptionhas been rising constantly/steadilyfrom 20 in 1975 to
A
100 in 2016 (present)
here …has been a constant rise in pizza consumption/the number of pizzas
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consumed/the amount of pizza consumptionsince 1975/overthe past 41 years/four
decades.
-Future trends:
his figure/number is …projected/expected/anticipated…to rise …..over the next
T
25 years/quarter century….
Through 2035
Graph description structure:
105
Intro:…General description
Overview/Conclusion: overall, ….reporting overall trends….
Body paragraphs: Details
Grouping similar trends & Reporting Details:
-Group together similar trends and report/describe
main features:
falls/rises/stability/stabilization/fluctuations
+
The highest/lowest/most/least
eaks/bottom/lowest points/ turning points/when lines meet/
p
dips/surges/resurge/returns to previous levels
Graph language:
Intro:
The graph/line graph/bar chart/pie chart…
Shows/illustrates/depicts/…
Time
From 1995 to 2000
106
Language for graphs
Trends:
Up
Downd
Stable/unchanged
Fluctuate
Verb+Adverb:The price of gasincreased gradually/slightly/…
Adjective+Noun:There wasa gradual increase intheprice of gas…
The price of gas remained unchanged/stable/static
The price of gas fluctuated wildly/mildly
107
dip
The price of gas increased/rose/grew/…gradually.
The price of gas increased/rose/grew/…by…10% (percent/per cent)
Adjective + Noun:
There wasagradual increaseinthe price of gas.
There wasa10% increaseinthe price of gas.
The prices stayed/remained unchanged/stable.
The prices stabilized/levelled off/plateaued
GRAPH LANGUAGE:
Verb + Adverb vs. Adjective + Noun
1. Verb + Adverb:
The price of gasrose sharply.
2. Adjective + Noun
There wasa sharp risein the price of gas.
108
Adv:
The prices
rose/increased/grew/
fell/declined/decreased ……sharply, dramatically, significantly, considerably/
gradually, steadily,
Adj:
here was a sharp, dramatic, gradual, steady
T
increase/decrease/rise/fall/decline/growth ….in prices
To fluctuate mildly vs. wildly
Mild/moderate/gentle fluctuation
Wild/erratic …
To fluctuate/vacillate wildly/erratically/moderately/mildly/gently
Academic task 1 – trend vocabulary
● p (2009 to 2010),
u
● down (2008 to 2009),
● up and down (between 2006 and 2009)
● no change (2006 and 2007)
● the top (2010)
109
Tip:
Change the Word Form
e.g.: Cosumption n. to Consume vb.
if you find yourself repeating a word, try changing the form of it from a verb to a noun
e.g.:
he graph shows changes in theconsumptionof fastfood in Britain over the past 20
T
years.
Consumption - Consume
he line graphillustrates variations inthe amountof fast foodconsumedin Britain
T
since two decades ago.
Up variations
110
a two-percent increase = an increase of two percent
Down variations
Up and down
ometimes you need to describe a graph that goes up and then down. Here we have
S
fewer options.
To fluctuate mildly/sharply
No change
111
to remain unchanged
Top
To peak at…
To reach a peak of…
Preposition problem 1 – by and to
Prepositions are horrid in English. Have another look at the graph:
112
Note how these two sentences mean
exactly the same:
unemployment rate5% in 2009
The unemployment rate roseto12% in 2010. (12% -7%= 5%)
The unemployment rate roseby12% in 2010. (17%=5%+12%)
Preposition problem 2 – in and of
his one is harder. We use “in” to describe changes in things and “of” to describe
T
changes in number or amount. For example,
There was a risein the rateof unemployment
There wasa rise of 5% in the rate of unemployment.
( There was a dramatic increasein/( Notof)….the numberof ...
Some more advanced trend vocabulary
upward trends
downward trends
adjectives and adverbs
Verbs
Up verbs
113
to leap, lept, lept
Notes:
● “ Soar “and “rocket” are both very strong words thatdescribe large rises.
“Rocket” is more sudden.
● “Leap” shows a large and sudden rise.
● “Climb” is a relatively neutral verb that can be used with the adverbs below.
Down verbs
plunge: plummet
114
Notes:
● “Plummet”is the strongest word here. It means tofall very quickly and a long
way.
● “ Drop”and “drop” are normally used for fairly smalldecreases
● “Slip back”is used for falls that come after rises
● “Drop” and “Dip”are also frequently used as nouns:eg “a slight dip” “a
sudden drop”
Adjectives and adverbs
Make sure that you use adjectives with nouns and adverbs with verbs:
● significant rise – correct (adjective/noun)
a
● rose significantly– correct (adverb/verb)
● a significantly rise –wrongwrong wrong
lease also note thespellingof the adverbs. Thereis a particular problem with the
P
word “dramatically:
● ramatically – correct
d
● dramaticly – wrong
● dramaticaly – wrong
Adjectives of degree
115
notes
● “ sudden” and “sharp” can be used of relatively minor changes that happen
quickly
● “spectacular” and “dramatic” are very strong words only to used to big, big, big
changes
Steady adjectives
Small adjectives
116
notes
● “marginal” is a particularly useful word for describing very small changes
Other useful adjectives
These adjectives can be used to describes more general trends
ffiivvee
twelve
Numbers
First
Second
117
Third
fourth
five-fifth
eight-eighth
nine-ninth
twelve-twelfth
twenty-twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
13 30
14 40
15 50
16 60
fif’ty
fif’teen
15…..0
50
‘fifty
third
Ordinal vs. Cardinal Numbers
Fractions
Five-fifth
118
Six-sixth
Eight-eighth
Nine-Ninth
Twelve-twelfth
Twenty-twentieth (pron.)
Thirty-thirtieth
Hundred-hundredth
Half a century ago.
A half century ago/ half a century ago
A quarter century ago….
100-50
half-to halve # to double
the figure halved through this period.= it decreased by 50%.
Double, to triple, to quadruple,
The price increased two fold
I am twice your age.
I paid twice as much as you paid.
Fractions:
½: half, 50%
half the students did not show up.
One and a half=1.5
3 seconds
119
1/3: one-third, a third, Approximately 33%-35%- one in three
A third of the students
one in three students
2/3: two-thirds
3/5 three-fifths (fifts)
fifths
I think
A month ago
2 months ago
2 monts ago
¼: one-fourth, a fourth, a quarter, one in four, 25%
75%: three quarters
fifth, fifths
1 month
I met Alex 2 months ago.
Th
Ths+s=ts
Monts
2 monts ago
5 deaths
120
5 dets
fifths
fifts
Rounding up: Rough figures
35%: approximately/nearly/roughly/close to/about/just under/over
a third
51%: approximately half
just over/under 50 % of the students…
49%
more/less than
50% + 1 =51 (a majority)
most of, a/the majority of the students
an overwhelming percentage/proportion/the majority of the students
70%
he vast majority of the students (70%) are against the current rise in the tuition
T
fees.
A large number of/percentage of/ proportion of
A small/large proportion of the population
a tiny/small minority refused to vote
ratio
one to three,
121
Adv & Adj for graphs:
IELTS Writing - Academic Task 1 -
Vocabulary
In 1985, hamburger consumptionsurpassed/OvertookFish and Chips.
rise
a
an increase
a surge
a growth
a peak
Nouns
a fluctuation
a variation
a period of stability
a plateau
122
fall
a
a decrease
a decline
a dip
to rise
to increase
to surge
to grow
to peak
to reach a peak of
to skyrocket
to fluctuate
Verbs
to vary
to fall
to decrease
to decline
to dip
to dive
to plunge
to plummet
to show an upward trend
to show a downward trend
to hit the highest point
to hit the lowest point
to hit bottom
to reach a peak
to show some fluctuation
Phrases
to fluctuate wildly
to remain stable
to remain static
to remain unchanged
to stay constant
to reach a plateau
to level off
123
to flatten out
the highest
the lowest
the second highest
the third highest
ompared to
c
compared with
relative to
s harply
suddenly
rapidly
abruptly
dramatically
significantly
Adverbs steadily
considerably
markedly
slightly
gently
gradually
wildly
harp
s
sudden
rapid
abrupt
dramatic
steep
Adjectives significant
steady
considerable
marked
slight
gentle
gradual
124
SAMPLE SENTENCES
● here was a substantial increase in the value of stocks on March 15th.
T
● House prices rose dramatically in July.
● The number of tourists visiting New York fell sharply in October.
● The percentage of students walking to school continued to rise gradually over the
ten year period from 2000-2010.
● There was a sharp increase in employee turnover after the strike.
● Interest in environmental issues has risen steadily over the last 10 years.
MORE USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
1. Percent– the word percent comes after a number
xamples:
E
More than 25% of the students are from Brazil.
More than 25 percent of the students come from Brazil.
. Percentage- The word percentage comes after wordslike the, a, this and that.
2
Often, it is preceded by an adjective.
Examples:
A small percentage of residents have lived in the building for more than 20 years.
The percentage of students who live on campus has fallen sharply since the fire.
. For numbers up to ten, write the numbers in words. For numbers over 10, you
3
can write the numbers in numbers.
Examples:
Five percent of the employees were late this month.
More than 50 percent of the students handed in their assignments late after the long
weekend.
. If the sentence starts with a number, always write it in words.
4
Examples:Wrong: 25 students were from China.
Right: Twenty-five students were from China.
GRAMMAR
akenoteofthefollowingprepositionswhichyouwillneedtodescribedates,numbers
T
and comparisons:
ates
D
In December,
125
In 2005,
From 2001-2010,
By 1998,
Between 1965-1969
umbers
N
Increase of 25%
Decreased by 10%
Fell from 200 in July to 150 in August
omparison
C
Compared to
Compared with
Relative to
Slowly adv. # fast adv.
Slow adj
Slow vb. To slow down # to speed up
To fasten
Fasten your seatbelt
He is fast asleep.
asting: Muslims fast for an entire month during Ramadan; they neither drink nor eat
F
while fasting.
To accelerate vb, the accelerator/gal pedal [the brake, the clutch], acceleration
To accelerate economic growth/a process, acceleration,
Accelerate # decelerate
126
127
Model sample:
he bar chart illustrates the estimated amount of oil producedin6countriesbetween
T
1990 and 2010, measured in millions of barrels per day.
verall, oil production capacity tended to increase during this 20-year period. The
O
figures for Saudi Arabia were significantly higher than in the other countries, while
production was lowest in Qatar.
rom 1990 to 2010, therewasasignificantincreaseinoilproductioninSaudiArabia.
F
In 1990, just over 8 million barrels per day were produced and this rose steadily,
reaching a peak of over 14 million barrels per day in 2010. In contrast, the smallest
producer was Qatar. Despite a slight increase in 2000, production in Qatar remained
relatively stable at less than 1 million barrels per day.
he other countries saw a slight rise in oil production over the period. Theestimated
T
figure for Iran in 1990 was over 3 million barrels per day, compared with around 2
million barrels in the other three countries. Although production did not increase in
2000 in the UAE, the amount of oil produced peaked in2010inIranatover4million
barrels and at almost 4 million barrels in Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE.
(198 words)
128
IELTS Writing Task 1
hechartsbelowgiveinformationonthe agesofpeoplewhentheygotmarried
T
in one particular country in 1996 and 2008. Summarise the information by
selecting and repairing the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
129
130
he given bar charts compare the variation of the percentage of men and women
T
getting married in 1998 and 2008. Ingeneral,theproportionofmarriedindividualsof
both genders experienced a slight decrease for thoseagedunder30yearsoldanda
noticeableincreasefortheotheragegroupsinthegivendecade,andtheagefrom25
to 29 years old was the most ideal age to get married. It is also obvious that the
marriage age for men is usually higher than women’s.
s presented in the chart, there was a minor decline in the percentage of women
A
getting married under the age of 24, especially the percentage of early 20-year-old
married females was half in 2008 compared tothatin1998.Noticeably,nomalesgot
marriedduringtheageof16to19.Therateof25-29-year-oldwomenmarriedtotheir
husband remained unchanged at approximately 11,5% over a 10–year period, while
men’s figure observed a slight drop to 8% in 2008.
ith regard to older age groups,asubstantialrisewaswitnessedintheproportionof
W
30-37 years old married people in both genders which accounted for 8% for females
and 11% for males in 2008, in comparison with 7% and9%respectivelyin1998.For
people aged above 35, the proportion ofmarriedmensurgedsubstantiallyto9%and
nearly 7%, resulting in twofold figures of women over 35 years old.
131
he charts show the percentage of income spent on food and other goods in 3
T
European countries from 1998 – 2008.
132
133
he given bar charts indicate the amount of money that people in 3 countries in
T
Europe, namely France, Germany and England, spent on food and other products in
1998 and 2008.
It can be seen that those three countries saw significant increases in national
purchasing power for both nourishment and other types of goods.
In1998,Frenchcitizensallocated15%andonlyaround10%oftheirincometobuying
foodstuffs and other goods, respectively. After 10 years, those figures dramatically
climbed to a similar number of 40%. In Germany, there was a mild difference of 5%
between the percentages of income allotted to food commodities in 1998, with 25%,
and2008,with30%.Thenumbersfortheothercategorywereapproximately5%lower
during the same years.
egarding England, buyers spent only 10% on food in 1998 and 15% in 2008.
R
Meanwhile, the figure for othergoodsexperiencedasurgefromabout8%intheyear
1998 and 35% in 2008.
161 words
134
135
he given table compares the relative amount of GDP that five different countries
T
invested in healthcare services in 2002.
It is clear that healthcare spending of both public and private sectors of France as
percentages of GDParethehighestamongthefivecountries.Ontheotherhand,the
figures for public and private expenditure are the lowest in Italy and Japan respectively.
f the five countries, in relation to GDP, public healthcare spending was noticeably
O
higher in France, at 8.6%, followed by Germanwith7%.Inaddition,theproportionof
private spending in France also was the highest, which made France become the
biggest spender for health care in total, with 11.4%. Though private spending was
rankedfourth,Germantotalbudgettotakecareofpeople’shealthwasstillthesecond
biggest.
In comparison with its counterparts, the private sector in Japan hadthemostmodest
funding with 1.4% while Italian Government justused5.3%ofitsGDPforhealthcare.
As a result, the total budgets expended in both countries are the lowest, at just over
7%. Inthesameyear,theUSwasrankedthirdintwomeasurementsat6%and8.6%
in public and total spending respectively.
136
Writing Task 1
137
he given pie charts give information about the proportion of three different sources
T
thatwereusedtoproduceelectricityinfourcountries,namelyIndia,Sweden,Morocco
and Vietnam, from the year 2003 to 2008. Overall, VietnamandMoroccodidnotuse
nuclear power for electricity production.
It can also be seen thatwhilefossilfuelwasthelargestsourceofelectricitysupplyin
Vietnam and India, it only occupied a relatively marginal proportion in the other two
countriesduringtheexaminedyears.InVietnam,56%ofthetotalamountofelectricity
was from fossil fuel, and only5%,however,wasthefigureforMorocco.Therestwas
produced from hydro power in both nations.
etween 2003 and 2008, fossil fuel contributed 82% to the entire quantity of electricity
B
in India, which was also the highest among the four countries. Meanwhile, this source
was responsible for the smallest proportion in Sweden, where hydro power constituted
the biggest, at 52%. Nuclear power was used to generate 44% of the amount of
electricity in Sweden while the figure for India was merely 3.5%.
180 words
138
The diagram below shows how potato chips are made.
ummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
S
ake comparisons where relevant.
m
Write at least 150 words.
139
The diagram demonstrates the process of converting potatoes into potato chips.
irst of all, when a batch of potatoes arrives at the manufacturing plant, they arc
F
examinedbyhandforqualitybeforebeingwashedincoldwater.Thepotatoesarethen
senttoapeelingmachinetoremovetheirskinsandeliminatepotatopeelsandstarch.
Then, the peeled potatoes arc transported to a bucket conveyor, which moves them
one by one into a slicing machine, after which the slices are distributed on another
conveyorbeltandair-driedastheymovealongintothedeepfryer.Thechipsarcthen
cookcd inthedeepfryer,andafterthecompletionofthisprocess,theyaresaltedand
transported by a flat belt conveyor tothebagpackermachine,whichfeedschipsinto
cachbag.Alternatively,ifthechipsaretobepackagedinacan,adifferentmachineis
used.
Insummary,potatoesarewashed,peeled,sliced,andfriedinordertoproducepotato
chips.
(164 words)
ELTS pie charts exercise – range of vocabulary
his lesson gives you a model IELTS pie chart answer. But what is really about the
T
language you need for task one academic writing. My answer may surprise you.
140
It’s SIMPLElanguageusedwell–thatmeans C LEARLY.Anotherkeyword(onethatI
repeat a lot below) is VARIETY. The idea is that if you can usesimplelanguageina
varied way, thenyoucanwriteanexcellenttaskoneanswer–withouthavingtolearn
lists of words.
Test yourself before you start
ook at the pie charts below and think of the type of language you need to writethe
L
answer. To help you, I will tell you that my answer includes 4 major language areas:
one of which is the language of transport. What are the others?
141
142
IELTS pie charts – transport
Test yourself a little more
efore you read my model answer, try and think of different words and ways of
B
describing
. 1990,2000 and 2010
1
2. 4%, 6% and 10%
Now try and think of as many differentformsoftheword“commute”asyoucan.Can
you think of any collocations?
hat words do you know for “stay the same”,”go up” and “go down”? Are there any
W
adverbs or adjectives you regularly use with these words?
iechartsshowyouproportions.Canyouthinkofanyotherrelatednumberwordsyou
P
might want to use?
Now read my answer
hat you should immediately seeisthatverynearlyallthisisincolour.Readonand
W
you will discover why.
e can see from these charts how commuters travelled to workin London in 1990,
W
2000 and 2010.
Inallthreeyears,amajorityofc ommutersusedrailtransporttogettowork.However,
there was a steady decline inthe proportion ofc ommuters using the underground
system, this fell from a highof 38 per cent in 1990to 34 per cent in 2010. In
contrast, useofthetrainn etworkremainedalmostunchangedata round23percentin
this period.
Themeansoftransportthat increasedmostinpopularitywas thebicycle. In1990,only
4 per cent ofc ommuters chose to cycle to work. B y 2010, this figure had more than
doubled, withoneintenp eoplecommutingtoworkbybicycle.Bywayofcontrast, the
percentage ofc ar driversfell from2 2 per cent in 1990to19 per cent twenty years
later.T
he figures form
otorcyclists and pedestriansr emained fairly constantata round
5 per cent and 9 per cent respectively.
In general, it is possible to say that there were o nly minor changes incommuting
patternsd
uring this periodand that was a move away fromc ommuters using the
underground system in London towards cycling.
143
Language notes
he language you need to use in task one is normally quite predictable. What this
T
meansinpracticeisthatyoushouldbepreparedtouse avarietyofdifferentwords.
The words you use need not be complex, just varied. Below, I show you how I have
variedmylanguageinthreekeyareas.Youmaythinkmylanguageissimple.You’dbe
correct.Butifyouthinkitistoosimple,I’dsuggestyouthinkagain.Thisisaverygood
answer because I vary my words.
1. The language of change
he change words are highlighted in red. Note that I don’t use complex words, but I
T
use the core words of “fall” and “change” in differentways and accurately.
a steady decline in– note theprepositioninhereandtheadjective(steady)toqualify
decline
fellfromahighof – “high”isverygoodhere,anicealternativeof“peak”–awordthat
is sometimes overused and works better in line charts generally
remained almost unchanged at– again see the preposition “at” and the qualifier
“almost: both of these show accuracy and variation
that increased most– a simple word again, but theword order may trick you
fell from …. to– I am not afraid to use the simple “fall”; I candothisbecauseIused
decline earlier – variation is enough.
remained fairly constant at– I have repeated the word “remained” – that’s not a real
problem because I have changed the way I have qualified it
only minor changes in– change is a simple word. I could have used “variations”
instead,butwhatIwantyoutoseeisthat“minorchanges”iseffectiveenoughbecause
of the qualifying “minor”
a move away from– this is another very effective use of a simple word (“move”), it
workswellbecauseitisusedincombinationwithotherwordsinasetphrase“amove
away from”. The messagehereisnottolearnwordsbythemselvesbutfocusonhow
they are used with other words.
2. The language of time
ou need to refer to time in your answer. The trick here is to make sure that you
Y
change the language you use. Nothing complicated required.
in 1990, 2000 and 2010/in thesethreeyears/inthisperiod/duringthisperiod–allfour
of these phrases mean much the same
20yearslater–anothergoodvariation(whatisthedifferencebetween1990and2010;
answer 20 years)
144
in 1990/ by 2010– these may look the same, but mean different things; you should
note how things“had”changed“by”1990–prepositionsmaybesmallwordsbutthey
can mean a lot
3. The language of numbers
ie charts show percentages and proportions and these are the two words you will
P
and shoulduse most. Don’t look for variation for variation’s sake – accuracy matters
too. I do, however, change between these quite frequently, something you want to
learn to do.
a majority of– more than 50%
the proportion of– the standard word
38 per cent/around 23 per cent/only 4 per cent– note how I use around and only to
show an approximate figure and that it is a low figure. You might also want tonotice
“per cent” is written properly as two words.
this figurehadmorethandoubled–figureisasuperusefulwordthatcanbeusedfor
numbers
one in ten– another way to talk about percentages
the percentage of– another standard word that I can use because I have so many
variations
around 5% and 10 per cent respectively– “respectively” is a useful for talking about
twosetsoffiguresatthesametime.Heremotorcyclistsandpedestriansshowasimilar
pattern so I want to write about them together, “respectively” allows me to do this
4. Transport language
his language is a bit different – this is topic language that you cannot predict, it all
T
depends what the chart is about. Just as before though, the idea is to change the
words you do have. My particular suggestion is that you think about word forms.
“Commute”istherightword:thereisn’treallyanyotherwayofsayingexcept“travelto
work”. That isn’t a problem though because“commuter”,“commuting”and“commute”
areinawayalldifferentwords.Ifyoucanusethemall,youareshowingtheexaminer
variation.
c ommuters travelled to work/commuters used rail transport/commuters using the
undergroundsystem/peoplecommutingtoworkbybicycle–alloftheseare“commute”
words, but note how I change the way I use the word each time
use of the train network/the underground system –
the words to note here are
“network” and “system”
the means of transport– I could also use “mode oftransport”, but that is in the question
145
the bicycle– not at all simple though it may look it – articles are really hard. “The
bicycle” here means the category of bicycle.
car drivers/motorcyclists/pedestrians – I don’t want to repeat “car”, motorcycle” and
walking”, soithinkofthepeopleinsteadandfindconnectedwords.Theonlyonethat
may be new to you is “pedestrian”, which means someone who walks.
146
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