1. The document contains solutions to 18 multi-part exercises involving modeling various scenarios using exponential or logarithmic functions.
2. Common approaches included setting up and solving exponential equations of the form A(t) = A0e-kt or finding k from two given points and using that to solve other parts.
3. Graphs were also used in some cases to model relationships between variables like thickness increasing exponentially with number of cuts.
1. The document contains solutions to 18 multi-part exercises involving modeling various scenarios using exponential or logarithmic functions.
2. Common approaches included setting up and solving exponential equations of the form A(t) = A0e-kt or finding k from two given points and using that to solve other parts.
3. Graphs were also used in some cases to model relationships between variables like thickness increasing exponentially with number of cuts.
1. The document contains solutions to 18 multi-part exercises involving modeling various scenarios using exponential or logarithmic functions.
2. Common approaches included setting up and solving exponential equations of the form A(t) = A0e-kt or finding k from two given points and using that to solve other parts.
3. Graphs were also used in some cases to model relationships between variables like thickness increasing exponentially with number of cuts.
1. The document contains solutions to 18 multi-part exercises involving modeling various scenarios using exponential or logarithmic functions.
2. Common approaches included setting up and solving exponential equations of the form A(t) = A0e-kt or finding k from two given points and using that to solve other parts.
3. Graphs were also used in some cases to model relationships between variables like thickness increasing exponentially with number of cuts.
1 Let N be the number of bacteria at time t minutes.
t a N = 1000 × 2 15 t b 10 000 = 1000 × 2 15 t 10 = 2 15 t = log2 10 15 t = 49.8289... t ≈ 50. It will take approximately 50 minutes
2 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 = 10 is the original amount and t is the time in years. First find k: 5 = 10 × 10−24 000k 1 log10 = −24 000k 2 1 1 k=− log10 k = 1.254296... × 10−5 24 000 2 If A(t) = 1 1 = 10 × 10−kt 0.1 = 10−kt ∴ kt = 1 1 ∴t= 1.254296 × 10−5 t ≈ 79 726. It will take 79 726 years for there to be 10% of the original.
3 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 is the original amount and t is the time in years. First find k:
437 1 A0 = A0 × 10−5730k 2 1 log10 = −5730k 2 1 1 k=− log10 5730 2 k = 5.2535...... × 10−5 When A(t) = 0.4A0 0.4A0 = A0 × 10−kt 0.4 = 10−kt ∴ kt = log10 0.4 1 ∴t= × log10 0.4 5.2535... × 10−5 t ≈ 7575 It is approximately 7575 years old.
4 P(h) = 1000 × 10−0.0542h
a P(5) = 1000 × 10−0.0542×5
= 535.303 . . . P(h) ≈ 535millibars
b If P(h) = 400 Then 400 = 1000 × 10−0.05428h 2 = 10−0.05428h 5 2 log 10 = −0.05428h 5 h ≈ 7331 metres correct to the nearest metre
5 N(t) = 500 000(1.1)t where N(t) is the number of bacteria at time t
4 000 000 = 500 000(1.1)t 8 = 1.1t t = 21.817 . . . The number will exceed 4 million bacteria after 22 hours.
6 T = T 0 10−kt When t = 0, T = 100. Therefore T 0 = 100
438 We have T = 100 × 10−kt When t = 5, T = 40 ∴ 40 = 100 × 10−5k 2 = 10−5k 5 1 2 k = − log 10 5 5 k = 0.07958 . . . When t = 15 T = 100 × 10−15k = 6.4 The temperature is 6.4◦ C after 15 minutes.
7 A(t) = 0.9174t When A(t) = 0.2 0.2 = 0.9174t t = 18.668 . . . t > 18.668 . . .
8 a
b i p=q 17 ⇔ 20.04t = 12 ∴ t = 12.56 (mid 1962)
439 ii Solve the equation p = 2q i.e. 1.2 × 20.08t = 2(1.7 × 20.04t ) 6 × 20.04t = 1 17 17 20.04t = 6 t = 37.56 (mid 1987)
9 S = 5 × 10−kt
a S = 3.2 when t = 2 3.2 = 5 × 10−2k 0.64 = 10−2k 1 k = − log10 0.64 2 = 0.0969 . . .
b When S = 1 1 = 5 × 10−0.9969...t 10(−0.0969... )t = 0.2 (−0.0969 . . . )t = log10 0.2 t = 7.212... There will be 1 kg of sugar remaining after approximatel 7.21 hours
10 a As t → ∞, T → 25
b −40 × (0.98)t + 25 = 0 0.98t = 0.625 t = 23.2643 . . .
440 c
d The icecream will melt and the liquid will take the room temperature which is 250 C
13 a We can write a × b1 = 15 (1) a × b4 = 1875 (2) Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = 125. Thus b = 5, and substituting into equation (1) gives a = 3. ∴ y = 3 × 5x
b We can write a × b2 = 1 (1) 1 a × b5 = (2) 8 1 1 Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = . Thus b = , and substituting 8 2 into equation (1) gives a = 4. ∴ y = 4 × ( 21 ) x
c We can write 15 a × b1 = (1) 2 √ 1 5 6 a × b2 = (2) 2
442 √ 1 6 3 Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b−2 = . Thus b = , and substituting 3 2 into equation (1) gives a = 5. y = 5 × ( 23 ) x
14 a When t = 0, N = 1000 N = abt 1000 = ab0 a = 1000 When t = 5, N = 10 000 ∴ 10 = b5 1 ∴ b = 10 5 t ∴ N = 1000 × 10 5
b When N = 5000 t 5 = 10 5 t = log10 5 5 t = 5 log10 5 ≈ 3.4948 hours = 210 minutes
c When N = 1 000 000
t 1000 = 10 5 t = log10 1000 5 t =5×3 = 15 hours 12 d N(12) = 1000 × 10 5 ≈ 251188.64
15 We can write a × 102k = 6 (1) a × 105k = 20 (2)
443 10 1 10 Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives 103k = . Thus k = log10 , and 3 3 3 10 − 2 3 substituting into equation (1) gives a = 6 × . 3
16 Use two points, say (0, 1.5) and (10, 0.006) to find y = ab x . at (0, 1.5) 1.5 = a × b0 ∴ 1.5 = a ∴ y = 1.5b x at (10, 0.006) 0.006 = 1.5b10 0.006 ∴ b10 = 1.5 = 0.004 1 ∴ b = (0.004) 10 ≈ 0.5757 ∴ y = 1.5 × 0.58 x If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x
17 Use two points, say (0, 2.5) and (8, 27.56) to find p = abt . at (0, 2.5) 2.5 = a × b0 ∴ 2.5 = a ∴ p = 2.5bt at (8, 27.56) 27.56 = 2.5b8 27.56 ∴ b8 = 2.5 = 11.024 1 ∴ b = (11.024) 8 ≈ 1.3499 ∴ p = 2.5 × 1.35t If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x
