OPENING Tees e pall in the air before ‘Tennis player Bradley tosses the Ae'jerves it. The bal’s height above the ground t seconds after it is tossed is given by the function H(t) = 52 + 6E-+ 2 metres. : Things to think about: a How high was the ball when it was released? tb What was the maximum height reached by the tennis ball? € Bradley hits the ball when it is 3 metres above the wind, and on its way down. How long after Bradley releases the ball does he hit i In this chapter we consider relationships between variables which are quadratic in nature. Ths: relationships ean be described algebraically using quadratic funetions. ‘A quadratic function is 2 relationship between two variables which can be writen, inthe form y=az?+be-+e where x and y are the variables, and a, b, and ¢ are constants, a #0. az? + br +e. Using function notation, y=az?+br-+e canbe written as f(x) FINDING y GIVEN « For any value of, the corresponding value of y can be found by substitution into the function = Erno 4) scl Suppose y= 2c? +4x—5. Find the value of y wh ar=0 b 2=3 £= - a When 7 =0, b Wh 3 5 en 2 = 3, BAL y = 2(3)? +408) -5 | ca 5 =18+12-5 | = 25 FINDING « GIVEN y When we substitute a value for y, Since the equation is quadratic, the 1 i mu ae ten with a quadratic equation which we need 10° ly be 0, 1, or 2 possible values for @COST —62+8. Find the value(s) of « for which: b y= eee a When y = 15, b When y=~1, g-6r+8=15 a ce 1, P-6e-7=0 a 6e49=0 GLC eg <. (2-3)? =0 -l or c= : =3 Pe) EDRarren ‘A sone is thrown into the air. Its height above the ground is given by the function A(t) =—5t? + 30t +2 metres, where t is the time in seconds from when the stone is thrown. 1 How high is the stone above the ground after 3 seconds? 'b From what height above the ground was the stone released? At what times is the stone 27 m above the ground? a h(3) = -5(3)? + 30(3) +2 b The stone was released when t = 45 + 90 +2 Now (0) s -5(0)? + 30(0) +2 =2 7 ©. the stone was released from 2 m the stone is 47 m above the ground. above ground level. ¢ When A(t) = 27, 50? + 30t+2 = 27 ~5t? + 30-25 =0 P-6t4+5=0 (t-1)(t-5)=0 . t= lord the stone is 27 m above the ground after 1 second and after 5 seconds. URRCISE 204, 1 Which of the following are quadratic functions? SU— les) 6 y ge te © 3y+2 =0. 9 d y=1523+2r-16 tk f each of the following functions, find the value of y for the given value of 2: “v=2450—14 when 2=2 b y=227+9r when = dyads? +7e+10 when z= -2 wns are satisfied by the given ordered pairs: b y=? -5r-3 (4,9) Sys a Us 422 4 6, Cleg) do yo—te? +9041 (-1, -6) ~Ur 429 (2, -10) f y=-e? +246find the value(s) of forthe given a b y=2745248 when ) we 4 y=32? when y= For each of the following quadratic functions, a y=2?+6r+10 when y ¢ yse?—5e+1 when y 5 Find the value(s) of a for which: a f(z) =32?—3+6 takes the value 6 220-7 takes the value —4 222 —18r +3 takes the value —4 = 2x? —10r-+1 takes the value —11 6 An object is projected into the air with a velocity of 80 ms™. Its height ater ¢ second by the function h(t) = 80t — 5¢? metres. Bie, @ Calculate the height of the object after: Tidal second li 3 seconds lil 5 seconds, © Calculate the time(s) at which the height of the object is: 1 40m i om. ¢ Explain your answers in part 8, 7 A cake manufacturer finds that the profit from P(e) = ~42? +362 —40 dollars. @ Calculate the profit if 1 Ocakes Hl 20 cakes are made per day. 'b How many cakes need to be made per day to achieve a profit of $270? ‘The graphs ofall quadatc functions are parabolas. The parabola is one ofthe conic setons making « cakes per day is given by the fie HISTORICAL NOTE onic seetio | SECTIONSts graph can be drawn est quadratic funtion is y= ee tales =2 Olij2]s 4g | eae [lon |eaa least ase tat the graph has minimum tui Ws the vertex ofthe parabola 6 ole ot (0,0), i i Daw the graph of _y=2?+2r—3 using a table of values fiom 2=~3 to r=3, -3 to r=3, 2422-3 (-3)? +2(-3)-3 9-6-3 =0 || We can do the same for the other values of x: | Sano tt fz is 0/-3[-4[-3[ 0 [5 [12 EXERCISE 20B.1 1 Using a table of values from x =—3 to © =3, draw the graph of: a y=o?- Ie +8 b f(c)=—a 42e41 € y=? 43r d y=-202 44 e y=atatd # fe) P+ 42-9 GRAPHING Use the grap his i iphing pack: maces ze ‘age or a graphics calculator Ae ' 4 exarnics 242043 on the same set da Use tables of values to graph y= 2x?——3 and ¥ +r +3. 5 of axes. Hence find the values of x for which 21? — Solve algebr Qe? 2-3 = —2? +2043. ally: USING _, NG TRANSFORMATIONS TO GRAPH QUADRATICS je ean transform the graph ofPNT GRAPHING wn we consider different forms of quadrati In this Investigatio 1 faces vt ow the form ofthe quadratic affects its graph. You can use either the graphing package ot your graphics calculator to draw the graphs. Port 1: Graphs of the form y= at+k What to do: 41 Graph the two functions on the same set of axes, and observe the coordinates of the vertex ¢ each function. a yar and yar t? bay eigedoy ata ad y=2? and y=2-4 ¢ yoo? and y=rtd © What effect does the value of k have on: ‘athe position of the graph b the shape of the graph? 43 What transformation is needed to graph y= 2" +h from y part 2: Graphs of the form y= (o—h)? What to do: 41 Graph the two funetions on the same set of axes, and observe the coordinates of the vertex of each function. a y=2? and y= (2-2)? b y=2? and y= (e+? ¢ y=2? and y=(2-4) d y=2? and y= (e+? © What effect does the value of ft have on: a. the position of the graph the shape of the graph? 3 What transformation is needed to graph y=(a—h)? from y=2"? Part 3: Graphs of the form y = (x —h)? +k What to do: 1. Graph the tw ' oh ce be functions on the same set of axes, and observe the coordinates ofthe verte! ayae and y=(2-27 +3 b yaa? and ya cetde-! and y=(e—-5)?-2 dy and pater etd ey 2 Copy and complete: * The a i eee y=(x—h)?-+k is the same shape as the graph of ~ graph of y=(2—h)?+k is found by translating y=2" ~~ iso :} and... uni i ‘units vertically. This is a translation through ( © Th le vertex of the graph of y= (x—h)? +k isat (...What 10 1 Graph the evo functions on the same set of axes, and observe the coordinates of the vertex of ‘each function. (a -1P +3 +2)? (@- 3-2 y -3(2 +1)? +4 2 Copy and complete: © The graph of y= a(z—A)? +k has the same shape and opens in the same direction as the graph of © The graph of y = a(x —h)? +k is found by translating y = az” ..... horizontally and .. pt * Graphs of the form y=? +k have the same shape as the graph of y ==, units units vertically. This is a translation through ( From the Invest jon you should have discovered the following important facts: The graph of y a is translated through (2) to give the graph of y=2? +h. * Graphs of the form y= (x —h)? have the same shape as the graph of y= 2°. The graph of y = 2? is translated through (3) to give the graph of y= (2—h)?. * Graphs of the form y = (e—h)? +k have the same shape as the graph of : ee The graph of y= 2? is translated through (1) to give the graph of y= (e—h)? +k. The Vertex is shifted to. (Ih, k). 'k ®>0, y=az2 opens upwards. U "<0, y=a2? opens downwards. (\, *<~1 or a>41, then y=ar? is ‘thinner’ than y “I0 it goes up aco fy if k<0_ it goes down ‘ yaae—h)P +k { — t-—— hoorizontal translation of h pm atm = 2 if h>O it goes right 2 if h 0, so the parabola opens upwards. AS ii When r=0, y=-3 the y-intercept is —3, iii When y=0, 2-2-3 (e@-3)(@+1) r=3 o 2 so thee. 1 ercepts are 3 and —L b y=-2%e+1)(e~2) 2 whi parabola cape (Oy : as aaa 10-2) =-2x1x-2 4 the y-intercept is 4_ | When y= 0, | —2(a + 1)(a - 2) =0 ee ly Oy Bae, | = the a-intercepts are —1 and 2, | ¢ y=2r-3)? | i a=2 which is > 0, so the eee eee LY, =-2(e + 1)(e—2) | i When @=0, y=2(0-3)?=18 the y-intercept is 18, lil When y=0, 2(e-3)?=0 =3 J. the z-intercept is 3. There is only one x-intercept, which means the graph touches the «-axis. 5 Sketch the graph of the quadratic function which has: @ intercepts —1 and 1, and y-intercept 1 © intercepts —3 and 1, and y-intercept 2 © wintercepts 2 and 5, and y-intercept —4 4 cintercept 2 and y-intercept 4. ‘ SKetch the graphs of the following quadratic functions by considering: | the value of a ii the y-intercept iii the x-intercepts. “uaa 44 b f(2)=(c-1(et+3) —¢ y= Ae +2? 4 f@)=-(@-2041) y= —3(e+1)? f y=-3@—4)(-1) $ ¥=2@43)@41) h y= —22? 3045 i fe) =-2? + 8x —10 ~—aay THE DISCRIMINANT AND THE QUADRATIC GRAPH (EXTENSION) i f the quadratic equation a2? that the discriminant ot In Chapter 1, we saw oe We used A to determine whether the eq real cay A=P the equation has real solutions, ; dac. We usec i intercepts @ quadratic function has, determine how many 0, the graph cuts Since A <0, the graph does | the z-axis twice, cut the z-axis. EXERCISE 20€.2 axis: 1. Use the discriminant to determine the relationship between the graph and the 2- - ae jlanar a paige fae aaa @ y=2?~ 102425 @ y=: +42 f y=-20 2 Consider the quadratic function y = a —8r+14, Write the function in the form y = (w@-h)? +k. b Hence, sketch the function, ¢ How many x-intercepts does the function appear to have? Use the discriminant to check your answer to € 3 Consider the quadratic funetion y= 2? + 2x +5, & Write the function in the form y= (x — fh)? +: b Hence, sketch the function, ¢ How many x-intercept does the function appear to have? a Use the discriminant to check your answer to €.ae each description of a quadratic function f(x) = az? 4. be 4¢ with its graph: ee eu b a=-2, Axo aa=h qa=-l A=11 e@ a=~-2, A~-6 a nL 8 y 5 a Determine the relationship between be=3 ii b Using technology, ~4e +e and the x-axis for the case where c=4 iii c=5, sketch each of the graphs in a on the same set of axes, § Consider @ quadratic function y = aa? +be+e where @>0 and <0. Explain why the ‘ph must cut the z-axis twice: 2 by considering the graphical significance of a>0 and ¢<0 > using the discriminant, OE axis oF svmmetey Te graphs of 7 all quadratic functions mmetical about a vertical line i a ‘through the vertex. This line ‘ale the axis of, symmetry, ir tage has two 2-intercepts, . ‘ ee me symmetry is midway ay —___ Find e - i for ye “MAtion Of the axis of, me ‘The «-intercepts are 2 and 6, and 4 is "e guaratie sph below midway between 2 and 6. axis of symmetry The axis of symmetry isir the quadratic does not have any 2-ntereeis, or if we do not know the z-ntreps, ye on a rule below to find the axis of symmetry: ‘The equation of the axis of symmetry of y=ar?+br+c is > a Proa yaar? +bhrte oea(ants) yne(aeter(t)) +08 3 vaa(e+t) +( -2) The horizontal shift from y=ar? to y=ar?+br+c is “i the axis of symmetry of y=az?+br-+e has equation ¢= 5°. Eprom Gro Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of y y=20?+30+1 has —}_ 3 9a 2x27 04 the axis of symmetry has equation = Now EXERCISE 20D 1. For each of the following graphs, find the equation of the axis of symmetry: a“ex ort lowing quaatc Fenetions, find the equation of the axis of symmetry: secede ® & y=-(e+)@-5) © y=2%2+3)(2—3) a y=atet8) e@ y=-3et4)?? f y=4(e+6)(z-9) , the equation of the axis of symmetry forthe following quadratic functions: yee = te b y= 2? -6r+3 € f(c)=32? 442-1 g yore eet 5 e 22? +5 t 1 f f(a) = 427-102 +2 Jet +e 1002 — 42? iy ‘pe vertex or turning point of the quadratic function F yeas! +br-+c_ is the point at which the function bs + amaximum value for a<0 f\ > oF + snsona ve fr 0 > 0 NG 4 Siete vertex ies on the axis of symmetry, its z-coordinate will be 7, The ycoordinate can be found by substituting this value for « into the function. Ge Consider the quadratic function y =—2? +22 +3. 4 Find the axes intercepts 'b Find the equation of the axis of symmety. Find the coordinates of the vertex. 4 Sketch the function, showing all important features. * When 2=0, y=3 ‘When +=1, the y-intercept is 3. y=—(1)? +201) +3 When y=0, 22 +204 "Me axis of symmetry is 3 =EXERCISE 20E 1 For each of the following quadratic functions: i. Find the coordinates of the vertex. i. Determine whether the vertex is a maximum or minimum turning point. ili Find the range of the function. a yao? 4242 b y=a?4+2r-3 © f(z) =2x7 +4 do y=-327 +1 ey 242-4 f y=2r?-10r+3 2 For each of the following quadratic functions: i Find the axes intercepts. i Find the equation of the axis of symmetry. iii Find the coordinates of the vertex. Hence, sketch the graph of the funetion. h f(z) = 32? —4e4+4 Consider the quadratic function y = (2 — 2)( +4). € Find the coordinates of the vertex, Sketch the function, showing all important features. a. Find the axes intercepts, Find the equation of the axis of symmetry. ‘The vertex is calleg the ‘maximum turning pig 8 oi Pele © y=r? +30 f ys-a?422-1 1 y=2?-62+3 a When the y-intercept is —16. When y=0, 2(2-2)(r+4) = “ 2@=2 or the a-intercepts are 2 and —4 © The axis of symmetry is halfway between the ©-intercepts, and —1 is halfway between 2 and —4, the axis of symmetry is a = ) y=2x-2x4=-16 ¢ When c= 1, 2(-1-2)(-1+4) | 2x -3x3 18 |ofthe following quadratic Functions: foreach | Find the axes intercepts. I Find the equation ofthe axis of symmetry, fi Find the coordinates of the vertex. jn Hence, sketch the graph of the function. 1 fe=2e-) b y=%e-3? € y=-(e-1(e+3) | ee e f(z)=-8(e+2(e@-2) ft y=Aet1)(e+4) ll repos of finding the maximum or minimum value of a function is called optimisation. rarthe quadratic function y= ax? +bo+c: + ifa>0, the minimum value of y e If a <0, the maximum value of y eer = ‘occurs when B= — p> occurs when @ = —3-- 6 i Ao Ue <— Ursin a | (pinion is a very useful tool when looking at such issues as: * maximising profits minimising costs ‘e maximising heights reached. uae Theheight of a rocket ¢ seconds after itis fired upwards is Biven by He) = 1004 — 542 metres, 2 0. 4 How long does the rocket take to reach its maximum height? » Find the maximum height reached by the rocket. ‘How long does it take for the rocket to fall back to earth? H(t) = 1000 — 5? i H(t) = -52 + 1008 : lv a= —5 which is < 0, s0 the shape of the sraph = aN Thi = ® maximum height is reached when = 3, ~ 3(—8) ay ne the maximum height is reached after 10 seconds 49) = 10010) — 5(10)? agutey © maximum height reached is 500 ™-1) =0 et falls back to earth when H( a , —Bt? + 1004 —51(t — 20) the rocket falls back to earth after 20 seconds. EXERCISE 20F 1 The height of a ball ¢ seconds after itis kicked upwards is ‘a How long does the ball take to reach its maximum height? b Find the maximum height reached by the ball. «¢ How long does it take for the ball to hit the ground? t €P from assembling « bicycles per day is given by given by H(t) = 20t — 5? mets, 2 A manufacturer finds that the profit P(q) = ~2? + 502 — 200. a How many bicycles should be assembled per day to may yximise the profit? Find the maximum profit. What is the loss made if no bicycles are assembled in a day? Suggest why ths lo made. 3. The driver of a car travelling downhill applied the brakes. The speed of the car, brakes were applied, is given by s(t) = —64? + 12t + 60 kmh-!. a How fast was the car travelling when the driver applied the brakes? 'b After how many seconds did the car reach its maximum speed? ¢ Find the maximum speed reached. ss woul # seconds after ie 4 The hourly profit obtained from operating a fleet of m taxis is given by P(n) = 120n — 200—2n® dollars. ‘2 What number of taxis gives the maximum hourly profit? b Find the maximum hourly profit. ¢ How much money is lost per hour i no taxis are on the 5 The temperature T°C in a greenhouse t hours after 7:00 pm isgivenby T(t) = 37-6425 for t< 20. Find the temperature in the greenhouse at 7:00 pm. . es a i is the temperature at a minimum? imum temperature in the greenhouse for 0 | ‘¢ Show that the area of rectangle BDEF is given by E A= 227 +22 cm? a 4. i Find x such that the area of the rectangle is ‘maximised. ii What is the maximum area? 1 Forthe quadratic function y=2?—32—15, find: a the value of y when x= 4 b the values of x when y=3. 4 Sketch each of the following functions on the same set of axes as y = a y=32? b y=(e-27 +1 € y=-(x+3)?-2 2a Write the quadratic y=2?—4e+10 inthe form y=(z—h)? +k. 'b Hence sketch the function, stating the coordinates of the vertex. 4 Find the 2-intercepts of: a y=5r(c +4) b&b y= 20? + 6r-56 5 Find the equation of the axis of symmetry for: Cen Consider the quadratic function y = ~2(2 - 1)(@ +8) Find the: 4 direction the parabol jy niet parabola opens A symmetry. Br oee equation of the axis of sym © Sketch the function, showing all of the above features: 7 Fit ‘nd the vertex of each of the following quadratic functions: ; "y=2_g_3 b y= 4 cee “ser the function 2 Find the: a U-intercept a I equation of the axis of symmetry, ketch the function, showing all of the aboW 2442-3 yoo? — 20-15. ts fh intercepts fv coordinates of the vertex, fe features.9 A vegetable gardener has 40 m of fencing to ae aectangulr i ing brick wall. Suppose the garden plot where one side is an existing brick wall. Suppos u plot is x m wide as shown. fa Show that the area enclosed is given by A= —227 +402 mm? i b Find x such that the vegetable garden has the maximum 3 possible area. i ¢ Find the maximum possible area. 10. Determine the relationship between the graph and the z-axis for: a ys2?-27r+3 b y=-2e? + 52-3 © y=5e?~ 10245 Se: 1 Find the values of x for which f(x) =? +a—12 takes the value 30. 2 Determine whether the ordered pair (2, 5) satisfies the quadratic function f(z) =2? -3248. 3 Draw the graphs of y=2? and y=(x+2)?+5 on the same set of axes. 4 Use the quadratic formula to find the 2-intercepts of: a y=32?-2-5 b y=-a? +2046 5 Draw the graph of y = 3(x ~2)?, showing the axe: vertex. fercepts and the coordinates of the 6 Determine the equation of the axis of symmetry for the following quadratic functions: a f()=(@+3)(z-5) & f(a) = 327-5242 7 a Find the vertex of the quadratic function (2) & Hence, find the range of the function, a? +427. 8 Consider the quadratic function (2) a Find f(-1), © Find the equation of the axis of symmetry. Find the coordinates of the vertex. © Sketch the graph of y = f(x), ~1)(e-4). © Find the axes intercepts. |, showing all of the above features. Suppose f(z) = (w+ 2)(x4 6) and g(x) =x? — gx — 20, 2 Find the axes intercepts of each function, Show that the two functions have the same vertex. € State the range of each function, 4 Sketch the functions on the same set of axes. 10 Suppose a quadrati ic funct =azt the hon YS ox axis atleast once: & PY considering the graphical significance of ‘@-= 0 © using the discriminant, a +br-+e has ¢=0. Explain why the graph m™