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1 Graphs of
In Book 2, we have learnt how to draw the graphs of.
‘band e are constants and a # 0. In Chapter 1 ofthis book, we have learnt how
to sketch graphs ofthe form y= (x= W)ge~B) and y =~ Ale ~), where h and &
are constants, and y= (xp) +g and y= rp? +4, where p and q are constanss
In this ection, we will earn how to daw the graphs of cubic functions.
In genera, cubic functions are ofthe form y = ax'+ be! + ex d, where a b cand d
are constants and a #0.
Graphs of Cubic Functions
1. Using a graphing sofware, raw each ofthe following graohs
@ys2 ) yare
(@ y=5e @ yee
@ ya-ae y=
2. For the graph of y= ar’, where a i @ constant, how does the value of@ affect
the shape of the graph?
3. Using graphing software, draw each ofthe following graphs.
yee oee
(yah 4x
(y=P 428+!
4. For each of the graphs in Question 3, how does the coelicien of «affect
the shape ofthe graph From the investigation, we observe tat for the graph of a cubic function of the form
“yar the graph akes the shape in Fig 7.1) and (6 fr positive and negative values
ofthe coeficient of x
y y
Uv oe MI me
@) y=a8 where a> 0 () y= ar wherea <0
Fig 7
In general, he graph of cubic function, ie a function ofthe form y=ar' thst ee +t
‘would take the shape in Fig. 7.2 but may not passthrough the origin iid = 0).
y z
pee AL
(a) yaar she +er4d, where a> 9
y y
A k
0) year sh gered, wheres <0
ig. 72
OXFORD, Worked ‘Drang the Giople a a Cable Function
Using a seale of 2 em to represent 1 unit on the a-axis
and 2 em to represent 10 units on the y-axis, dave the
graphs of y=? +3 and y= 1-3 for 9 0, the graph would take the shape in Fig. 730).
if.a-<0, the raph would take the shape in Fig, 7:34
: ,
a » — .
y= 4 whewa>0 y= 4, where «<0
Fig. 73
Consider he pap in Fig. 7.30 9= #, where a> 0. The graph consis of wo pars
ture nth ond ura eT quarn, we oo tat
twins caer
a eee epeinpey
Pasir
ee nt eee rane Soon
ae Za
ng tora siya rn oc y= gph HOom ey
1+ the curve gets very clove tothe axis. y-axis but never touches them
Can you describe the part ofthe graph that sin the 3% quackant
CCan you describe the raph of y= %, where a <0?
&} Time
What ae the equations ofthe ines of symmetry ofthe graph y = © when
@ «ror © aco Worked (Drawing the Graph of, «$
Using sao cm eres 1 nt on eax
Example td Temtorepesn 3 unison tears dw he ap
8 for-S0, which quatats do the graphs int
(8 Fora<0,wbch uaa do the raphe in
2. What can you say aout the ine symm of exch ofthe raph?
3. othe grap interet the rani andthe yx Explain your nsve,
From the investigation, we observe that forthe graph of y=
‘is not defined, ie there isa break when =0,
“+ when x=0, the function y=
+ if a>0, the values of y are always postive i. the graph les entiely above
the waxis;
it a <0, the values of y are always negative, i.e. the graph lies entirely
below the rans
* the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis, 1. the y-axis isthe line of symmetry,
‘+ Ha 0, the graph would ake the shape in Fig. 7.4
‘fa.<0, the graph would take the shape in Fig. 7.4,
z
Fig. 74
Consider the raph in Fig. 74) y= where a>0, The graph consists of wo pans
that le inthe 1* and 2% quadrants. inthe 1 quadrant, we observe that:
+ as rincreases,y decreases;
st rappoiches zt, y becomes very large:
eg fora=t,y= -k, ifx= 0001, y=
S.foras tye ites 0001, y=
+ asx becomes very large » approaches zero;
= A ifs= 100,92 hy =
eB fora Lym -hr= 100, y= sohy = 0.000 001;
(000 000;
1+ the curve gets very close tothe x-axis and y-axis but never touches them.
Can you describe the pat of the graph that sin the 2 quadrant?
Can you describe the graph of y= &, wherea <0?
@ crane eatin anaes Son Worked Drawing the Graph aly = 4
earn Using 1 em to represent 1 unt o> the axis and 2 cm
pre to represent 1 unit on the axe. draw the graph of
L for <= 4,40. Find
the value of y when x= 1.6,
the vans af when
Seale: 4
axis: Lem
represents unit
ani: 2em
represent I unit
From the graph, when x= 146, p= 04. The sci ana ea
iy be aes oo
From the graph, when y=33, ¢=.06 or«=-06. weno
Using 1 em t represent nit on the axis and 2 em to represent | unit on the fese7AQustans 49,10
rants, draw the graph of y= 2. for © = 4, «#0. Find
the value of y when x= 15, i) the values of «when.
sri oe 1. The table below shows some values of and the
corresponding values of», where
©) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit,
daw 3 horizontal eaxisfor-3
amos
im
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent t unit on the
“eax and 2 em to represent 5 units on the y-axis,
draw the graph of y= 3x for-3- 0, the values of y are always postive, Le. the graph les entiely above
the a-axis (oe Fig. 7.68),
Jf <0, the values of y are always negative, i.e the graph lies entirely below
the sans (ee Fig. 7.640),
4+ the graph intersects the y-axis a (0)
+
@ y=e, where k>0 Gi) y= hat, where k<0
Fx.
Jaa
[Anewspaper article stats thatthe growth in thenumber of members ofa social network
increased exponential nits fst year of operation and can be represented by the
‘equation y= 28, wheres the number of months and ys the numberof members.
x
1
4 o
Describe how the number of members ofthe social network changes with time.
Search on the Internet for more real-life applications of exponential graphs.
Gropie Ronco and Gplical Soon Cpr? Worked Graph ot yaw
Using 2 sale of em represent | nit onthe axis
Example and 2 em to ropresent | unit onthe ya, dra the
fophofy=2" feet ==25, Le your raph tnd
0) the vale ofp when
{@ thevalue ofr wten =A,
Solution:
Testa fas]
2a se
Scale:
4. sean: Fem present 1 nie
] ‘axis: 2em represent I unit
(From thegraph, wren x= 1.4, 9=35.
] Fomthe graph, wren y= 4.5, «= 22.
ES
Using a scale af em to represent unit on the xanis and 2em 10 represent I unit fuccie78 Questions
Don the ans, kaw the graph of =3°for -2 0,
3
oI
Write down the vale o
n
‘he table below shows some values of x and the
corresponding values of, where y=(c+ 24-1)
a] 21
ef )3]4
bret tate 3
(@) Copy and complete the table,
() Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 unit
conbothaxes, draw the graph of y= 24-3)
fordere4
(© By drawing a tangent, find the gradient of
the curve atthe point where x=
(@) The gradient of the curve at the point (8)
(@ Draw the tangent at the point hy
(Hence, find the value of hand of 8. (@) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent { unit oa 10. (a) Using suitable scale, dravr the graph of
the s-axis and 2 em t0 represent 5 units on
the janis, deaw the graph of = 12+ 103
wags oO (©) On the same axes, daw the line y= ~x
(6 Find the gradient ofthe curve when x=4 (€) Hence, find the coordinates on the graph of
1 at which the gradient of the curve
(© Find the gradient of the cuve at the point ae
where the curve intersects the y-axis
eb foos exes
8. Using a scale of & cm to represent anit om the
_Faxs and I om 0 represent 2 unison the axis,
draw the gaph ofy= 2° 6H for 2a 3.
(9 Onthesame ates, raw theline y= =x.
(8) Hence, ove the equation
retotes 20.
(©) Explain why the graph of.
He below the 24s fo al real ales of x
2+ will not
In this secton, we will apply aur knowledge of coordinate geometry and graphs to
analyse and interpret graphs io various eal-world contexts, including distance-time
and speed:ime graphs. Important features ofthe graphs such as intercepts, gradients,
\atlables and scale ofthe x- and y-axes will provide information to help us analyse
the graphs.
For example, the gradient of a line segment in a distance-time graph gives the speed
{the graph i a curve, the gradient ofthe curve at a point wil give the speed at that
instant,
D Linear Distance-Time Graphs
Work in pai
Fig. 5.8 shows the graph of a cyclis’s journey between O00 and 1200. The graph
can be divided into 4 sections ~ 0800 to 0900, 0900 40 0930, 0930 to 1030 and
1030 to 1200,
Distance aan)
the oyclist avels at constant speed of 20 knw in the fist howe
1. Consider the section of the graph from 0900 to 0930. Since the graph is a
horizontal ine, what is its gradient? State clearly what this gradient represents.
2. Find the gradient ofthe section of the graph from 0930 fo 1030. What does this
[Pade you sbour emai fe plat
3, Find he gcien fhe section ofthe raph om 1030 to 1200 Wha does he ww
nequne gute repcon? Goer bly he atonal torn
4. Explain why the average speed ofthe cyclist cannot be calaulated by using The meoge sed ofan abet
Pieced le ase
202020759 sh, Hence, find the average speed ofthe cyclt fr the Sond teseonton
whol ume.
oxroRD
Ghapier7 Graphs of Functions and Graphical Solution oe ‘Match the scenarios with their espective praphs and justfy your answers.
[Ar A few years ago, the 8 The height of water C: MrNeo was driving at a
fexchange rate between in.auniform cylindrical | constant speed of 60 km/h
Singapore dolla and container increased at 2 when he suddenly applied the |
Hong Kong dollars was constant rate from 10cm _ brakes and came to stop.
SS1= HKS6. (10 em,
The battery level ina Et The temperature of Fz Aplant grew slowy at
| smarphore decreased a substance ina freezer constant rate toa he@ht of
rnor-uniformly from 60% decreased uniformly __1Sem-when it was kept
to 15% from 60° to 15°C in indoors for 4 weeks, then grew
20 minotes. ‘mote quickly ata constant
‘ate to a height of Dem when
it was placed outdocrs for the
| won
af o
wi 10.
——— 7
cen con
: KO
aes
J a
con cin
« «
ol ” ol m
coms con Wor A ad fr id travette
Sear emcee oe eee
Example QA vinson
Treuiebebw hos heredngtbetn nine
is lenq asses tsoescie ad
cas ae Falp
{@) Using a scale of 2 em to epresent 2 minutes on the
horizontal axis and 2.em to represent 2 km on the
vertical axis, plot the points given in the table and
join them wih a smacth curve,
(by Use your graph to estimate the #
the fist 4 km ofthe journey.
{© By drawing a tangent, find the approximate speed
‘ofthe tain 5 mingtes afer it has left station A
(@) By considering the gradient of he graph, compare and
Find the inal acceleration ofthe coach,
(0, Given thatthe distance wavelled is piven by
the area under the speedtime graph, explain
why the distance beween Elue Town and
Summer City is less than 250k.
(4) Determine the time when the coach reached
‘Summer City,
19. Thediagram below showsthvee conainersofa fixed
volume and varying cross-sectional areas, each wth
height of Bem, The containers are initially empty,
A tap is used to ill each of the containers at 2
constant ate
2rem
es +45em>
ty
a2 eee
Given that it takes 60 second to fill each ofthe
containers, sketch the graph ofthe height ihe) of
the water level against time 5) for each of the
containers.
© tires
apnea Staion
20. Atoy cae sans from a point A and moves towards
8 point 8, which it reaches after 7 seconds, The
speed. vem alters second, i given in the table,
Eaosteli To Ts Tals Top
“remy| 0 45/8/05 12/125 12 105
@) Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 second
fon the horizontal axis and 2 cm to cepresent
2 emis on the vertical axis, plot the graph of
agairst for 0 <1 7,
() Use your graph to estimate
(the acceleration ofthe body when r= 2
and when 1= 6,
the time interval when the speed is
greater than HT avs,
(© Given that this motion can be modelled by
the equation v= a+ r+, wherea, band e
are constants, find the values ofa band
21. The graph shows the dstance-time graph ofa body
during a period of 6 second.
Distance (m)
T2aase6
‘Sketch the speed time graph for the same journey.
AL.
|. the get ofan ej x ttn recone,
Isgiven by v6 2.
{@) Sketch the speed.time graph forthe motion,
(b) Find he speed when r= 3,
{e) Skotch the acceleration time graph for the
‘motion.
oxFoRD, 1, Graphs of Power Functions y= ax"
@)n23,0>0,yeae
A
LY
WW) n-2 0 0,ye0e
n=30<0,year
ne hac0yeat
z x
U.,
(© ne 1 a>0,year nelacOysar
y y
a A
o> a
x x
a me
oxtoRD 2. Graph of y= Ae, where a>
k>0 y= 40, y ohet
. .
1 cadontacine
The gradient of a curve at = point can be obtained by drawing a tangent to
the curve at that point and finding the gradient of the tangent
@ epee Gaps ctrancions ws Graph Seton ee
7
The tbe blow sows some vals fx ad he
Conspnding abe oy whey =e
sts [a]e]s
Ly 28) 10
1) Copy andonpet te ble
(Using sc of 1c to erst 1
Gov shotumilsoxvlor sere
Using» seal of Te orate $ unis,
Groover per 289
(On your ave pot the point given the
202Ghsohom oth eomont cove
(© Ue your gap td
6) thevalietywhens= 1,
Gi te value of when y=
The variables x and y are connected by the
equation y=ate2)¢e+ 2)
‘The table below shows some values of x and
the corresponding values of y
lsfa|4)el1
Leis 8 jo] 3 1
1) Copy and complete the table,
(©) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on
the axis and 2 em to represent $ units on
the yan, draw the graph of yma(e—2}r+ 2)
for 303,
(@) Use your graph to find
thevalueofywhens= 14,
i) the valucof rwhen y=45,
the solutons tothe equation
xr 24+2)=0,
‘OXFORD
3. Using a scat of 4 em 40 eepresnt 1 uit on
the Faxis and 2 em to represent {unt on
the pans draw the pap of» = 1=2¢- for
wher =-023
(3) Use your graph find
(© thevaloe of y when
(0) teal of when y
(®) write down the coordinates ofthe point
onthe curve whee the tangent othe curve
isa baion ie,
4. Using 2 suitable scale, draw the graph of
23-2 for 1.5 <2, Using your graph,
(© solve the equation 3
(i find the coordinates of the point on the
graph of y = 3+ 2 where the gradient of
the tangent is 2.
S.. Using a seal of 4 om 0 represent | unit on
bath aes, daw the graph of y= 4-243 for
ee
© State the minimum value of y andthe
conesponding ale of
(i Firth ange of vals ofr which <2
(0 6y taming a tangent fd the gradient of
the paph atthe pointers 3
(h9 Using your graph id he val of for
hich 2
i eapricalsouton caper? QD) 6. -coach travelled fram the airport tothe hotel in
20 minutes at a constant speed of 45 krvh
After stopping fr half an hour, it travelled back
lo the spor at a constant sped of 60 ah
@ Draw the distance-time graph to represent
the journey.
(Hence, find the average speed of the coach
for the whole journey.
7. The graph shows the distancestime graph of a
heavy goods vehicle
Distance (ew)
Ca
to) Find
{0 thet ital during which he vehicle
stopped to unload gooe,
the speed when
i the asian speed during the journey,
Gu) the average speed for he whole journey
(0) Sketch the speedtine gaptifor the mtn
18. The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a
Particle over a period of 6 seconds
Distance (m)
Cataulane
{its acceleration during the fist 0 seconds,
Ai) the greatest acceleration,
ity the total distance moves,
Ui he average speed of the panicle
9. The graph illastates the peed of = ear cing 9
pried of 25 minutes,
4 thetotalcistancetvavelied ever the 25 minutes,
Ai) the average speed dering the 25 nates,
oxponn is modelled by the equation 1 = *, where & is
Distance (em) | 10
Intensity unis)
Complete the able and use 2 suitable scale 10
haw the graph of J against D.
Fromthe graph find heintensityofillumination
‘when the light source is 30em fromthe screen
20 |25
1250 800
ee)
Gv) What can yousayabouttherelationship between
Fond D?
Challenge
Yourself
11. The graph below shows the temperature of soup as
itwasbeing heatedinan electric cooker Ten minutes
later, rs Wong added some fesh vegetables from
‘he refrigerator, continued to heat the soup unt it
reached a temperature of 90°C and switched off
the cooker after five minutes,
‘Temperature °C) |
inte |
(2 Find the ae of incre nthe tempertre of
the soup inthe fie tn minutes
(b) Suggest why thereisa drop inthe temperature
between the 10" an the 11® minute,
(0) Find the rate of decrease in the temperature of
the soup after the canker was switched of
‘The graph shows an acceleraion-time yraph of an objet tavellng ina staght line
Acceleratien (us)
Sketch a posse speed 4ime graph forthe motion ofthe object. Explain your answer.
oxtoRD |= Revision Exercise
1. The cost of manufacturing an ance is $160. The
manufacturer selsittoa dealer ata gain of 88% and
the dealer sll it toa purchaser for $266.80. Expose
the dealer's profit as a percentage of the price at
which he buys the article from the manufacturer.
2. Atrader mixes Coffee which costs $9 perks with
Cee 8 which costs $13 perk, inthe ratio 3:1
“The mixture isthen soldat 1.25 per 10. Express
his profi asa percentage of his cost price.
3. Find the equation of the line joining the points
AG, Tyand BG, 12)
4. The figure shows the points A(-
au. 6
», BQ, 1 and.
Find
thearea of aasc,
4) the coordinates of the point D such that
ABCD is 2 parallelogam,
id the coordinates of the point P such that
ACPB is. 3 parallelogar,
5. The line 3x 4 ay = 24 cuts the maxis and the
sraisat A and B respectively
x
a
Find
@ the coordinates of A and of B,
Ail) the area of ABC, where Cis the point
the gracien! of BC,
(Gv the length ofthe perpendicular fom Co AB.
6. The ravel graphs below show the journeys of
ui Ferg and jun Wei Rui Feng starts orn the aa
station at 0800 and waves towards the airport,
40 bm away. Jun Wei stars from the aipon at
0900 and wavels towards the tain sation.
Travel gophof
junwei
08 00 90 1000 1100 12 00
“Time
From the gaph, ind
@ Jun We’ average speed forthe whole journey,
4 the time when Rui Feng and Jun We: meet
and how far they ar from the alrport when
they ec,
(i) she ime interval during which Rut Feng took
ates,
iv) the distance between Rui Feng from the
ipod when Jun Wei reaches thetain sation. MEW revisi ion Exercise
7. The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a
particle over a period oft seconds
Speed (mis)
v
Time is)
(Given that the acceleration of the particle
during the Fst 8 seconds of its motion is
Sms, find the value of ¥,
i) Given that the retardation of the particle is
1 mis find the value of
oxFoRy
The variables x and y are connected by the
‘equation y
The table below shows some values of 4 and
the eoresponding values of y.
a fs
; +
mals Te
(a) Find the value of hand of &
(b) Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 unit
‘on each ams, draw the graph of y=
for x8,
(©) Use your graph to find
@ the value of ywhen x=23,
Gi) the minimurn vale of y.
(2) By drawing 2 tangent, find the gradient of
the curve atthe point where-x= 5
(©) Use your graph to obtain one solution of
the equation + 12= 10s
cvtresess @ [= YB Revision Exercise
By colling an antique vase for $408, a storekeeper
suffers loss of 4% on the cos price
© Fd she cost price ofthe vase.
(Ifthe vase is sold for $510, express the
storekeeper's gain or loss as a percentage ofthe
cost price,
Fathan’s monthly income consists ofa basic salary
(0 $520 and a commission of 25% on his sales for
the month. i he sold $5264 worth of goods in 9
particular month, find his total income for that
‘ronth,
Find the equation of the line passing through the
Point (2, -5) and parallel to the line $+ Ty =46,
The line x~2y=~4 cuts the axis and the y-axis
at Pand 0 respectively. Misa point on FQ such
that equidistant fom the coordinate axes
Find
‘the coordinate of Pad of Q
) the coordinates of M,
the area of APMO.
1. ABCD is 2 trapezium in which DC = JTS units.
The coordinates of B, Cand Dare (a1) (o,4)and
(0,6) respectively and the gradiont of AB
x
La. 6)
ca.)
3
ba
ar
find
1 thecostintesefthe pan
the cordate he pom
Ai) neo fe vperion CD,
{She engh ova
O tecquton af at
3. Acoach leaves Watertown for Sanday 120 km away
3 1100 and travels ata uniform speed of 50 kav
[An hour ber, 2 c3: traveling at 2 unitorm speed
(of 80 kav leaves Sandcity for Watetown by the
(@) Draw the distance-time graph to represent
the journey.
(@) Use your graph to find
@ thetimewhen thecar meets tecoach and.
thedistance from Watertown attis instant,
the distance between the coach and the
carat 1300,
oxo 1 Revision Exercise
7. The diagram shows the speedtime graph of a
car which decelerates uniformly from 48 ms to
27 mis in 30 seconds, fe then travels ata constant
speed of27 mls for 30 seconds,
‘Speed (mis)
4
n
30
Time 5)
(Given that the car begins to decelerate
uniformly at 0.6 mist until it comes to res,
find the total time taken fr the journey
Give your answer in minutes and seconds
i) Sketch the accelerationsime graph for the
‘mation.
oxFony
8. Asting of eagih 15m is sed frm a rectangle
Given that the area ofthe rectangle 9 em!
Id that ove sid of he ectagle on Tog.
show tat y= Ha(is-t0)
The table below shows some values of x and
the comesponting ales.
[aos [s Tete Tete
(iss 6s) as si 9
@ Find he vale ofp
{5 Using» scale of 2 em to represent | unit
tiewva arizona nang fond 21
Using a scale of tem to represn (uni
thaw vorial ouster 6,
{On your mses, ptt the pints given inthe
{ble and jin them tha moo cave
(5) Use your yap fo fd the solos ofthe
qvalon (i320 = 23
(i By trawing 9 tanger fied he pacint of
the cave atte po, 125)
(0) Use yor graph fnd the maximum value
ofyandthe cresponding value of
(0 Hence, write dow the dimensions of the
tectngle whe he area mame. Wt
an yous about your nse?
