Energy consumption pattern

 India is currently the world's fourth largest economy in Purchasing Power

Parity (PPP) terms (the GDP in PPP terms is estimated at approximately
USD 3.2 trillion) and the fifth largest energy consumer in the world.
 However, due to its high population of approximately *1.4 billion, the per-
capita consumption of most energy related products is extremely low.
 The per capita energy consumption is estimated to be a very modest 530 Kg
of Oil Equivalent (kgoe) while the world average is approximately 1800 kgoe.
 The global financial crisis and credit crunch have slowed India’s significant
economic growth particularly in the manufacturing sector, and GDP growth
rates have declined from 9.3 percent in 2007 to 5.3 percent in the fourth
quarter of 2008.
 Despite a recent slowing economy, India’s energy demand continues to
increase.
 The present dissertation is to analyze the Energy consumption pattern in India
from 1980 to 2005.

 The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) is a

framework that integrates economic and environmental data to provide a
more comprehensive and multipurpose view of the interrelationships between
the economy and the environment and the stocks and changes in stocks of
environmental assets, as they bring benefits to humanity.
 It contains the internationally agreed standard concepts, definitions,
classifications, accounting rules and tables for producing internationally
comparable statistics and accounts.
 The SEEA framework follows a similar accounting structure as the System of
National Accounts (SNA).
 The framework uses concepts, definitions and classifications consistent with
the SNA in order to facilitate the integration of environmental and economic
statistics.
 The SEEA is a multi-purpose system that generates a wide range of statistics,
accounts and indicators with many different potential analytical applications.
 It is a flexible system that can be adapted to countries' priorities and policy
needs while at the same time providing a common framework, concepts,
terms and definitions.
 The study of consumption patterns of energy in any economy is vital to
understand how final demand drives energy use or consumption.
 SEEA – Energy states that “resource uses and environmental pressures,
which occur at the level of production, can in fact be viewed as determined by
final use, which initiated the production chain”.
 Moreover, to fully understand the climate-change process, the data on many
consumption activities, such as heating of houses and buildings, usage of
electricity, various industrial processes and transportation, which entail
combustion processes are required.
 Energy-related air emissions are being measured and tracked by global
economies, because most economic activities are linked to
combustion/consumption that is needed for energy production.
 With the increasing focus on sustainable consumption and production
patterns world over, resource uses and environmental pressures are being
viewed as determinants or drivers of the final use and consumption of
products.
 According to the International Energy Agency, where India is an Association
country since March 2017, Total Energy Consumption (TEC) in an economy is
a good indicator of efficient or non-efficient end-use in economic activities and
may indicate course-correction measures to sustainability.
 It is defined to include the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors and
for non-energy use.
 Energy used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy
producing industries is excluded. Thus, final consumption reflects for the most
part, deliveries to consumers and represents the quantity of all energy
necessary to satisfy inland consumption.

 Since 2013, total primary energy consumption in India has been the third
highest in the world after China and United States.
 India is the second-top coal consumer in the year 2017 after China.
 India ranks third in oil consumption with 22.1 crore (221 million) tons in 2017
after United States and China.
 India is net energy importer to meet nearly 47% of its total primary energy in
2019.

 Global energy consumption growth slowed down in 2022 (+2.1%) but

remained higher than its average 2010-2019 growth rate (+1.4%/year)

 Following economic trends, the growth in global energy consumption

halved in 2022 (from +4.9% in 2021 to 2.1% in 2022, which remains higher
than the average 2010-2019 rate (+1.4%/year). In 2022, energy
consumption growth slowed down in the two largest consuming
countries: it increased by 3% (compared to +5.2% in 2021) in China, the
world's largest energy consumer (25% in 2022), while it rose by 1.8% in the
USA (+4.9% in 2021). Strong economic growth pulled energy consumption in
India (+7.3%), Indonesia (+21%) and Saudi Arabia (+8.4%), and to a lesser
extent in Canada (+3.8%) and in Latin America (+2.7%, including +2.4% in
Brazil and Mexico and +4.5% in Argentina). It also increased by around 3% in
the Middle East and Africa (despite a 4.5% consumption drop in South Africa
due to coal supply tensions and forced loadshedding in the power sector). On
the contrary, primary energy consumption declined in Europe (-4%,
including -4.4% in the EU, and around -3% in the UK and Türkiye), as fears of
recession after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, surging energy prices and milder
temperatures incited industrial and residential consumers to cut their energy
 demand. In the CIS, energy consumption dipped by 3.2%, due to the war in
Ukraine (-29%) and Western sanctions against Russia (-0.4%). Energy
consumption in OECD-Asia remained broadly stable (South Korea, Australia)
or slightly dipped (-1.1% in Japan).

Energy Production and Consumption

The availability of energy has transformed the course of humanity over the last few
centuries. Not only have new sources of energy been unlocked – first fossil fuels,
followed by a diversification to nuclear, hydropower and now other renewable
technologies – but also in the quantity we can produce and consume.

This article focuses on the quantity of energy we consume – looking at total energy
and electricity consumption; how countries compare when we look at this per person;
and how energy consumption is changing over time.

In our pages on the Energy Mix and Electricity Mix we look in more detail at what
sources provide this energy.

Global energy consumption

How much energy does the world consume?

The energy system has transformed dramatically since the Industrial Revolution. We
see this transformation of the global energy supply in the interactive chart shown
here. It graphs global energy consumption from 1800 onwards.

It is based on historical estimates of primary energy consumption from Vaclav Smil,

combined with updated figures from BP's Statistical Review of World Energy.1

Note that this data presents primary energy consumption via the 'substitution
method'. The 'substitution method' – in comparison to the 'direct method' – attempts
to correct for the inefficiencies (energy wasted as heat during combustion) in fossil
fuel and biomass conversion. It does this by correcting nuclear and modern
renewable technologies to their 'primary input equivalents' if the same quantity of
energy were to be produced from fossil fuels.

How is global energy consumption changing year-to-year?

Demand for energy is growing across many countries in the world, as people get
richer and populations increase.

If this increased demand is not offset by improvements in energy efficiency

elsewhere, then our global energy consumption will continue to grow year-on-year.
Growing energy consumption makes the challenge of transitioning our energy
systems away from fossil fuels towards low-carbon sources of energy more difficult:
new low-carbon energy has to meet this additional demand and try to displace
existing fossil fuels in the energy mix.

This interactive chart shows how global energy consumption has been changing
from year-to-year. The change is given as a percentage of consumption in the
previous year.

We see that global energy consumption has increased nearly every year for more
than half a century. The exceptions to this are in the early 1980s, and 2009 following
the financial crisis.

Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing –

averaging around 1% to 2% per year.

Primary energy consumption

Total energy consumption

How much energy do countries across the world consume?

This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption country-by-country. It is the

sum of total energy consumption, including electricity, transport and heating. We look
at electricity consumption individually later in this article.

Note, again, that this is based on primary energy via the 'substitution method': this
means nuclear and renewable energy technologies have been converted into their
'primary input equivalents' if they had the same levels of inefficiency as fossil fuel
conversion.

Per capita: where do people consume the most energy?

When we look at total energy consumption, differences across countries often reflect
differences in population size: countries with lots of people inevitably consume more
energy than tiny countries.

How do countries compare when we look at energy consumption per person?

This interactive chart shows per capita energy consumption. We see vast differences
across the world.

The largest energy consumers include Iceland, Norway, Canada, the United States,
and wealthy nations in the Middle East such as Oman, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The
average person in these countries consumes as much as 100 times more than the
average person in some of the poorest countries.

In fact, the true differences between the richest and poorest might be even greater.
We do not have high-quality data on energy consumption for many of the world's
poorest countries. This is because they often use very little commercially-traded
energy sources (such as coal, oil, gas, or grid electricity) and instead rely on
traditional biomass – crop residues, wood and other organic matter that is difficult to
quantify. This means we often lack good data on energy consumption for the world's
poorest.

Where is energy consumption growing or falling?

Year-on-year change in primary energy consumption

Globally, primary energy consumption has increased nearly every year for at least
half a century. But this is not the case everywhere in the world.

Energy consumption is rising in many countries where incomes are rising quickly and
the population is growing. But in many countries – particularly richer countries trying
to improve energy efficiency – energy consumption is actually falling.

This interactive chart shows the annual growth rate of energy consumption. Positive
values indicate a country's energy consumption was higher than the previous year.
Negative values indicate its energy consumption was lower than the previous year.

Electricity generation

Total electricity generation: how much electricity does each country generate?

We previously looked at total energy consumption. This is the sum of energy used
for electricity, transport and heating.

Although the terms 'electricity and 'energy' are often used interchangeably, it's
important to understand that electricity is just one component of total energy
consumption.

Let's take a look at electricity data. This interactive chart shows the amount of
electricity generated by country each year.

Per capita: which countries generate the most electricity?

Just as with total energy, comparisons on levels of electricity generation often reflect
population size. It tells us nothing about how electricity the average person in a given
country consumes relative to another.

This interactive chart shows per capita electricity generation per person. Again we
see vast difference in electricity per person across the world. The largest producers
– Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Canada – generate 100s of times as much
electricity as the smallest.

In many of the poorest countries in the world, people consume very little electricity,
which estimates lower than 100 kilowatt-hours per person in some places.

Energy production and consumption by source

This page focuses on total energy and electricity consumption, without digging into
the details on where this energy comes from, and how sources are changing over
time.

In our pages on the Energy Mix and Electricity Mix, we look at full breakdowns of the
energy system; how much of our energy comes from fossil fuels versus low-carbon
sources; and whether we're making progress on decarbonization.

What is Energy Consumption Pattern

The way and total use of energy may be defined as its pattern. In general energy is
classifies into two main groups: renewable and non-renewable. Renewable energy is
the cleanest sources of energy and non-renewable sources are not environmental-
friendly source of energy. According to (Akhter Hossain, 2012) GDP and energy
consumption of developing countries are increasing exponentially, whereas GDP
and energy consumption of developed countries are increasing linearly.

“Climate Change as a Driving Force on Urban Energy Consumption Pattern”.